[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.13,0:00:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me with start with Roy Amara. Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.35,0:00:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roy's argument is that most new\Ntechnologies tend to be overestimated Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.58,0:00:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their impact to begin with, Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.68,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they get underestimated\Nin the long term Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.10,0:00:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we get used to them. Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.49,0:00:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These really are days\Nof miracle and wonder. Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.43,0:00:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You remember that wonderful\Nsong by Paul Simon? Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.36,0:00:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were two lines in it. Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.73,0:00:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what was it that was considered\Nmiraculous back then? Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.39,0:00:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slowing down things -- slow motion -- Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.37,0:00:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the long-distance call. Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.94,0:00:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, of course, you used\Nto get interrupted by operators Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.82,0:00:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who'd tell you, "Long distance calling.\NDo you want to hang up?" Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.84,0:00:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we think nothing of calling\Nall over the world. Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.04,0:00:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, something similar may be happening Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.69,0:00:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with reading and programming life. Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.64,0:00:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before I unpack that, Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.07,0:00:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's just talk about telescopes. Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.80,0:00:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telescopes were overestimated\Noriginally in their impact. Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.13,0:00:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of Galileo's early models. Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.09,0:01:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People thought it was just\Ngoing to ruin all religion. Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.47,0:01:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.86,0:01:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not paying that much\Nattention to telescopes. Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.63,0:01:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, of course, telescopes launched\N10 years ago, as you just heard, Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.73,0:01:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could take this Volkswagen,\Nfly it to the moon, Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.75,0:01:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could see the lights\Non that Volkswagen light up on the moon. Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.62,0:01:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the kind of resolution power\Nthat allowed you to see Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.59,0:01:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little specks of dust\Nfloating around distant suns. Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.22,0:01:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine for a second that this\Nwas a sun a billion light years away, Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.31,0:01:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you had a little speck of dust\Nthat came in front of it. Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.57,0:01:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what detecting\Nan exoplanet is like. Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.27,0:01:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cool thing is, the telescopes\Nthat are now being launched Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.14,0:01:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would allow you to see\Na single candle lit on the moon. Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.28,0:01:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you separated it by one plate, Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.13,0:01:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could see two candles\Nseparately at that distance. Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.12,0:02:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the kind\Nof resolution that you need Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.96,0:02:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to begin to image\Nthat little speck of dust Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.45,0:02:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it comes around the sun Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.76,0:02:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see if it has a blue-green signature. Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.12,0:02:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it does have\Na blue-green signature, Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.22,0:02:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that life\Nis common in the universe. Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.46,0:02:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time you ever see a blue-green\Nsignature on a distant planet, Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.68,0:02:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means there's photosynthesis there, Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.70,0:02:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's water there, Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the chances that you saw\Nthe only other planet with photosynthesis Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are about zero. Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.11,0:02:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a calendar-changing event. Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.67,0:02:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a before and after\Nwe were alone in the universe: Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.45,0:02:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forget about the discovery\Nof whatever continent. Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.75,0:02:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you're thinking about this, Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.36,0:02:41.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're now beginning\Nto be able to image most of the universe. Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.28,0:02:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is a time of miracle and wonder. Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.56,0:02:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we kind of take that for granted. Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.56,0:02:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something similar is happening in life. Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.50,0:02:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're hearing about life\Nin these little bits and pieces. Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.56,0:02:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hear about CRISPR,\Nand we hear about this technology, Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.24,0:02:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hear about this technology. Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.94,0:03:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the bottom line on life\Nis that life turns out to be code. Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.90,0:03:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And life as code is a really\Nimportant concept because it means, Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.87,0:03:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can write a sentence Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.11,0:03:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in English or in French or Chinese, Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.15,0:03:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can copy a sentence, Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.08,0:03:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can edit a sentence, Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.63,0:03:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can print a sentence, Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're beginning to be able\Nto do that with life. Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.24,0:03:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that we're beginning\Nto learn how to read this language. Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.77,0:03:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, of course, is the language\Nthat is used by this orange. Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.70,0:03:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does this orange execute code? Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.52,0:03:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes\Nlike a computer does. Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.25,0:03:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sits on a tree, and one day it does: Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plop! Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.82,0:03:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means: execute. Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.15,0:03:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AATCAAG: make me a little root. Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.06,0:03:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TCGACC: make me a little stem. Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.58,0:03:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GAC: make me some leaves.\NAGC: make me some flowers. Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.04,0:03:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then GCAA: make me some more oranges. Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.98,0:04:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I edit a sentence in English\Non a word processor, Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.15,0:04:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what happens is you can go\Nfrom this word to that word. Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.13,0:04:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I edit something in this orange Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.29,0:04:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put in GCAAC, using CRISPR\Nor something else that you've heard of, Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.26,0:04:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this orange becomes a lemon, Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.96,0:04:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it becomes a grapefruit, Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.53,0:04:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it becomes a tangerine. Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.10,0:04:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I edit one in a thousand letters, Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.14,0:04:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you become the person\Nsitting next to you today. Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.76,0:04:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be more careful where you sit. Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.30,0:04:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.01,0:04:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's happening on this stuff\Nis it was really expensive to begin with. Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.51,0:04:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like long-distance calls. Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.40,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the cost of this is dropping\N50 percent faster than Moore's law. Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.91,0:04:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first $200 full genome\Nwas announced yesterday by Veritas. Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.49,0:04:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you're looking at these systems, Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.65,0:04:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter,\Nit doesn't matter, and then it does. Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.47,0:04:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me just give you\Nthe map view of this stuff. Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.97,0:05:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big discovery. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.56,0:05:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's 23 chromosomes. Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.50,0:05:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cool. Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.29,0:05:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now start using a telescope version,\Nbut instead of using a telescope, Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.99,0:05:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's use a microscope to zoom in Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.33,0:05:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the inferior of those chromosomes, Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.43,0:05:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the Y chromosome. Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.43,0:05:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a third the size of the X.\NIt's recessive and mutant. Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.44,0:05:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hey, Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.26,0:05:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a male. Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.91,0:05:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you're looking at this stuff, Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.22,0:05:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's kind of a country view Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.69,0:05:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a 400 base pair resolution level, Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.92,0:05:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you zoom in to 550,\Nand then you zoom in to 850, Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.36,0:05:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can begin to identify\Nmore and more genes as you zoom in. Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.25,0:05:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you zoom in to the state level, Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.47,0:05:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can begin to tell\Nwho's got leukemia, Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.54,0:05:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they get leukemia,\Nwhat kind of leukemia do they have, Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.59,0:05:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what shifted from what place\Nto what place. Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.33,0:05:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you zoom in\Nto the Google street view level. Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.39,0:06:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what happens\Nif you have colorectal cancer Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.08,0:06:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very specific patient\Non the letter-by-letter resolution. Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.15,0:06:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're doing in this stuff\Nis we're gathering information Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.28,0:06:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just generating\Nenormous amounts of information. Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.82,0:06:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the largest\Ndatabases on the planet Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.72,0:06:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's growing faster\Nthan we can build computers to store it. Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.06,0:06:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can create some incredible\Nmaps with this stuff. Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.29,0:06:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want to understand the plague\Nand why one plague is bubonic Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.29,0:06:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one\Nis a different kind of plague Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.54,0:06:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one\Nis a different kind of plague? Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.87,0:06:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here's a map of the plague. Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.04,0:06:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are absolutely deadly to humans, Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.88,0:06:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some are not. Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.49,0:06:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And note, by the way,\Nas you go to the bottom of this, Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.11,0:06:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does it compare to tuberculosis? Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.71,0:06:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the difference between\Ntuberculosis and various kinds of plagues, Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.36,0:06:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can play detective\Nwith this stuff, Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.72,0:06:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can take\Na very specific kind of cholera Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.22,0:06:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affected Haiti, Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.38,0:06:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can look at\Nwhich country it came from, Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.09,0:06:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which region it came from, Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.50,0:07:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably which soldier took that\Nfrom that African country to Haiti. Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.13,0:07:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zoom out. Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.67,0:07:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just zooming in. Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.04,0:07:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the coolest maps\Never done by human beings. Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.45,0:07:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they've done is taken\Nall the genetic information they have Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.53,0:07:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about all the species, Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.03,0:07:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've put a tree of life\Non a single page Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.48,0:07:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can zoom in and out of. Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.48,0:07:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what came first,\Nhow did it diversify, how did it branch, Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.23,0:07:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how large is that genome, Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.48,0:07:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a single page. Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.62,0:07:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of the universe\Nof life on Earth, Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.71,0:07:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's being constantly\Nupdated and completed. Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.98,0:07:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you're looking at this stuff, Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.86,0:07:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the really important change is\Nthe old biology used to be reactive. Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.24,0:07:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You used to have a lot of biologists\Nthat had microscopes, Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.98,0:07:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had magnifying glasses\Nand they were out observing animals. Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.90,0:07:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new biology is proactive. Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.43,0:07:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't just observe stuff,\Nyou make stuff. Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.14,0:07:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a really big change Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.81,0:07:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows us\Nto do things like this. Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.56,0:08:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know you're really\Nexcited by this picture. Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.05,0:08:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.18,0:08:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It only took us four years\Nand 40 million dollars Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.58,0:08:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to take this picture. Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.21,0:08:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.46,0:08:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we did Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.59,0:08:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we took the full gene code\Nout of a cell -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.88,0:08:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a gene, not two genes,\Nthe full gene code out of a cell -- Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.02,0:08:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built a completely new gene code, Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.82,0:08:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inserted it into the cell, Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.42,0:08:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figured out a way to have the cell\Nexecute that code Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.38,0:08:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and built a completely new species. Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.88,0:08:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the world's first\Nsynthetic life form. Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.81,0:08:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what do you do with this stuff? Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.43,0:08:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this stuff is going\Nto change the world. Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.42,0:08:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you three short-term trends Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.38,0:08:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how it's going\Nto change the world. Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.27,0:08:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is we're going to see\Na new industrial revolution. Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.67,0:08:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I actually mean that literally. Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.99,0:08:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the same way as Switzerland\Nand Germany and Britain Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.51,0:08:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed the world with machines\Nlike the one you see in this lobby, Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.54,0:09:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created power -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.27,0:09:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way CERN\Nis changing the world, Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.96,0:09:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using new instruments\Nand our concept of the universe -- Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.06,0:09:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programmable life forms\Nare also going to change the world Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.81,0:09:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because once you can program cells Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.49,0:09:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way as you\Nprogram your computer chip, Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.74,0:09:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can make almost anything. Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.37,0:09:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So your computer chip\Ncan produce photographs, Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.17,0:09:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can produce music, can produce film, Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.27,0:09:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can produce love letters,\Ncan produce spreadsheets. Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.71,0:09:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just ones and zeroes\Nflying through there. Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.60,0:09:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can flow ATCGs through cells, Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.12,0:09:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this software makes its own hardware, Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.20,0:09:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means it scales very quickly. Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.49,0:09:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter what happens, Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.16,0:09:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you leave your cell phone\Nby your bedside, Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.34,0:09:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will not have a billion\Ncell phones in the morning. Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.49,0:09:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you do that with living organisms, Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.22,0:09:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make this stuff\Nat a very large scale. Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.39,0:10:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things you can do\Nis you can start producing Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.31,0:10:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to carbon-neutral fuels Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.56,0:10:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a commercial scale by 2025, Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.05,0:10:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we're doing with Exxon. Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.87,0:10:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can also substitute\Nfor agricultural lands. Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.30,0:10:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of having 100 hectares\Nto make oils or to make proteins, Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.08,0:10:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make it in these vats Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.96,0:10:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 10 or 100 times\Nthe productivity per hectare. Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.49,0:10:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can store information,\Nor you can make all the world's vaccines Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.89,0:10:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those three vats. Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.28,0:10:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can store most of the information\Nthat's held at CERN in those three vats. Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.35,0:10:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is a really powerful\Ninformation storage device. Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.81,0:10:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second turn: Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.42,0:10:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're beginning to see the rise\Nof theoretical biology. Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.26,0:10:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, medical school departments are one\Nof the most conservative places on earth. Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.48,0:10:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way they teach anatomy is similar\Nto the way they taught anatomy Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.92,0:10:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 years ago. Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.11,0:10:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome, student. Here's your cadaver." Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.15,0:10:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things medical schools are\Nnot good at is creating new departments, Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.88,0:10:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why this is so unusual. Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.35,0:11:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Isaac Kohane has now created a department\Nbased on informatics, data, knowledge Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.87,0:11:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Harvard Medical School. Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.41,0:11:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a sense,\Nwhat's beginning to happen is Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.61,0:11:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biology is beginning to get enough data Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.12,0:11:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can begin to follow\Nthe steps of physics, Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.90,0:11:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which used to be observational physics Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.32,0:11:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and experimental physicists, Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.31,0:11:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then started creating\Ntheoretical biology. Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.50,0:11:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's what you're beginning to see Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.53,0:11:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have so many medical records, Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.53,0:11:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have\Nso much data about people: Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.59,0:11:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got their genomes,\Nyou've got their viromes, Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.02,0:11:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got their microbiomes. Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.54,0:11:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as this information stacks, Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.54,0:11:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can begin to make predictions. Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.15,0:11:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third thing that's happening\Nis this is coming to the consumer. Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.63,0:11:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you, too, can get your genes sequenced. Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.70,0:11:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is beginning to create\Ncompanies like 23andMe, Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.45,0:11:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and companies like 23andMe\Nare going to be giving you Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.95,0:11:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more and more data, Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.33,0:11:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just about your relatives, Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.56,0:11:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about you and your body, Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.95,0:12:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's going to compare stuff, Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.50,0:12:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's going\Nto compare stuff across time, Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.62,0:12:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are going to become\Nvery large databases. Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.25,0:12:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also beginning to affect\Na series of other businesses Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.24,0:12:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in unexpected ways. Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.80,0:12:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Normally, when you advertise something,\Nyou really don't want the consumer Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.58,0:12:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take your advertisement\Ninto the bathroom to pee on. Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.99,0:12:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless, of course, if you're IKEA. Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.38,0:12:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when you rip this\Nout of a magazine and you pee on it, Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.31,0:12:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll turn blue if you're pregnant. Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.40,0:12:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.21,0:12:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they'll give you\Na discount on your crib. Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.11,0:12:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.29,0:12:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? So when I say consumer empowerment, Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.33,0:12:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is spreading beyond biotech, Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.10,0:12:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually really mean that. Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.27,0:12:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're now beginning to produce,\Nat Synthetic Genomics, Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.54,0:12:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desktop printers Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.23,0:12:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow you to design a cell, Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.78,0:12:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,print a cell, Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.97,0:12:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,execute the program on the cell. Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.82,0:13:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now print vaccines Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.95,0:13:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,real time as an airplane takes off Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.22,0:13:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it lands. Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.93,0:13:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're shipping 78\Nof these machines this year. Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.07,0:13:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not theoretical biology.\NThis is printing biology. Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.18,0:13:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me talk about two long-term trends Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.37,0:13:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are coming at you\Nover a longer time period. Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.66,0:13:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is, we're starting\Nto redesign species. Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.06,0:13:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you've heard about that, right? Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.86,0:13:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're redesigning trees.\NWe're redesigning flowers. Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.56,0:13:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're redesigning yogurt, Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.51,0:13:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cheese, whatever else you want. Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.68,0:13:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that, of course,\Nbrings up the interesting question: Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.88,0:13:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How and when should we redesign humans? Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.57,0:13:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of us think,\N"Oh no, we never want to redesign humans." Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.15,0:13:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless, of course, if your child\Nhas a Huntington's gene Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.89,0:13:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is condemned to death. Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.17,0:14:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, unless if you're passing on\Na cystic fibrosis gene, Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.56,0:14:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which case, you don't just want\Nto redesign yourself, Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.27,0:14:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want to redesign your children\Nand their children. Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.72,0:14:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are complicated debates\Nand they're going to happen in real time. Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.84,0:14:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you one current example. Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.53,0:14:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the debates going on\Nat the National Academies today Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.90,0:14:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is you have the power to put\Na gene drive into mosquitoes Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.62,0:14:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you will kill\Nall the malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.55,0:14:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some people say, Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.96,0:14:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's going to affect the environment\Nin an extreme way, don't do it." Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.33,0:14:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people say, Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.50,0:14:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is one of the things\Nthat's killing millions of people yearly. Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.76,0:14:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are you to tell me\Nthat I can't save the kids in my country?" Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.18,0:14:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why is this debate so complicated? Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.06,0:14:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because as soon as you\Nlet this loose in Brazil Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.96,0:14:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in Southern Florida -- Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.41,0:14:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mosquitoes don't respect walls. Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.98,0:14:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're making a decision for the world Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.30,0:14:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you put a gene drive into the air. Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.14,0:15:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wonderful man won a Nobel Prize, Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.10,0:15:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after winning the Nobel Prize Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.77,0:15:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's been worrying about Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.53,0:15:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did life get started on this planet Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.66,0:15:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how likely is it\Nthat it's in other places? Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.10,0:15:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what he's been doing is going around\Nto this graduate students Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.32,0:15:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying to his graduate students, Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.86,0:15:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Build me life but don't use\Nany modern chemicals or instruments. Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.21,0:15:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Build me stuff that was here\Nthree billion years ago. Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.90,0:15:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't use lasers.\NYou can't use this. You can't use that." Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.33,0:15:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave me a vial of what he's built\Nabout three weeks ago. Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.64,0:15:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has he built? Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.84,0:15:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's built basically what looked like\Nsoap bubbles that are made out of lipids. Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.89,0:15:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's built a precursor of RNA. Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.29,0:15:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's had the precursor of the RNA\Nbe absorbed by the cell Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.19,0:15:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he's had the cells divide. Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.03,0:15:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may not be that far -- Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.69,0:16:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call it a decade, maybe two decades -- Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.83,0:16:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from generating life from scratch Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.28,0:16:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of proto-communities. Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.51,0:16:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second long-term trend: Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.27,0:16:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been living and are living\Nthrough the digital age -- Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.82,0:16:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're starting to live through\Nthe age of the genome Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.37,0:16:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and biology and CRISPR\Nand synthetic biology -- Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.87,0:16:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of that is going to merge\Ninto the age of the brain. Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.74,0:16:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're getting to the point where\Nwe can rebuild most of our body parts, Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.75,0:16:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way as if you break a bone\Nor burn your skin, it regrows. Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.43,0:16:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're beginning to learn\Nhow to regrow our tracheas Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.12,0:16:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how to regrow our bladders. Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.01,0:16:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of those have been\Nimplanted in humans. Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.34,0:16:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tony Atala is working on\N32 different organs. Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.49,0:16:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the core is going to be this, Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.40,0:16:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is you\Nand the rest is just packaging. Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.01,0:16:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody's going to live beyond\N120, 130, 140 years Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.58,0:16:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless if we fix this. Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.08,0:16:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the most interesting challenge. Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.17,0:17:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the next frontier, along with: Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.31,0:17:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How common is life in the universe?" Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.68,0:17:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Where did we come from?" Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.51,0:17:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and questions like that. Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.03,0:17:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me end this with\Nan apocryphal quote from Einstein. Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.70,0:17:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[You can live as if\Neverything is a miracle, Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.94,0:17:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you can live as if\Nnothing is a miracle.] Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.24,0:17:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's your choice. Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.56,0:17:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can focus on the bad,\Nyou can focus on the scary, Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.06,0:17:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly there's\Na lot of scary out there. Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.01,0:17:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But use 10 percent of your brain\Nto focus on that, or maybe 20 percent, Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.77,0:17:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe 30 percent. Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.47,0:17:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just remember, Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.28,0:17:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really are living in an age\Nof miracle and wonder. Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.27,0:17:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're lucky to be alive today.\NWe're lucky to see this stuff. Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.85,0:17:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're lucky to be able to interact\Nwith folks like the folks Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.71,0:17:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are building\Nall the stuff in this room. Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.49,0:17:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thank you to all of you,\Nfor all you do. Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.07,0:17:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)