[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.29,0:00:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, have you ever wondered who\Nactually invented the internet?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.12,0:00:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people have become zillionaires\Nthanks to the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.59,0:00:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all they did was invent clever\Nways of using the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.12,0:00:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the person who “invented the internet”\Nshould be a gazillionaire
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.96,0:00:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equivalent to, say, God, shoudn't they?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.80,0:00:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who should get the credit, then?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.83,0:00:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was it a British geek in a Swiss\Nunderground lab?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.47,0:00:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.23,0:00:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clever Americans threatened with\Nnuclear annihilation by the Russians?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.09,0:00:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nice idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.38,0:00:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French scientists who decided to call\Ntheir computer network the “Le Internet”?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.98,0:00:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.54,0:00:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or was it thanks to a myriad of smart\Nscientists working on something
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.90,0:00:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they knew was useful, but didn’t realize\Nwould be so big?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.20,0:00:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let’s try and get some\Nfacts straight.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.66,0:00:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s the internet, a whole bunch of\Ncomputer networks connected to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.71,0:01:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then there’s the World Wide Web, a\Nway of making it easier to share
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.95,0:01:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information using all those\Ninterconnected computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.04,0:01:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet as we know it today was at\Nleast 40 years in the making.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.72,0:01:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One popular but wrong story is that the\Ninternet was developed by the USA
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.97,0:01:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they had a communication network that\Nwould survive a nuclear war.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.80,0:01:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to one of the founders of the\Nfirst network, the ARPANET, in the 1960s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.75,0:01:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this first network experiment wasn’t about\Ncommunication at all;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.77,0:01:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was about optimizing processor usage,\Nor time-sharing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.36,0:01:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which basically meant that scientists\Ncould share computer power, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.64,0:01:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was because until the 1960s there was\Nbasically no network—you had big machines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.28,0:01:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called mainframes which sat in the room\Nand processed computing tasks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.57,0:01:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.18,0:01:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With time-sharing, these behemoths could\Nprocess several tasks at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.90,0:01:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant their power could be used by\Nseveral scientists at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.43,0:01:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, obviously, once you start connecting\Ncomputers together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.57,0:02:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you start to wonder about\Nwhat you need to do
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.18,0:02:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make communications\Nbetween them easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.49,0:02:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists around the world were trying to\Nsolve this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.99,0:02:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let’s look at some other key concepts\Nthat were developed elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.43,0:02:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Starting with packet switching.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.42,0:02:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Britain, there was a commercial\Nnetwork, developed by the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.11,0:02:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Physical Laboratory, but which\Nnever really got off the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.39,0:02:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it didn’t get funding.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they did come up with the idea of\Npacket switching, a way of avoiding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.10,0:02:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,congestion in busy networks by\Ncutting up data at one end and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.87,0:02:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting it back together at the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.46,0:02:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French also played a role.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.39,0:02:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were working on a scientific network\Ncalled CYCLADES,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.65,0:02:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they didn’t have a big budget, so they\Ndecided to work on direct connections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.53,0:02:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between computers, as opposed to working\Nwith gateway computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.89,0:02:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as an aside here, this, admittedly,\Nisn’t very scientific,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.70,0:02:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but according to one theory, a spin-off of\Ntheir research was the word “internet”.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.42,0:02:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you don’t have to believe it\Nif you don’t want to.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.32,0:03:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now it’s the early 1970s.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.82,0:03:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s quite a lot of computer\Ninfrastructure, but communication
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.68,0:03:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is awkward and patchy, because different\Nnetworks can’t talk to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.24,0:03:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TCP/IP solves this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.27,0:03:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The TCP/IP protocols form the basic\Ncommunication language of the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.58,0:03:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which labels the packets of data\Nand makes sure that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.34,0:03:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though some pieces of the same data\Ntake a different route,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.33,0:03:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all arrive at their destination and\Ncan be reassembled.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.69,0:03:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Networks really began communicating\Nwith each other in 1975,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.50,0:03:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you could argue that was\Nthe beginning of the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.25,0:03:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Email was also very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.26,0:03:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was developed for ARPANET in 1972.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.32,0:03:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most internet traffic in 1976 was email,\Nbecause academics thought
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.96,0:03:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electronic post-it notes were dead-core.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.14,0:03:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With networks that could talk to each\Nother, communication was becoming easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.52,0:03:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all this communication was just text-\Nbased, and it was pretty ugly to look at.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.32,0:03:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1980s, a Brit called\NTimothy Berners-Lee
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.93,0:04:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spent time with CERN, the European\NOrganization for Nuclear Research,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.81,0:04:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where physicists are trying to work out\Nwhat the universe is made of.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.62,0:04:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to manage the scientists’\Ninformation and make it possible for them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.19,0:04:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share and interconnect\Ntheir work easily,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.35,0:04:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making progress more likely.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.30,0:04:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did so by inventing an interface\Nusing HTTP, HTML, and URLs
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.58,0:04:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made internet browsers possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.16,0:04:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He called his browser the World Wide Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.93,0:04:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he didn’t invent the internet,\Nbut he did invent the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.95,0:04:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first ever website, which he created,\Nwas at CERN in France in August 1991.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.83,0:04:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, once the initial infrastructure\Nwas in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.29,0:04:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the key technologies had been invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.25,0:04:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet message boards\Nexploded in the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.22,0:04:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the phone companies saw the commercial\Npotential of digital communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.56,0:04:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,web browsers spread like wildfire in the\Nearly 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.90,0:04:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ordinary people discovered email,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.73,0:04:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the internet expanded\Nrapidly and steadily
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.37,0:05:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and became workable for the masses\Nfrom about 1995.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.96,0:05:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hold on, didn’t US Vice President Al Gore\Ninvent the internet?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.20,0:05:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ugh… no.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.36,0:05:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you read what he said exactly,\Nyou’ll know he never claimed to have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.99,0:05:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many people credit him with\Nenergetically pushing legislation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.40,0:05:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that encouraged the spread\Nof the internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.68,0:05:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet exists because we\Nneed to communicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.76,0:05:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of us like doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.78,0:05:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s why humans have become\Nthe dominant species on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.74,0:05:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could argue that the internet is\Na natural evolutionary step
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.54,0:05:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a manifestation of that need.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.14,0:05:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn’t invented by anyone\Nin particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.67,0:05:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when the building blocks were put\Ntogether by all those cool scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.34,0:05:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from all over the place, the internet\Nbecame a communication tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.99,0:05:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a retail tool, a research tool,\Na propaganda tool, a spying tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.53,0:05:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a shopping tool, a dating tool,\Nan entertainment tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:05:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a way of skiving off work while making\Nit look like you’re working or studying,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.96,0:05:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what you may be doing now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.32,0:06:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ultimately, though, you’re communicating,\Nespecially if you leave a comment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.67,0:06:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that might make you a\Nbetter human being.