[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.32,0:00:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me with start with Roy Amara.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.45,0:00:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Roy's argument is that\Nmost new technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.94,0:00:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to be overestimated\Nin their impact to begin with,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.60,0:00:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they get underestimated in\Nthe long term because we get used to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.20,0:00:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These really are days\Nof miracle and wonder.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.17,0:00:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You remember that\Nwonderful song by Paul Simon?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.45,0:00:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were two lines in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.93,0:00:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what was it that was considered\Nmiraculous back then?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.61,0:00:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slowing down things, back then,\Nand the long distance call.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.32,0:00:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, of course, you used\Nto get interrupted by operators
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.69,0:00:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would tell you long distance calling,\Ndo you want to hang up?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.76,0:00:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we think nothing of calling\Nall over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.16,0:00:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, something similar may be happening
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.81,0:00:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with reading and programming life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.85,0:00:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before I unpack that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.30,0:00:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's just talk about telescopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.00,0:00:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So telescopes were overestimated\Noriginally in their impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.56,0:01:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of Galileo's early models.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.28,0:01:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People thought it was just\Ngoing to ruin all religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.02,0:01:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.51,0:01:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not paying that much\Nattention to telescopes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.85,0:01:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course telescopes\Nlaunched 10 years ago, as you just heard,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.96,0:01:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could take this Volkswagen,\Nfly it to the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.06,0:01:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could see the lights\Non that Volkswagen light up on the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.90,0:01:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the kind of resolution power\Nthat allowed you to see
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.86,0:01:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little specks of dust\Nfloating around distant suns.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.49,0:01:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine for a second that this\Nwas a sun a billion light years away
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.50,0:01:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you had a little speck of dust\Nthat came in front of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.76,0:01:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what detecting\Nan exoplanet is like.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.51,0:01:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cool thing is the telescopes\Nthat are now being launched
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.96,0:01:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would allow you to see\Na single candle lit on the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.50,0:01:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you separated it by one plate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.18,0:01:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could see two candles\Nseparately at that distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.36,0:02:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the kind\Nof resolution that you need
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.33,0:02:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to begin that little speck of dust\Nas it comes around the sun
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.94,0:02:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see if it has a blue-green signature.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.31,0:02:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it does have\Na blue-green signature,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.09,0:02:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that life is common\Nin the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.82,0:02:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time you ever\Nsee a blue-green signature
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.38,0:02:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a distant planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.58,0:02:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means there's photosynthesis there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.95,0:02:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's water there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.34,0:02:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the chances you saw\Nthe only other planet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.22,0:02:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with photosynthesis are about zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.31,0:02:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a calendar-changing event.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.84,0:02:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a before and after\Nwe are alone in the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.18,0:02:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forget about the discovery\Nof whatever continent.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.96,0:02:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you're thinking about this,\Nwe're now beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.07,0:02:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to image most of the Universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.49,0:02:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is a time of miracle and wonder.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.74,0:02:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we kind of take that for granted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.22,0:02:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something similar is happening in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.57,0:02:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're hearing about life\Nin these little bits and pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.76,0:02:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hear about CRISPR\Nand we hear about this technology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.24,0:02:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hear about this technology,\Nbut the bottom line on life
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.57,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that life turns out to be a code.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.11,0:03:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And life as code is\Na really important concept
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.74,0:03:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it means,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.08,0:03:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can write a sentence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.25,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in English or in French or Chinese,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can copy a sentence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.48,0:03:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can edit a sentence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.77,0:03:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can print a sentence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.14,0:03:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're beginning to be able\Nto do that with life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.46,0:03:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that we're beginning\Nto learn how to read this language.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.94,0:03:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, of course, is the language\Nthat is used by this orange.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.96,0:03:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does this orange execute code?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.87,0:03:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes\Nlike a computer does.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.15,0:03:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sits on a tree and one day it does,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.22,0:03:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plop,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.82,0:03:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means, execute.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.64,0:03:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AACTAAG. Make me a little root.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.06,0:03:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TCGACC. Make me a little stem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.95,0:03:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GAC. Make me some leaves.\NAGC. Make me some flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.43,0:03:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then GCAA. Make me some more oranges.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.06,0:03:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I edit a sentence in English
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.76,0:04:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a word processor,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.86,0:04:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what happens is you can go\Nfrom this word to that word.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.98,0:04:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I edit something in this orange
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.51,0:04:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put in GCAAC,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.84,0:04:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using CRISPR or something else\Nthat you've heard of,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.48,0:04:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this orange becomes a lemon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.18,0:04:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it becomes a grapefruit\Nor it becomes a tangerine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.32,0:04:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I edit one in a thousand letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.42,0:04:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you become the person\Nsitting next to you today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.75,0:04:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be more careful where you sit.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.99,0:04:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.20,0:04:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's happening on this stuff\Nis it was really expensive to begin with.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.59,0:04:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like long distance calls.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.52,0:04:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the cost of this is dropping\N50 percent faster than Moore's Law.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.01,0:04:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first $200 full genome\Nwas announced yesterday by Veritas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.49,0:04:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you're looking at these systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.29,0:04:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter,\Nit doesn't matter, and then it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.65,0:04:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me just give you\Nthe map view of this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.22,0:05:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.80,0:05:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's 23 chromosomes. Cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.06,0:05:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now start using a telescope version,\Nbut instead of using a telescope,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.36,0:05:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's use a microscope to zoom in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.18,0:05:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the inferior of those chromosomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.43,0:05:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the Y chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.03,0:05:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a third the size of the X.\NIt's recessive and mutant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.65,0:05:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hey, just a male.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.11,0:05:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you're looking at this stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.22,0:05:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's kind of a country view
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.85,0:05:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a 400 base pair resolution level,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.03,0:05:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you zoom in to 550\Nand then you zoom in to 850
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.36,0:05:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can begin to identify\Nmore and more genes as you zoom in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.52,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you zoom in to the state level
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.10,0:05:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can begin to tell\Nwho's got leukemia,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they get leukemia,\Nwhat kind of leukemia do they have,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.36,0:05:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what shifted from\Nwhat place to what place?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.37,0:05:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you zoom in\Nto the Google street view level.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.65,0:06:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what happens\Nif you have colorectal cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.16,0:06:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very specific patient\Non the letter-by-letter resolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.28,0:06:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're doing in this stuff\Nis we're gathering information
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.28,0:06:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just generating\Nenormous amounts of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.59,0:06:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the largest\Ndatabases on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.07,0:06:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's growing faster than we\Ncan build computers to store it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.30,0:06:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can create some incredible\Nmaps with this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.59,0:06:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want to understand the plague
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.20,0:06:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why one plague is bubonic
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.61,0:06:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one\Nis a different kind of plague
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.25,0:06:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one\Nis a different kind of plague?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.19,0:06:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here's a map of the plague.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.31,0:06:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are absolutely deadly to humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.96,0:06:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are not.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.89,0:06:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And oh, by the way,\Nas you go to the bottom of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.98,0:06:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does it compare to tuberculosis?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.96,0:06:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the difference between\Ntuberculosis and various kinds of plagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.62,0:06:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can play detective\Nwith this stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.97,0:06:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can take\Na very specific kind of cholera
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.22,0:06:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affected Haiti
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.80,0:06:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can look at\Nwhich country it came from,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.22,0:06:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which region it came from,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.36,0:07:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably which soldier took that\Nfrom that African country to Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.36,0:07:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zoom out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.88,0:07:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just zooming in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.75,0:07:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the coolest maps\Never done by human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.66,0:07:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what they've done is they've taken\Nall the genetic information they have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.22,0:07:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about all the species,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.03,0:07:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've put a tree of life\Non a single page
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.48,0:07:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can zoom in and out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.61,0:07:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what came first,\Nhow did it diversify, how did it branch,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.47,0:07:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how large is that genome,\Non a single page.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.88,0:07:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of the universe\Nof life on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.79,0:07:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's being constantly\Nupdated and completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.35,0:07:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you're looking at this stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.13,0:07:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the really important changes,\Nthe old biology used to be reactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.67,0:07:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You used to have a lot of biologists\Nthat had microscopes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.88,0:07:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had magnifying glasses\Nand they were out observing animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.94,0:07:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new biology is proactive.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.68,0:07:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't just observe stuff,\Nyou make stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.35,0:07:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a really big change,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.02,0:07:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows us\Nto do things like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.77,0:08:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know you're really\Nexcited by this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.50,0:08:04.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It only two us four years\Nand 40 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.58,0:08:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to take this picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.36,0:08:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.68,0:08:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we did
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.82,0:08:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we took the full\Ngene code out of a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.68,0:08:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a gene, not two genes,\Nthe full gene code out of a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.62,0:08:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built a completely new gene code,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.13,0:08:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inserted it into the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.72,0:08:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figured out how a way\Nto have the cell execute that code,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.58,0:08:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and built a completely new species.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.10,0:08:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the world's\Nfirst synthetic life form.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.01,0:08:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what do you do with this stuff?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.83,0:08:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this stuff is going\Nto change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.58,0:08:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you three short-term trends
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.58,0:08:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how it's going\Nto change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.43,0:08:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is we're going to see\Na new industrial revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.21,0:08:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I actually mean that literally.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.29,0:08:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the same way as Switzerland\Nand Germany and Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.68,0:08:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed the world with machines\Nlike the one you see in this lobby,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.62,0:09:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created power,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.54,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way CERN is changing the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.00,0:09:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using new instruments
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.83,0:09:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our concept of the Universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.28,0:09:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,programmable life forms\Nare also going to change the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.97,0:09:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because once you can program cells\Nin the same way as you program
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.45,0:09:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your computer chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.96,0:09:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can make almost anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.55,0:09:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So your computer chip\Ncan produce photographs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.35,0:09:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can produce music, it can produce film,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.64,0:09:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can produce love letters,\Ncan produce spreadsheets.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.52,0:09:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just ones and zeroes\Nflying through there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.74,0:09:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can flow ATCGs through cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.22,0:09:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this software makes its own hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.48,0:09:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means it scales very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.69,0:09:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter what happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.37,0:09:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you leave your cell phone\Nby your bedside,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.26,0:09:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will not have a billion\Ncell phones in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.49,0:09:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you do that with living organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.56,0:09:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make this stuff\Nat a very large scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.76,0:10:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things you can do\Nis you can start producing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.48,0:10:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to carbon-neutral fuels
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.72,0:10:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a commercial scale by 2025,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.35,0:10:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we're doing with Exxon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.68,0:10:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can also substitute\Nfor agricultural lands.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.18,0:10:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of having a hundred hectares\Nto make oils or to make proteins,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.34,0:10:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make it in these vats
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.96,0:10:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 10 or a hundred times\Nthe productivity per hectare.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.68,0:10:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can store information,\Nor you can make all the world's vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.41,0:10:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those three vats.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.48,0:10:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can store most of the information\Nthat's held at CERN in those three vats.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.61,0:10:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DNA is a really powerful\Ninformation storage device.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.87,0:10:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second turn:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.65,0:10:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're beginning to see the rise\Nof theoretical biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.46,0:10:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So medical school departments are one\Nof the most conservative places on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.15,0:10:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way they teach anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.56,0:10:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is similar to the way they taught\Nanatomy a hundred years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.76,0:10:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome, student. Here's your cadaver."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.92,0:10:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things medical schools are\Nnot good at is creating new departments,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.74,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why this is so unusual.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Isaac Kohane has now created\Na department based on informatics, data,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.25,0:11:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowledge, at Harvard Medical School.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.55,0:11:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a sense, what's beginning to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.58,0:11:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is biology is beginning to get enough data
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.04,0:11:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it can begin to follow\Nthe steps of physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.20,0:11:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which used to be observational physics\Nand experimental physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.58,0:11:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then started create\Ntheoretical biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.67,0:11:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well that's what you're beginning to see
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.39,0:11:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have so many medical records,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.71,0:11:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have\Nso much data about people,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.17,0:11:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you've got their genomes,\Nbecause you've got their ??,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.100,0:11:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you've got their microbiomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.72,0:11:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as this information stacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.54,0:11:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can begin to make predictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.45,0:11:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third thing that's happening\Nis this is coming to the consumer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.96,0:11:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you too can get your genes sequenced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.87,0:11:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is beginning to create\Ncompanies like 23andMe,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.62,0:11:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and companies like 23andMe\Nare going to be giving you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.11,0:11:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more and more and more data,\Nnot just about your relatives
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.96,0:12:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about you and your body\Nand that's going to compare stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.14,0:12:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's going\Nto compare stuff across time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.84,0:12:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are going to become\Nvery large databases.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.44,0:12:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also beginning to affect\Na series of other businesses
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.24,0:12:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in unexpected ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.14,0:12:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Normally, when you advertise something,\Nyou really don't want the consumer
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.21,0:12:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take your advertisement\Ninto the bathroom to pee on,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.20,0:12:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless of course if you're IKEA,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.84,0:12:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because when you rip this\Nout of a magazine and you pee on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.57,0:12:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it'll turn blue if you're pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.10,0:12:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.58,0:12:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they'll give you\Na discount on your crib.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.48,0:12:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.54,0:12:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? So when I say consumer empowerment,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.87,0:12:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is spreading beyond biotech,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.10,0:12:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I actually really mean that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.52,0:12:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're now beginning to provide\Nat synthetic genomics
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.76,0:12:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desktop printers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.51,0:12:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow you to design a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.53,0:12:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,print a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.49,0:13:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,execute the program on the cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.93,0:13:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can now print vaccines real time
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.12,0:13:07.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an airplane takes off before it lands.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.19,0:13:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're shipping 78\Nof these machines this year.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.32,0:13:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not theoretical biology.\NThis is printing biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.57,0:13:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me talk about two long-term trends
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.59,0:13:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are coming at you\Nover a longer time period.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.90,0:13:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is we're starting\Nto redesign species.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.06,0:13:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you've heard about that, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.13,0:13:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're redesigning trees.\NWe're redesigning flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.84,0:13:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're redesigning yogurt,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.96,0:13:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cheese, whatever else you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.25,0:13:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that of course\Nbrings up the interesting question,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.62,0:13:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how and when should we redesign humans?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.02,0:13:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of us think,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.43,0:13:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh no, we never want\Nto redesign humans."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.04,0:13:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless, of course, if your child\Nhas a Huntington's gene
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.08,0:13:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is condemned to death,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.42,0:14:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, unless if you're passing on\Na cystic fibrosis gene,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.76,0:14:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which case, you don't just want\Nto redesign yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.13,0:14:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want to redesign your children\Nand their children.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.99,0:14:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are complicated debates\Nand they're going to happen in real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.15,0:14:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you one current example.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.78,0:14:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those debates going on\Nat the national academies today
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.57,0:14:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is you have the power to put\Na gene drive into mosquitos
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.83,0:14:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you will kill\Nall the malaria-carrying mosquitos.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.20,0:14:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, some people say
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.30,0:14:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's going to affect the environment\Nin an extreme way, don't do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.24,0:14:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people say, you know,\Nthis is one of the things
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.11,0:14:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's killing millions of people yearly.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.02,0:14:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are you to tell me\Nthat I can't save the kids in my country?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.43,0:14:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why is this debate so complicated?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.12,0:14:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because as soon as you\Nlet this loose in Brazil
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.96,0:14:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in southern Florida,\Nmosquitos don't respect walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.17,0:14:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're making a decision for the world
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.54,0:14:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you put a gene drive into the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.42,0:15:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wonderful man won a Nobel Prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.33,0:15:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after winning the Nobel Prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.12,0:15:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's been worrying about,\Nhow did life get started on this planet
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.99,0:15:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how likely is it\Nthat it's in other places?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.50,0:15:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what he's been doing he's been\Ngoing around to this graduate students
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.77,0:15:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying to his graduate students,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.86,0:15:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build me life but don't use\Nany modern chemicals or instruments.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.53,0:15:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Build me stuff that was here\Nthree billion years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.22,0:15:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't use lasers.\NYou can't use this. You can't use that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.57,0:15:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave me a vial of what he's built\Nabout three weeks ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.96,0:15:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has he built?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.13,0:15:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's built basically what looked like\Nsoap bubbles that are made out of lipids.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.53,0:15:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's built a precursor of RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.41,0:15:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's had the precursor of the RNA\Nbe absorbed by the cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.19,0:15:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he's had the cells divide.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.30,0:15:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may not be that far,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.22,0:16:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call it a decade, maybe two decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.95,0:16:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from generating life from scratch
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.58,0:16:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of proto-communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.85,0:16:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second long-term trend:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.71,0:16:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been living and are living\Nthrough the digital age,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.11,0:16:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're starting to live through\Nthe age of the genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.24,0:16:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and biology and CRISPR\Nand synthetic biology,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.22,0:16:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of that is going to merge\Ninto the age of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.99,0:16:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're getting to the point where\Nwe can rebuild most of our body parts
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.99,0:16:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way as if you break a bone\Nor burn your skin, it regrows,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.21,0:16:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're beginning to learn\Nhow to regrow our tracheas
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.53,0:16:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how to regrow our bladders.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.100,0:16:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of those have been\Nimplanted in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.64,0:16:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,?? is working on 32 different organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.22,0:16:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the core is going to be this,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.69,0:16:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is you\NAnd the rest is just packaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.26,0:16:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody's going to live beyond\N120, 130, 140 years
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.80,0:16:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless if we fix this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.32,0:16:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the most interesting challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.98,0:17:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the next frontier, along with\Nhow common is life in the Universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.68,0:17:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where did we come from,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.69,0:17:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and questions like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.29,0:17:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me end this with\Nan apocryphal quote from Einstein.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.01,0:17:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[You can live as if\Neverything is a miracle,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.34,0:17:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you can live as if\Nnothing is a miracle.]
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.27,0:17:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's your choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.90,0:17:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can focus on the bad,\Nyou can focus on the scary,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.25,0:17:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly there's\Na lot of scary out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.09,0:17:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you use 10 percent of your brain\Nto focus on that, or maybe 20 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.77,0:17:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe 30 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.62,0:17:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.03,0:17:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we really are living in an age\Nof miracle and wonder.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.41,0:17:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're lucky to be alive today.\NWe're lucky to see this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.78,0:17:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're lucky to be able to interact\Nwith folks like the folks
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.04,0:17:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are building\Nall the stuff in this room.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.00,0:17:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thank you to all of you for all you do.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.07,0:17:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)