[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.08,0:00:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson. Welcome, Bill Gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.29,0:00:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill Gates: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.69,0:00:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: All right. It's great\Nto have you here, Bill.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.42,0:00:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we had a TED conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.92,0:00:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about three months ago\Nabout this pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.76,0:00:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and back then I think fewer than --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.80,0:00:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that was the end of March --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.82,0:00:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back then, fewer than\Na thousand people in the US had died,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.73,0:00:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fewer than 20,000 worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.84,0:00:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, the numbers now are,\Nlike, 128,000 dead in the US
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.82,0:00:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more than half a million worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.15,0:00:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in three months.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.86,0:00:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In three months.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.04,0:00:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is your diagnosis of what is possible\Nfor the rest of this year?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.26,0:00:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You look at a lot of models.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.20,0:00:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think best\Nand worst case scenarios might be?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.34,0:00:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, the range of scenarios, sadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.78,0:00:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is quite large, including that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.26,0:00:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we get into the fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.34,0:00:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could have death rates
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.49,0:00:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rival the worst of what we had\Nin the April time period.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.72,0:01:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get a lot of young people infected,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.06,0:01:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually they will infect\Nold people again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.22,0:01:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you'll get into the nursing homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.91,0:01:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the homeless shelters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.29,0:01:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the places where we've had\Na lot of our deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.83,0:01:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The innovation track,\Nwhich probably we will touch on --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.46,0:01:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diagnostics, therapeutics, vaccines --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.93,0:01:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's good progress there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.64,0:01:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nothing that would\Nfundamentally alter the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.36,0:01:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this fall in the United States\Ncould be quite bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.22,0:01:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's worse than\NI would have expected a month ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.81,0:01:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the degree to which we're back\Nat high mobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.05,0:01:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not wearing masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.52,0:01:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the virus actually\Nhas gotten into a lot of cities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.42,0:01:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it hadn't been in before
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.61,0:01:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a significant way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.32,0:01:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's going to be a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.90,0:01:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no case where we get\Nmuch below the current death rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.42,0:01:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is about 500 deaths a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.24,0:02:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's a significant risk\Nwe'd go back up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.13,0:02:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the even 2,000 a day\Nthat we had before,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.74,0:02:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we don't have the distancing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.12,0:02:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the behavior change,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.68,0:02:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the degree that we had\Nin April and May,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.99,0:02:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we know this virus\Nis somewhat seasonal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.50,0:02:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the force of infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.82,0:02:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both through temperature, humidity,\Nmore time indoors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.18,0:02:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be worse as we get into the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.26,0:02:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So there are scenarios\Nwhere in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.40,0:02:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, if you extrapolate\Nthose numbers forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.90,0:02:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we end up with, what,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.23,0:02:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than a quarter of a million deaths,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.34,0:02:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perchance, even this year\Nif we're not careful,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.22,0:02:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worldwide I guess the death toll\Ncould by the end of the year
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.34,0:02:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be well into the millions, with an s.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.05,0:02:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there evidence that the hotter\Ntemperatures of the summer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.41,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually have been helping us?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.58,0:02:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: They're not absolutely sure,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.70,0:03:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but certainly the ?? model\Ndefinitely wanted to use the season,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.06,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including temperature and humidity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and explain why May\Nwasn't worse than it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.100,0:03:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as we came out\Nand the mobility numbers got higher,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.35,0:03:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the models expected more infections\Nand deaths to come out of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.52,0:03:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the model kept wanting to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.03,0:03:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But I need to use this seasonality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.10,0:03:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match why May wasn't worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.29,0:03:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why June wasn't worse than it was."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.18,0:03:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we see in the Southern Hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.17,0:03:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.85,0:03:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the opposite season,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.27,0:03:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of South America\Nis having a huge epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.43,0:03:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,South Africa is having\Na very fast-growing epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.45,0:03:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, Australia and New Zealand,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.74,0:04:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last countries\Nin the Southern Hemisphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.17,0:04:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are at really tiny case counts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.22,0:04:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so although they have\Nto keep knocking it down,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.02,0:04:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're talking about, oh,\Nwe have 10 cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.37,0:04:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a big deal,\Nlet's go get rid of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.42,0:04:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're one of these amazing countries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.77,0:04:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that got the numbers so low
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.62,0:04:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that test, quarantine and trace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.96,0:04:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is working to get them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.37,0:04:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep them at very near zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.58,0:04:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Aided perhaps a bit\Nby being easier to isolate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.72,0:04:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by less density,\Nless population density,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.88,0:04:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nonetheless smart policies down there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.27,0:04:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah. Everything is so exponential\Nthat a little bit of good work
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.89,0:04:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes a long ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.21,0:04:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not a linear game.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.84,0:04:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Contact tracing, if you have\Nthe number of cases we have in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.90,0:04:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's super-important to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.04,0:04:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it won't get you back down to zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.60,0:04:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll help you be down,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.20,0:04:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's too overwhelming.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.19,0:04:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: OK, so in May and June in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.58,0:04:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers were actually slightly better\Nthan some of the models predicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.69,0:05:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's hypothesized that that might be\Npartly because of the warmer weather.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.66,0:05:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're seeing, really,\Nwould you describe it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.82,0:05:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as really quite alarming upticks\Nin case rates in the US?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.88,0:05:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: That's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.44,0:05:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In, say, the New York area,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.55,0:05:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cases continue to go down somewhat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.77,0:05:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in other parts of the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.98,0:05:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primarily the South right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.26,0:05:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have increases\Nthat are offsetting that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.64,0:05:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have testing\Npositive rates in young people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.24,0:05:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are actually higher
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.41,0:05:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what we saw even\Nin some of the tougher areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.75,0:05:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so clearly younger people\Nhave come out of mobility
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.80,0:05:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than older people\Nhave increased their mobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.06,0:05:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the age structure
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.60,0:05:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is right now very young, but\Nbecause of multigenerational households,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.92,0:05:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people work in nursing care homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.28,0:06:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfortunately that will work its way back,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.48,0:06:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both the time lag and the transmission\Nback up into the elderly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.92,0:06:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will start to push the death rate back up,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.74,0:06:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which it is down,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.54,0:06:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way down from 2,000\Nto around 500 right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: And is that partly because\Nthere's a three-week lag
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.67,0:06:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between case numbers and fatality numbers?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.66,0:06:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, perhaps, partly because
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.22,0:06:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there have been\Nsome effective interventions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.18,0:06:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're actually seeing the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.66,0:06:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the overall fatality rate\Nis actually falling a bit
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.52,0:06:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now that we've gained\Nsome extra knowledge?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.11,0:06:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, certainly\Nyour fatality rate is always lower
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're not overloaded,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.09,0:06:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so Italy when they were overloaded,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.59,0:06:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spain, even New York at the start,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.55,0:06:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly China,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.88,0:06:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there you weren't even able\Nto provide the basics,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.08,0:06:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the oxygen and things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.06,0:07:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A study that our foundation\Nfunded in the UK
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.45,0:07:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found the only thing\Nother than remdesivir
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.41,0:07:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a proven therapeutic,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.55,0:07:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the dexamethasone,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.64,0:07:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for serious patients
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.40,0:07:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about a 20 percent death reduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.46,0:07:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's still quite\Na pipeline of those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.57,0:07:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, hydroxychloroquine\Nnever established positive data,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.99,0:07:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that's pretty much done.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.18,0:07:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's still a few trials ongoing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.63,0:07:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the list of things being tried,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.46,0:07:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including eventually\Nmonoclonal antibodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.98,0:07:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will have some additional\Ntools for the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.03,0:07:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when you talk about death rates,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.26,0:07:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the good news is some\Ninnovation we already have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.96,0:07:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we will have more
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.04,0:07:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even in the fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.27,0:07:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should start to have\Nmonoclonal antibodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.36,0:07:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the single therapeutic\Nthat I'm most excited about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.14,0:08:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I'll actually ask you to tell me\Na bit more about that in one sec,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.11,0:08:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just putting the pieces\Ntogether on death rates:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.46,0:08:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in a well-functioning health system,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.44,0:08:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so take the US when places\Naren't overcrowded,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.56,0:08:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you think
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.35,0:08:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the current fatality numbers\Nare approximately going forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.32,0:08:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like as a percentage of total cases?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.22,0:08:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are we below one percent, perhaps?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.18,0:08:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: If you found every case, yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.40,0:08:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're well below one percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.24,0:08:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People argue, you know, 0.4, 0.5.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.97,0:08:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time you bring in\Nthe never symptomatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.41,0:08:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it probably is below 0.5,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.22,0:08:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.98,0:08:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This disease could have been\Na five percent disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.97,0:08:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transmission dynamics of this disease
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.08,0:08:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more difficult\Nthan even the experts predicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.45,0:08:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of pre-symptomatic\Nand never symptomatic spread,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.05,0:09:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that it's not coughing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.28,0:09:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you would kind of notice,\Nhey, I'm coughing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.79,0:09:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most respiratory diseases make you cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.63,0:09:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one, in its early stages,\Nit's not coughing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.79,0:09:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's singing, laughing, talking,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.53,0:09:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually still particularly\Nfor the super-spreaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.31,0:09:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people with very high viral loads,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.35,0:09:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes that spread,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.86,0:09:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's pretty novel,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.39,0:09:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so even experts have to say,\Nwow, this caught us by surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.22,0:09:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of asymptomatic spread
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.10,0:09:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that there's not\Na coughing element
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.77,0:09:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not a major piece like the flu or TB.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.15,0:09:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Yeah, that is devilish cunning
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.16,0:09:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.19,0:09:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, how much is\Nthat non-symptomatic transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.70,0:09:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a percentage of total transmission?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.77,0:09:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've heard numbers it could be\Nas much as half of all transmissions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.13,0:09:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are basically pre-symptomatic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.06,0:09:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, if you count pre-symptomatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.60,0:09:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then most of the studies show\Nthat's like at 40 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.08,0:10:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we also have never symptomatics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.20,0:10:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amount of virus you get\Nin your upper respiratory area
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.38,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somewhat disconnected.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people will have a lot here\Nand very little in their lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.80,0:10:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you get in your lungs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.26,0:10:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes the really bad symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.15,0:10:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other organs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.89,0:10:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mostly the lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.37,0:10:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so that's when you seek treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.42,0:10:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the worst case\Nin terms of spreading
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.01,0:10:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is somebody who's got a lot\Nin the upper respiratory tract
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.09,0:10:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but almost none in their lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.95,0:10:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're not care-seeking.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.01,0:10:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.92,0:10:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so if you add in the never symptomatic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.05,0:10:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the pre-symptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.68,0:10:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you get above 50 percent\Nof the transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.80,0:10:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually from non-symptomatic people?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.23,0:10:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, transmission\Nis harder to measure.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.32,0:10:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we see certain\Nhotspots and things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.44,0:10:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's a huge question\Nwith the vaccine:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.94,0:10:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will it, besides avoiding\Nyou getting sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.34,0:10:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what the trial will test,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.32,0:11:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will it also stop you\Nfrom being a transmitter?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.43,0:11:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So that vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.82,0:11:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's such an important question,\Nlet's come on to that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.25,0:11:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before we go there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.20,0:11:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any other surprises\Nin the last couple months
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.08,0:11:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've learned about this virus
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.26,0:11:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that really impact how\Nwe should respond to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.85,0:11:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: We're still not able to characterize\Nwho the super-spreaders are
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.77,0:11:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of what that profile is,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.20,0:11:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we may never.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.62,0:11:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That may just be quite random.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.54,0:11:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you could identify them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.53,0:11:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're responsible\Nfor the majority of transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.89,0:11:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a few people who have\Nvery high viral loads.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.55,0:11:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sadly, we haven't figured that out.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.99,0:11:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mode of transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.65,0:11:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're in a room and nobody talks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.01,0:11:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's way less transmission.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.14,0:11:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's partly why,\Nalthough planes can transmit,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.95,0:11:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's less than you would expect\Njust in terms of time proximity measures,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.77,0:11:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because unlike, say,\Na choir or a restaurant,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.71,0:12:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not exhaling in loud talking
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.47,0:12:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite as much as in\Nother indoor environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.32,0:12:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: What do you think about the ethics\Nof someone who would go on a plane
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.37,0:12:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and refuse to wear a mask?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.22,0:12:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: If they own the plane,\Nthat would be fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.50,0:12:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's other people on the plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.17,0:12:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be endangering\Nthose other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.56,0:12:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Early on in the pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.37,0:12:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the WHO did not advise\Nthat people wear masks.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.15,0:12:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were worried about taking them away\Nfrom frontline medical providers.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.62,0:12:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In retrospect, was that\Na terrible mistake that they made?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.83,0:12:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.79,0:12:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the experts feel bad
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.80,0:12:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the value of masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.47,0:12:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ties back somewhat\Nto the asymptomatics,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.23,0:12:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if people were very symptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.55,0:12:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like an Ebola,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.20,0:12:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you know it and you isolate,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.83,0:13:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you don't have\Na need for a mask-like thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.60,0:13:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The value of masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.83,0:13:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that the medical masks\Nwas a different supply chain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.14,0:13:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the normal masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.27,0:13:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact you could scale up\Nthe normal masks so well,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.16,0:13:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that it would stop\Nthat pre-symptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.39,0:13:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never symptomatic transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.21,0:13:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a mistake,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.51,0:13:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not a conspiracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.32,0:13:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's something that we now know more.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.63,0:13:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even now, our error bars\Non the benefit of masks
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.48,0:13:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are higher than we'd like to admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.26,0:13:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a significant benefit.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: All right, I'm going to come in\Nwith some questions
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.32,0:13:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.09,0:13:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pull them up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.22,0:13:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Pitofsky: "Do you think reopening\Nefforts in the US have been premature,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.77,0:13:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if so how far should the US go\Nto responsibly confront this pandemic?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.19,0:14:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, the question\Nof how you make tradeoffs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.82,0:14:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the benefits, say,\Nof going to school
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.13,0:14:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus the risk of people getting sick\Nbecause they go to school,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.29,0:14:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are very tough questions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.35,0:14:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I don't think any single person
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.26,0:14:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can say, "I will tell you\Nhow to make all these tradeoffs."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.59,0:14:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The understanding of\Nwhere you have transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.16,0:14:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fact that young people\Ndo get infected
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.38,0:14:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are part of the multi-generational\Ntransmission chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.76,0:14:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should get that out.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.40,0:14:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you just look at the health aspect,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.73,0:14:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have opened up too liberally.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.48,0:14:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, opening up in terms of mental health
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.57,0:14:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeking normal health things
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.51,0:14:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like vaccines and other care,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.15,0:14:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.70,0:14:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think some of our opening up
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.04,0:15:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has created more risk than benefit.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.55,0:15:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Opening the bars up\Nas quickly as they did,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.46,0:15:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that critical for mental health?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.95,0:15:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe not.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.01,0:15:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't think we've been\Nas tasteful about opening up
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.60,0:15:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I'm sure, as we study it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.81,0:15:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we'll realize some things\Nwe shouldn't have opened up as fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.34,0:15:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then you have something like school,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.59,0:15:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where even sitting here today,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.35,0:15:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exact plan, say,\Nfor inner city schools for the fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.80,0:15:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't have a black-and-white view
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.13,0:15:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the relative tradeoffs involved there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.41,0:15:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are huge benefits
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.24,0:15:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to letting those kids go to school,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.46,0:15:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how do you weigh the risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.34,0:15:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're in a city
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.17,0:15:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without many cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.68,0:16:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say probably the benefit is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.37,0:16:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that means that\Nyou could get surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.25,0:16:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cases could show up,\Nand then you'd have to change that,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.02,0:16:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.72,0:16:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think around the US\Nthere will be places
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.08,0:16:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where that won't be a good tradeoff.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.68,0:16:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So almost any dimension and inequity,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.14,0:16:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this disease has made worse:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.20,0:16:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,job type, internet connection,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.38,0:16:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ability of your school\Nto do online learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.45,0:16:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White collar workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.22,0:16:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are embarrassed to admit it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.38,0:16:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them are more productive
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.82,0:16:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enjoying the flexibility\Nthat the at-home thing has created,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.07,0:16:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that feels terrible
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.85,0:16:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you know lots of people\Nare suffering in many ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.06,0:16:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including their kids not going to school.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.17,0:16:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Indeed. Let's have the next question.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.31,0:16:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"For us in Rwanda,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.68,0:16:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early policy interventions\Nhave made the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.25,0:17:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, what policy interventions\Ndo you suggest for the US now?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.71,0:17:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill, I dream of the day\Nwhere you are appointed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.22,0:17:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the coronavirus czar
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.60,0:17:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with authority to actually\Nspeak to the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.27,0:17:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.17,0:17:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: The innovation tools
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.44,0:17:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are where I and the foundation\Nprobably has the most expertise.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.44,0:17:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly some of the policies\Non opening up have been too generous,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.32,0:17:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think everybody
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.31,0:17:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could engage in that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.50,0:17:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need leadership
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.77,0:17:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of admitting
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.83,0:17:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've still got a huge problem here,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.44,0:17:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not turning that\Ninto almost a political thing
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.23,0:17:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, oh, isn't it brilliant what we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.12,0:17:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it's not brilliant,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.55,0:17:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's many people,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.46,0:17:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.96,0:18:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there's a lot\Nthey didn't understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.73,0:18:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everybody wishes a week earlier\Nwhatever action they took,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.20,0:18:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd taken that a week earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.27,0:18:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The innovation tools,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.74,0:18:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's where the foundation's work
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.42,0:18:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on antibodies, vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.32,0:18:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have deep expertise,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.23,0:18:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's outside of the private sector,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.26,0:18:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we have kind of a neutral ability\Nto work with all the governments
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.43,0:18:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the companies to pick.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.93,0:18:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particularly when you're doing\Nbreak-even products,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.99,0:18:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which one should get the resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.96,0:18:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no market signal for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.38,0:18:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experts have to say, OK,\Nthis antibody deserves the manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.62,0:18:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This vaccine deserves the manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.47,0:18:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, we have very limited\Nmanufacturing for both of those things,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.64,0:18:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it'll be cross-company,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.48,0:18:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which never happens in the normal case,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.12,0:18:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one company invents it
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.15,0:18:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you're using\Nthe manufacturing plants
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.06,0:19:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of many companies
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.34,0:19:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get maximum scale of the best choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.28,0:19:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would be coordinating those things,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.84,0:19:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need a leader\Nwho keeps us up to date,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.01,0:19:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is realistic,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.97,0:19:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shows us the right behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.96,0:19:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as driving the innovation track.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.44,0:19:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, you have to yourself\Nbe a master diplomat
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.54,0:19:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how you talk about this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.15,0:19:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I appreciate, almost,\Nthe discomfort here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.52,0:19:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you talk regularly with Anthony Fauci,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.00,0:19:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is a wise voice on this\Nby most people's opinion.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.10,0:19:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to what extent is he just hamstrung?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.30,0:19:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's not allowed to play the full role
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.44,0:19:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he could play in the circumstance.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.02,0:19:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Dr. Fauci has emerged,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.04,0:19:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he was allowed to have some airtime,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.90,0:19:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even though he was stating\Nthings that are realistic,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.24,0:19:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his prestige has stuck.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.17,0:19:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He can speak out in that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.05,0:20:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Typically, the CDC would be\Nthe primary voice here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.07,0:20:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not absolutely necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.64,0:20:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in previous health crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.20,0:20:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you let the experts inside the CDC
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.48,0:20:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be that voice.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.27,0:20:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're trained to do these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.17,0:20:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it is a bit unusual here
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.90,0:20:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much we've had to rely on Fauci
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.17,0:20:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to the CDC.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.16,0:20:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should be Fauci,\Nwho is a brilliant researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.82,0:20:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so experienced, particularly in vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.94,0:20:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some ways he has become,\Ntaking the broad advice
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.66,0:20:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is the epidemiology advice
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.48,0:20:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and explaining it in the right way,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.81,0:20:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he'll admit,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:41.42,0:20:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"OK, we may have a rebound here,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.01,0:20:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is why we need\Nto behave that way."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.92,0:20:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's fantastic that his voice\Nhas been allowed to come through.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:54.09,0:20:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Sometimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.63,0:20:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have the next question.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.45,0:21:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nina Gregory: "How are you\Nand your foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.56,0:21:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,addressing the ethical questions\Nabout which countries
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.37,0:21:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get the vaccine first,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.74,0:21:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assuming you find one?"
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.53,0:21:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe, Bill, use this as a moment
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.53,0:21:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just talk about where\Nthe quest for the vaccine is
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.19,0:21:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what are just some of the key things\Nwe should all be thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.89,0:21:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we track the news on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.07,0:21:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: There's three vaccines that are,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.74,0:21:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they work, are the earliest:
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.60,0:21:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Moderna, which unfortunately\Nwon't scale very easily,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.57,0:21:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if that works, it'll be mostly\Na US-targeted thing;
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.55,0:21:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you have the AstraZeneca,\Nwhich comes from Oxford;
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.27,0:21:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Johnson & Johnson.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.95,0:21:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the three early ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.65,0:21:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have animal data
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.17,0:21:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that looks potentially good,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.55,0:21:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not definitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.26,0:21:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly will it work in the elderly,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.80,0:22:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll have human data\Nover the next several months.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.03,0:22:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those three will be gated by\Nthe safety and efficacy trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.91,0:22:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, we'll be able\Nto manufacture those,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.11,0:22:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although not as much as we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.64,0:22:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll be able to manufacture those\Nbefore the end of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.18,0:22:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether the Phase 3 will succeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.34,0:22:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether it'll complete\Nbefore the end of the year,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.85,0:22:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't be that optimistic about.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.06,0:22:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Phase 3 is where you need\Nto really look at all the safety profile
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.05,0:22:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and efficacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.81,0:22:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those will get started.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.72,0:22:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's four or five vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.32,0:22:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that use different approaches
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.09,0:22:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are maybe three\Nor four months behind that:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.76,0:22:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Novavax, Sanofi, Merck.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.08,0:22:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we're funding factory capacity\Nfor a lot of these --
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.60,0:22:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some complex negotiations\Nare taking place right now on this --
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.68,0:22:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get factories that will be dedicated\Nto the poorer countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.95,0:23:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's called low- and middle-income.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.83,0:23:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the very scalable constructs
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.22,0:23:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that include AstraZeneca\Nand Johnson & Johnson,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.88,0:23:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll focus on those,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.55,0:23:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones that are inexpensive
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.33,0:23:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can build a single factory\Nto make 600 million doses.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.67,0:23:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a number of the vaccine constructs
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.13,0:23:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.16,0:23:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't see anything\Nbefore the end of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.55,0:23:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really the best case,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.48,0:23:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's down to a few constructs now,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.07,0:23:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which typically you have\Nhigh failure rates.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.54,0:23:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Bill, is the case
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.90,0:23:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you and your foundation\Nweren't in the picture here
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.86,0:23:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that market dynamics would likely\Nlead to a situation
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.35,0:23:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where as soon as a promising\Nvaccine candidate emerged,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.70,0:23:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the richer countries\Nwould basically snap up,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.12,0:23:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gobble up all available initial supply --
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.58,0:23:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just takes a while\Nto manufacture these --
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.41,0:23:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there would be nothing\Nfor the poorer countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.32,0:24:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that what effectively you're doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.79,0:24:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving manufacturing guarantees
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.99,0:24:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and capability to some\Nof these candidates,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.25,0:24:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're making it possible that\Nat least some of the early vaccine units
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.60,0:24:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will go to poorer countries?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.91,0:24:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that correct?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.26,0:24:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's not just us, but yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.19,0:24:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in the central role there
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.31,0:24:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with a group we created called CEPI,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.86,0:24:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.93,0:24:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the European leaders agree with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.09,0:24:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we have the expertise\Nto look at each of the constructs
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.48,0:24:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, OK, where is there\Na factory in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.93,0:24:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has capacity that can build that?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.67,0:24:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which one should we put\Nthe early money into?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.70,0:24:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What should the milestones be
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.08,0:24:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we'll shift the money\Nover to a different one?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.82,0:24:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the kind of private sector people
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.58,0:24:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who really understand that stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.71,0:24:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them work for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.75,0:24:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're a trusted party on these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.69,0:25:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get to coordinate a lot,\Nparticularly that manufacturing piece.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.63,0:25:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually, you'd expect the US
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.33,0:25:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think of this as\Na global problem and be involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.46,0:25:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, no activity\Non that front has taken place.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.12,0:25:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am talking to people in the Congress\Nand the Administration
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.30,0:25:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about when the next\Nrelief bill comes along
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.42,0:25:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe one percent of that
Dialogue: 0,0:25:28.02,0:25:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could go for the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.42,0:25:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help the entire world.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.47,0:25:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.14,0:25:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's unfortunate,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.29,0:25:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vacuum here
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.41,0:25:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world is not that used to
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.24,0:25:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of people are stepping in,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.73,0:25:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including our foundation,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.40,0:25:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and have a strategy,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.99,0:25:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including for the poorer countries
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.99,0:25:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who will suffer a high percentage\Nof the deaths and negative effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:57.30,0:26:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including their health systems\Nbeing overwhelmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.35,0:26:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the deaths will be\Nin developing countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.37,0:26:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite the huge deaths we've seen\Nin Europe and the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.41,0:26:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, I wish I could be\Na fly on the wall and hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.62,0:26:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you and Melinda talk about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.31,0:26:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of all of\Nthe ethical crimes, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.07,0:26:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,executed by leaders\Nwho should know better,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.42,0:26:25.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it's one thing\Nto not model mask-wearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.69,0:26:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to not play a role
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.37,0:26:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in helping the world when faced\Nwith a common enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.91,0:26:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,respond as one humanity
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.87,0:26:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead catalyze a really unseemly\Nscramble between nations
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.96,0:26:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight for vaccines, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.58,0:26:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That just seems that surely history\Nis going to judge that harshly.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.42,0:26:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is just sickening.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.15,0:26:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't it? Am I missing something?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.74,0:27:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's not quite\Nas black and white as that.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.12,0:27:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US has put more money out
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.07,0:27:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fund the basic research\Non these vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.54,0:27:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any country by far,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.10,0:27:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that research is not restricted.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.98,0:27:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not, like, some royalty\Nthat says, "Hey, if you take our money,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.67,0:27:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to pay the US a royalty."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.75,0:27:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do, to the degree they fund research,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.53,0:27:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's for everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.79,0:27:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the degree they fund factories,\Nit's just for the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.58,0:27:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing that makes this tough is that\Nin every other global health problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.17,0:27:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US totally leads smallpox eradication,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.18,0:27:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the US is totally the leader\Non polio eradication
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.89,0:27:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with key partners -- CDC, WHO,\NRotary, UNICEF, our foundation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.16,0:27:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the world, and on HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.62,0:27:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what under President Bush's leadership,\Nbut it was very bipartisan,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.15,0:27:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this thing called PEPFAR was unbelievable.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.61,0:27:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That has saved tens of millions of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:59.14,0:28:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's that the world\Nalways expected the US
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.19,0:28:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to at least be at the head of the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.99,0:28:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,financially, strategy, OK, how do you\Nget these factories for the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.43,0:28:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it's just to avoid the infection\Ncoming back to the US
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.94,0:28:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to have the global economy working,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.10,0:28:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is good for US jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.82,0:28:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have demand outside the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.04,0:28:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the world is kind of,\Nthere's all this uncertainty
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.76,0:28:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about which thing will work,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.45,0:28:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's, OK, who is in charge here?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.60,0:28:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the worst thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.70,0:28:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the withdrawal from WHO,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.76,0:28:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a difficulty
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.100,0:28:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that hopefully will\Nget remedied at some point,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.66,0:28:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we need that coordination
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.16,0:28:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through WHO.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.72,0:28:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Let's take another question.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.02,0:28:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ali Kashani: "Are there any\Nparticularly successful models
Dialogue: 0,0:28:58.86,0:29:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of handling the pandemic\Nthat you have seen around the world?"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.77,0:29:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's fascinating that,\Nbesides early action,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.17,0:29:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are definitely things where\Nyou take people who have tested positive
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.66,0:29:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you monitor their ??,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.32,0:29:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a oxygen saturation\Nlevel in their blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.27,0:29:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very cheap detector,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.18,0:29:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you know to get them\Nto the hospitals fairly early.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.30,0:29:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Weirdly, patients don't know\Nthings are about to get severe.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.09,0:29:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an interesting physiological reason\Nthat I won't get into.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.99,0:29:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Germany has\Na quite a low case fatality rate
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.98,0:29:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've done through\Nthat type of monitoring.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.86,0:29:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, of course,\Nonce you get into facilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.78,0:29:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've learned that the ventilator\Nactually, although extremely well-meaning,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.87,0:29:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually overused\Nand used in the wrong mode
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.15,0:29:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those early days.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.23,0:29:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the health, the doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.26,0:30:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are way smarter about treatment today.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.02,0:30:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of that I would say is global.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.05,0:30:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this ??\Nas an early indicator,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.81,0:30:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that'll probably catch on broadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.81,0:30:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Germany was a pioneer there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.32,0:30:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, of course, dexamethasone,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.81,0:30:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fortunately, it's cheap, it's oral,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.39,0:30:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can ramp up manufacture.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.22,0:30:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That'll go global as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.06,0:30:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Bill, I want to ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.91,0:30:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something about
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.39,0:30:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it's been like for you personally\Nthrough this whole process.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.76,0:30:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, weirdly, even though\Nyour passion and good intent on this topic
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.09,0:30:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems completely bloody obvious to anyone\Nwho has spent a moment with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.90,0:30:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are these crazy\Nconspiracy theories out there about you.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.04,0:30:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just checked in\Nwith a company called Zignal
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.04,0:30:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that monitors social media spaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.36,0:30:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say that, to date,\NI think on Facebook alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:57.48,0:31:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than four million posts\Nhave taken place
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.57,0:31:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that associate you with some kind\Nof conspiracy theory around the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.51,0:31:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I read that there was a poll\Nthat more than 40 percent of Republicans
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.16,0:31:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe that the vaccine\Nthat you would roll out
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.95,0:31:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would somehow plant a microchip\Nin people to track their location.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.19,0:31:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I can't even believe\Nthat poll number.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.26,0:31:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then some people\Nare taking this seriously enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.75,0:31:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of them have even been\Nrecirculated on Fox News and so forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.43,0:31:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some people are taking this\Nseriously enough
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.83,0:31:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make really quite horrible\Nthreats and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.98,0:31:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You seem to do a good job\Nsort of shrugging this off,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.71,0:31:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but really, like, who else\Nhas ever been in this position?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.12,0:31:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are you managing this?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.24,0:31:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What on earth world are we in
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.93,0:31:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this kind of misinformation\Ncan be out there?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.68,0:31:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we do to help correct it?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.95,0:32:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: I'm not sure,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.89,0:32:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a new thing
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.36,0:32:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's conspiracy theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.69,0:32:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, Microsoft had\Nits share of controversy,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.10,0:32:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at least that related\Nto the real world, you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.12,0:32:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did Windows crash more than it should?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.92,0:32:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We definitely had anti-trust problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.06,0:32:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at least I knew what that was.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.76,0:32:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When this emerged, I have to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.75,0:32:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my instinct was to joke about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.66,0:32:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have said\Nthat's really inappropriate,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.07,0:32:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is a very serious thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.49,0:32:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is going to make people\Nless willing to take a vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.46,0:32:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, once we have that vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.44,0:32:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll be like masks,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.20,0:32:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where getting lots of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.56,0:32:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when it's\Na transmission-blocking vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.25,0:32:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's this huge community benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.76,0:33:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to widespread adoption of that vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.57,0:33:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am caught a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.26,0:33:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unsure of what to say or do,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.15,0:33:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the conspiracy piece\Nis a new thing for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.11,0:33:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what do you say
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.36,0:33:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't give credence to the thing?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.30,0:33:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that a Fox News commentator,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.74,0:33:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laura Ingraham, was saying\Nthis stuff about me microchipping people,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.41,0:33:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that survey isn't that surprising\Nbecause that's what they heard
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.07,0:33:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the TV.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.80,0:33:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.64,0:33:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people are clearly seeking\Nsimpler explanations
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.05,0:33:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than going and studying virology.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.67,0:33:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.55,0:33:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TED is nonpolitical,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.91,0:33:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we believe in the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.67,0:33:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would say this.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.29,0:33:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laura Ingraham, you owe Bill Gates\Nan apology and a retraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.63,0:33:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You do.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.72,0:33:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And anyone who is watching this
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.55,0:34:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who thinks for a minute
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.37,0:34:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this man is involved\Nin some kind of conspiracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.22,0:34:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want your head examined.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.51,0:34:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.71,0:34:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enough of us know Bill over many years
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.50,0:34:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have seen the passion\Nand engagement in this to know
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.16,0:34:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you are crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.64,0:34:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So get over it,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.25,0:34:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's look at the actual problem\Nof solving this pandemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.94,0:34:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Honestly.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.06,0:34:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anyone in the chat here\Nhas a suggestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.00,0:34:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a positive suggestion for how you can,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.36,0:34:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you get rid of conspiracies,\Nbecause they feed on each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.98,0:34:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, oh, well I would say that,\Nbecause I'm part of the conspiracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.36,0:34:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.34,0:34:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, how do we get back to a world\Nwhere information can be trusted?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.68,0:34:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to do better on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.14,0:34:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there any other questions\Nout there from the community?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.86,0:34:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aria Bendix from New York City:
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.01,0:34:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What are your personal recommendations\Nfor those who want to reduce
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.02,0:34:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their risk of infection\Namid an uptick in cases?"
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.56,0:35:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it's great if you have a job
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.87,0:35:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can stay at your house
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.78,0:35:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do it through digital meetings,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.07,0:35:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even some of your social activities,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.82,0:35:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, I do video calls\Nwith lots of friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.84,0:35:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have friends in Europe that\Nwho knows when I'll see them
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.44,0:35:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we schedule regular calls to talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.88,0:35:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you stay fairly isolated,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.69,0:35:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't run much risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.56,0:35:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's when you're getting together\Nwith lots of other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.14,0:35:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either through work or socialization,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.17,0:35:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drives that risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.06,0:35:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly in these communities\Nwhere you have increased cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.38,0:35:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though it's not going to be mandated,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.66,0:35:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully the mobility numbers\Nwill show people responding
Dialogue: 0,0:35:58.16,0:36:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and minimizing those kind of\Nout of the house contacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.40,0:36:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Bill, I wonder if I could just ask you
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.46,0:36:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a little bit about philanthropy.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.46,0:36:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously your foundation\Nhas played a huge role in this,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.55,0:36:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but philanthropy more generally.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.00,0:36:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, you've started\Nthis giving pledge movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.56,0:36:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recruited all these billionaires
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.86,0:36:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have pledged to give away\Nhalf their net worth
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.82,0:36:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before or after their death.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.63,0:36:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's really hard to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.26,0:36:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really hard to give away\Nthat much money.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.55,0:36:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You yourself, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.96,0:36:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the giving pledge was started,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.26,0:36:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what, 10 years ago or something,\NI'm not sure when,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.97,0:36:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your own net worth I think\Nhas doubled since that period
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.68,0:36:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite being the world's\Nleading philanthropist.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.22,0:36:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it just fundamentally hard
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.31,0:36:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give away money effectively\Nto make the world better?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.18,0:36:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or should the world's donors,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.39,0:37:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially the world's\Nreally rich donors,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.48,0:37:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start to almost commit to a schedule,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.19,0:37:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, here's a percentage\Nof my net worth each year
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.70,0:37:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that as I get older,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.20,0:37:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe that goes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:10.58,0:37:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I'm to take this seriously,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.26,0:37:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to give away, somehow,\NI've got to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.75,0:37:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of doing that effectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.03,0:37:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that an unfair and crazy question?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.12,0:37:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, it'd be great to up the rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.05,0:37:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our goal, both as the Gates Foundation\Nor through the giving pledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.72,0:37:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to help people find causes\Nthey connect to.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.93,0:37:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People give through passion.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.70,0:37:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, numbers are important,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.85,0:37:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's so many causes out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.34,0:37:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way you're going to pick\Nis you see somebody who is sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.77,0:37:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see somebody who is not\Ngetting social services.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.78,0:37:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see something\Nthat helps reduce racism.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.67,0:37:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're very passionate,\Nand so you give to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.06,0:37:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.14,0:37:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some philanthropic gifts won't work out.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.25,0:37:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do need to up the ambition level
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.88,0:38:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of philanthropists.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.03,0:38:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, collaborative philanthropy
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.70,0:38:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're helping to facilitate\Nthrough Audacious,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.53,0:38:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's four or five other groups\Nthat are getting philanthropists together,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:10.06,0:38:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is fantastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.18,0:38:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because then they learn from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.66,0:38:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get confidence from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.12,0:38:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they feel like, hey, I put in x
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.23,0:38:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the four other people put money in,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.99,0:38:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm getting more impact,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.76,0:38:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopefully it can be made for them
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.67,0:38:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when they find out,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.18,0:38:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, that particular gift\Ndidn't work out that well,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:32.86,0:38:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.42,0:38:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So philanthropy, yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.42,0:38:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to see the rate go up,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.30,0:38:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who do get going,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:42.26,0:38:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.47,0:38:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's fulfilling,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.56,0:38:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you pick which of the family members\Nare partnered in doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.87,0:38:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my case, Melinda and I\Nlove doing this stuff together,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.96,0:38:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning together.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.23,0:38:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some families, it will even\Ninvolve the kids in the activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.06,0:39:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes the kids are pushing.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.91,0:39:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have lots of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.67,0:39:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you still think of million dollars\Nas a lot of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.06,0:39:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you have billions,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.79,0:39:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should be giving hundreds of millions.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.08,0:39:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's kind of charming that,\Nin terms of your personal expenditure,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.96,0:39:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you stay at the level you were at before.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.34,0:39:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's societally quite appropriate.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.30,0:39:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on your giving, you need to scale up
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.69,0:39:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or else it will be your will,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.60,0:39:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you won't get to shape it\Nand enjoy it quite that same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.48,0:39:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so without,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.42,0:39:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't want to mandate it,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.07,0:39:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but yes, both you and I\Nwant to inspire philanthropists
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.14,0:39:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see that passion,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.01,0:39:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see those opportunities,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.65,0:39:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,significantly faster than in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.18,0:39:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because whether it's race or disease
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.72,0:39:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or all the other social ills,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:53.30,0:39:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the innovation of what philanthropy\Ncan go to and do quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:39:57.51,0:40:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, if it works, government\Ncan come in behind it and scale it up,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.95,0:40:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God knows we need solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.04,0:40:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need that kind of hope and progress
Dialogue: 0,0:40:06.40,0:40:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that expectations are high
Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.04,0:40:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will solve very tough problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.10,0:40:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, most philanthropists,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.49,0:40:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the best of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.47,0:40:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find it hard to give away more than about\Na percent of their net worth every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.61,0:40:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet the world's richest\Noften have access
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.60,0:40:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to great investment opportunities.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.52,0:40:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them are gaining wealth\Nat seven to 10 percent plus per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.54,0:40:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isn't it the case that\Nto have a real chance
Dialogue: 0,0:40:34.43,0:40:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of giving away half your fortune,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.34,0:40:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point you have to plan\Nto give away five, six, seven, eight,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.62,0:40:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 percent of your net worth annually?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.73,0:40:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is, isn't that the logic\Nof what should be happening?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.38,0:40:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Yeah, there are people\Nlike Chuck Feeney,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.46,0:40:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who set a good example
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.34,0:40:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave away all of his money.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:56.71,0:41:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Melinda and I are talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.22,0:41:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should we up the rate that we give at?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.15,0:41:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you say, we've been very lucky\Non the investment side
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.37,0:41:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a variety of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:07.77,0:41:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tech fortunes in general have done well,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.91,0:41:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.59,0:41:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is one of those great contrasts
Dialogue: 0,0:41:19.22,0:41:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what's going on in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.72,0:41:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I do think there's an expectation
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.44,0:41:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we should speed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.81,0:41:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a reason to speed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.35,0:41:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and government is going\Nto miss a lot of needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.96,0:41:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, there's tons of government\Nmoney out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:35.92,0:41:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but helping it be spent well,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.66,0:41:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping find places it's not stepping up,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.97,0:41:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if people are willing to give\Nto the developing world,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.60,0:41:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't have governments
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.67,0:41:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can print checks\Nfor 15 percent of GDP,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.91,0:41:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the suffering there broadly,\Njust the economic stuff alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.90,0:41:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put aside the pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.51,0:42:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is tragic.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.26,0:42:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a five year setback
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.02,0:42:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of these countries\Nmoving forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.56,0:42:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in a few cases it's tough enough\Nthat the very stability of the country
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.59,0:42:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in question.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.51,0:42:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Well, Bill,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.69,0:42:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm in awe of what you\Nand Melinda have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.68,0:42:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You walk this narrow path
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.80,0:42:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trying to juggle\Nso many different things,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.91,0:42:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of time that you dedicate\Nto the betterment of the world at large,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.35,0:42:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and definitely the amount of money
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.81,0:42:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amount of passion you put into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.21,0:42:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it's pretty awesome,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.02,0:42:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm really grateful to you\Nfor spending this time with us now.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.64,0:42:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.02,0:42:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and honestly the rest of this year
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.73,0:42:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your skills and resources\Nare going to be needed more than ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.19,0:42:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so good luck.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.67,0:42:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BG: Well, thanks.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.83,0:42:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's fun work and I'm optimistic,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.50,0:42:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so thanks, Chris.