0:00:01.317,0:00:03.452
So let me with start with Roy Amara.

0:00:03.452,0:00:07.935
So Roy's argument is that[br]most new technologies

0:00:07.935,0:00:10.597
tend to be overestimated[br]in their impact to begin with,

0:00:10.597,0:00:13.200
and then they get underestimated in[br]the long term because we get used to them.

0:00:13.200,0:00:17.169
These really are days[br]of miracle and wonder.

0:00:17.169,0:00:20.453
You remember that[br]wonderful song by Paul Simon?

0:00:20.453,0:00:21.926
There were two lines in it.

0:00:21.926,0:00:25.613
So what was it that was considered[br]miraculous back then?

0:00:26.608,0:00:32.132
Slowing down things, back then,[br]and the long distance call.

0:00:32.323,0:00:34.689
Because, of course, you used[br]to get interrupted by operators

0:00:34.689,0:00:37.762
who would tell you long distance calling,[br]do you want to hang up?

0:00:37.762,0:00:41.159
And now we think nothing of calling[br]all over the world.

0:00:41.159,0:00:43.812
Well, something similar may be happening

0:00:43.812,0:00:45.884
with reading and programming life.

0:00:46.851,0:00:49.300
But before I unpack that,

0:00:49.300,0:00:52.610
let's just talk about telescopes.

0:00:53.004,0:00:57.556
So telescopes were overestimated[br]originally in their impact.

0:00:57.556,0:01:00.281
This is one of Galileo's early models.

0:01:00.281,0:01:04.695
People thought it was just[br]going to ruin all religion.

0:01:07.019,0:01:07.513
(Laughter)

0:01:07.513,0:01:10.851
So we're not paying that much[br]attention to telescopes.

0:01:10.851,0:01:14.956
But of course telescopes[br]launched 10 years ago, as you just heard,

0:01:14.956,0:01:18.055
could take this Volkswagen,[br]fly it to the Moon,

0:01:18.055,0:01:24.091
and you could see the lights[br]on that Volkswagen light up on the Moon.

0:01:24.895,0:01:28.862
And that's the kind of resolution power[br]that allowed you to see

0:01:28.862,0:01:32.489
little specks of dust[br]floating around distant suns.

0:01:32.489,0:01:36.501
Imagine for a second that this[br]was a sun a billion light years away

0:01:36.501,0:01:39.765
and you had a little speck of dust[br]that came in front of it.

0:01:39.765,0:01:42.742
and that's what detecting[br]an exoplanet is like.

0:01:43.507,0:01:47.964
And the cool thing is the telescopes[br]that are now being launched

0:01:47.964,0:01:51.737
would allow you to see[br]a single candle lit on the Moon,

0:01:52.501,0:01:55.180
and if you separated it by one plate,

0:01:55.180,0:01:58.334
you could see two candles[br]separately at that distance.

0:01:59.355,0:02:02.333
And that's the kind[br]of resolution that you need

0:02:02.333,0:02:05.945
to begin that little speck of dust[br]as it comes around the sun

0:02:05.945,0:02:09.311
and see if it has a blue-green signature.

0:02:09.311,0:02:13.090
And if it does have[br]a blue-green signature,

0:02:13.090,0:02:13.824
it means that life is common[br]in the Universe.

0:02:13.824,0:02:16.385
The first time you ever[br]see a blue-green signature

0:02:16.385,0:02:18.583
on a distant planet,

0:02:18.583,0:02:19.953
it means there's photosynthesis there,

0:02:19.953,0:02:23.341
there's water there,

0:02:23.341,0:02:24.225
and the chances you saw[br]the only other planet

0:02:24.225,0:02:27.307
with photosynthesis are about zero.

0:02:27.307,0:02:29.837
And that's a calendar-changing event.

0:02:29.837,0:02:32.184
There's a before and after[br]we are alone in the Universe.

0:02:32.184,0:02:35.062
Forget about the discovery[br]of whatever continent.

0:02:36.958,0:02:40.068
So as you're thinking about this,[br]we're now beginning

0:02:40.068,0:02:41.487
to be able to image most of the Universe,

0:02:41.487,0:02:43.742
and that is a time of miracle and wonder.

0:02:43.742,0:02:47.217
And we kind of take that for granted.

0:02:47.217,0:02:49.572
Something similar is happening in life.

0:02:49.572,0:02:52.757
So we're hearing about life[br]in these little bits and pieces.

0:02:52.757,0:02:55.241
We hear about CRISPR[br]and we hear about this technology

0:02:55.241,0:02:58.567
and we hear about this technology,[br]but the bottom line on life

0:02:58.567,0:03:01.105
is that life turns out to be a code.

0:03:02.107,0:03:04.736
And life as code is[br]a really important concept

0:03:04.736,0:03:06.079
because it means,

0:03:06.079,0:03:09.250
just in the same way[br]as you can write a sentence

0:03:09.250,0:03:13.385
in English or in French or Chinese,

0:03:13.385,0:03:16.481
just in the same way[br]as you can copy a sentence,

0:03:16.481,0:03:18.769
just in the same way[br]as you can edit a sentence,

0:03:18.769,0:03:21.142
just in the same way[br]as you can print a sentence,

0:03:21.142,0:03:24.305
you're beginning to be able[br]to do that with life.

0:03:25.460,0:03:28.943
It means that we're beginning[br]to learn how to read this language.

0:03:28.943,0:03:32.957
And this, of course, is the language[br]that is used by this orange.

0:03:32.957,0:03:34.866
So how does this orange execute code?

0:03:34.866,0:03:37.151
It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes[br]like a computer does.

0:03:37.151,0:03:39.222
It sits on a tree and one day it does,

0:03:39.222,0:03:40.819
plop,

0:03:40.819,0:03:43.641
and that means, execute.

0:03:43.641,0:03:46.550
AACTAAG. Make me a little root.

0:03:47.057,0:03:49.707
TCGACC. Make me a little stem.

0:03:49.950,0:03:53.432
GAC. Make me some leaves.[br]AGC. Make me some flowers.

0:03:53.432,0:03:56.822
And then GCAA. Make me some more oranges.

0:03:57.056,0:03:59.762
If I edit a sentence in English

0:03:59.762,0:04:01.858
on a word processor,

0:04:01.858,0:04:06.954
then what happens is you can go[br]from this word to that word.

0:04:07.984,0:04:10.510
If I edit something in this orange

0:04:10.510,0:04:12.841
and put in GCAAC,

0:04:12.841,0:04:16.484
using CRISPR or something else[br]that you've heard of,

0:04:16.484,0:04:19.180
then this orange becomes a lemon

0:04:19.180,0:04:22.780
or it becomes a grapefruit[br]or it becomes a tangerine.

0:04:23.325,0:04:25.419
And if I edit one in a thousand letters,

0:04:25.419,0:04:27.750
you become the person[br]sitting next to you today.

0:04:27.750,0:04:29.994
Be more careful where you sit.

0:04:29.994,0:04:32.718
(Laughter)

0:04:33.203,0:04:36.586
What's happening on this stuff[br]is it was really expensive to begin with.

0:04:36.586,0:04:38.518
It was like long distance calls.

0:04:38.518,0:04:44.013
But the cost of this is dropping[br]50 percent faster than Moore's Law.

0:04:44.013,0:04:48.494
The first $200 full genome[br]was announced yesterday by Veritas.

0:04:48.494,0:04:50.291
And so as you're looking at these systems,

0:04:50.291,0:04:54.654
it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter,[br]it doesn't matter, and then it does.

0:04:54.654,0:04:58.858
So let me just give you[br]the map view of this stuff.

0:04:59.219,0:05:01.801
This is a big discovery.

0:05:01.801,0:05:04.460
There's 23 chromosomes. Cool.

0:05:05.065,0:05:08.360
Let's now start using a telescope version,[br]but instead of using a telescope,

0:05:08.360,0:05:11.181
let's use a microscope to zoom in

0:05:11.181,0:05:13.430
on the inferior of those chromosomes,

0:05:13.430,0:05:16.032
which is the Y chromosome.

0:05:16.032,0:05:20.204
It's a third the size of the X.[br]It's recessive and mutant.

0:05:20.650,0:05:23.587
But hey, just a male.

0:05:25.113,0:05:27.218
And as you're looking at this stuff,

0:05:27.218,0:05:30.851
here's kind of a country view

0:05:30.851,0:05:33.030
at a 400 base pair resolution level,

0:05:33.030,0:05:36.363
and then you zoom in to 550[br]and then you zoom in to 850

0:05:36.363,0:05:40.520
and you can begin to identify[br]more and more genes as you zoom in.

0:05:40.520,0:05:43.102
And then you zoom in to the state level

0:05:43.102,0:05:46.827
and you can begin to tell[br]who's got leukemia,

0:05:47.702,0:05:50.361
how did they get leukemia,[br]what kind of leukemia do they have,

0:05:50.361,0:05:53.371
what shifted from[br]what place to what place?

0:05:53.371,0:05:57.122
And then you zoom in[br]to the Google street view level.

0:05:57.649,0:06:00.164
So this is what happens[br]if you have colorectal cancer

0:06:00.164,0:06:05.284
for a very specific patient[br]on the letter-by-letter resolution.

0:06:05.284,0:06:09.282
So what we're doing in this stuff[br]is we're gathering information

0:06:09.282,0:06:13.590
and just generating[br]enormous amounts of information.

0:06:13.590,0:06:15.069
This is one of the largest[br]databases on the planet,

0:06:15.069,0:06:19.100
and it's growing faster than we[br]can build computers to store it.

0:06:20.301,0:06:23.324
You can create some incredible[br]maps with this stuff.

0:06:23.586,0:06:25.201
you want to understand the plague

0:06:25.201,0:06:26.611
and why one plague is bubonic

0:06:26.611,0:06:28.246
and the other one[br]is a different kind of plague

0:06:28.246,0:06:30.190
and the other one[br]is a different kind of plague?

0:06:30.190,0:06:32.596
Well, here's a map of the plague.

0:06:33.307,0:06:34.965
Some are absolutely deadly to humans.

0:06:34.965,0:06:36.660
Some are not.

0:06:36.891,0:06:38.985
And oh, by the way,[br]as you go to the bottom of this,

0:06:38.985,0:06:41.392
how does it compare to tuberculosis?

0:06:41.963,0:06:45.620
So this is the difference between[br]tuberculosis and various kinds of plagues,

0:06:45.620,0:06:47.973
and you can play detective[br]with this stuff,

0:06:47.973,0:06:50.216
because you can take[br]a very specific kind of cholera

0:06:50.216,0:06:51.798
that affected Haiti

0:06:51.798,0:06:55.221
and you can look at[br]which country it came from,

0:06:55.221,0:06:57.364
which region it came from,

0:06:57.364,0:07:02.238
and probably which soldier took that[br]from that African country to Haiti.

0:07:05.356,0:07:06.876
Zoom out.

0:07:06.876,0:07:08.753
It's not just zooming in.

0:07:08.753,0:07:12.661
This is one of the coolest maps[br]ever done by human beings.

0:07:12.661,0:07:15.221
So what they've done is they've taken[br]all the genetic information they have

0:07:15.221,0:07:17.031
about all the species,

0:07:17.031,0:07:20.485
and they've put a tree of life[br]on a single page

0:07:20.485,0:07:22.612
that you can zoom in and out of.

0:07:22.612,0:07:26.473
So this is what came first,[br]how did it diversify, how did it branch,

0:07:26.473,0:07:29.685
how large is that genome,[br]on a single page.

0:07:29.881,0:07:31.789
It's kind of the universe[br]of life on Earth,

0:07:31.789,0:07:35.138
and it's being constantly[br]updated and completed.

0:07:35.348,0:07:37.131
And so as you're looking at this stuff,

0:07:37.131,0:07:40.671
the really important changes,[br]the old biology used to be reactive.

0:07:40.671,0:07:42.880
You used to have a lot of biologists[br]that had microscopes

0:07:42.880,0:07:46.945
and they had magnifying glasses[br]and they were out observing animals.

0:07:46.945,0:07:49.680
The new biology is proactive.

0:07:49.680,0:07:53.350
You don't just observe stuff,[br]you make stuff.

0:07:53.350,0:07:55.021
And that's a really big change,

0:07:55.021,0:07:58.269
because it allows us[br]to do things like this.

0:07:58.766,0:08:01.496
And I know you're really[br]excited by this picture.

0:08:01.496,0:08:04.583
It only two us four years[br]and 40 million dollars

0:08:04.583,0:08:06.363
to be able to take this picture.

0:08:06.363,0:08:07.681
(Laughter)

0:08:07.681,0:08:09.817
And what we did

0:08:09.817,0:08:13.680
is we took the full[br]gene code out of a cell,

0:08:13.680,0:08:17.615
not a gene, not two genes,[br]the full gene code out of a cell,

0:08:17.615,0:08:21.127
built a completely new gene code,

0:08:21.127,0:08:22.725
inserted it into the cell,

0:08:22.725,0:08:25.579
figured out how a way[br]to have the cell execute that code,

0:08:25.579,0:08:28.426
and built a completely new species.

0:08:29.099,0:08:32.624
So this is the world's[br]first synthetic life form.

0:08:34.009,0:08:36.827
And so what do you do with this stuff?

0:08:36.827,0:08:39.584
Well, this stuff is going[br]to change the world.

0:08:39.584,0:08:41.576
Let me give you three short-term trends

0:08:41.576,0:08:44.090
in terms of how it's going[br]to change the world.

0:08:44.428,0:08:48.206
The first is we're going to see[br]a new industrial revolution,

0:08:48.206,0:08:50.294
and I actually mean that literally.

0:08:50.294,0:08:54.677
So in the same way as Switzerland[br]and Germany and Britain

0:08:54.677,0:08:59.625
changed the world with machines[br]like the one you see in this lobby,

0:08:59.625,0:09:01.536
created power,

0:09:01.536,0:09:04.001
in the same way CERN is changing the world

0:09:04.001,0:09:05.826
using new instruments

0:09:05.826,0:09:08.283
and our concept of the Universe,

0:09:08.283,0:09:11.970
programmable life forms[br]are also going to change the world,

0:09:11.970,0:09:16.452
because once you can program cells[br]in the same way as you program

0:09:16.452,0:09:17.959
your computer chip,

0:09:17.959,0:09:20.552
then you can make almost anything.

0:09:20.552,0:09:23.354
So your computer chip[br]can produce photographs,

0:09:23.354,0:09:25.638
it can produce music, it can produce film,

0:09:25.638,0:09:27.522
can produce love letters,[br]can produce spreadsheets.

0:09:27.522,0:09:30.740
It's just ones and zeroes[br]flying through there.

0:09:30.740,0:09:34.219
If you can flow ATCGs through cells,

0:09:34.219,0:09:37.478
then this software makes its own hardware,

0:09:37.478,0:09:40.044
which means it scales very quickly.

0:09:40.694,0:09:42.368
No matter what happens,

0:09:42.368,0:09:44.258
if you leave your cell phone[br]by your bedside,

0:09:44.258,0:09:47.490
you will not have a billion[br]cell phones in the morning,

0:09:47.490,0:09:53.329
but if you do that with living organisms,

0:09:53.564,0:09:57.597
you can make this stuff[br]at a very large scale.

0:09:57.756,0:10:00.477
One of the things you can do[br]is you can start producing

0:10:00.477,0:10:02.723
close to carbon-neutral fuels

0:10:02.723,0:10:05.352
on a commercial scale by 2025,

0:10:05.352,0:10:08.676
which we're doing with Exxon.

0:10:08.676,0:10:11.185
But you can also substitute[br]for agricultural lands.

0:10:11.185,0:10:16.344
Instead of having a hundred hectares[br]to make oils or to make proteins,

0:10:16.344,0:10:17.961
you can make it in these vats

0:10:17.961,0:10:21.370
at 10 or a hundred times[br]the productivity per hectare.

0:10:21.679,0:10:24.410
Or you can store information,[br]or you can make all the world's vaccines

0:10:24.410,0:10:26.347
in those three vats.

0:10:27.483,0:10:31.432
Or you can store most of the information[br]that's held at CERN in those three vats.

0:10:32.612,0:10:36.386
DNA is a really powerful[br]information storage device.

0:10:36.870,0:10:38.654
Second turn:

0:10:38.654,0:10:42.037
you're beginning to see the rise[br]of theoretical biology.

0:10:42.463,0:10:47.148
So medical school departments are one[br]of the most conservative places on Earth.

0:10:47.148,0:10:48.563
The way they teach anatomy

0:10:48.563,0:10:51.761
is similar to the way they taught[br]anatomy a hundred years ago.

0:10:51.761,0:10:53.917
"Welcome, student. Here's your cadaver."

0:10:53.917,0:10:57.735
One of the things medical schools are[br]not good at is creating new departments,

0:10:57.735,0:11:00.004
which is why this is so unusual.

0:11:00.004,0:11:07.248
So Isaac Kohane has now created[br]a department based on informatics, data,

0:11:07.248,0:11:09.552
knowledge, at Harvard Medical School.

0:11:09.552,0:11:11.581
And in a sense, what's beginning to happen

0:11:11.581,0:11:14.045
is biology is beginning to get enough data

0:11:14.045,0:11:17.199
that it can begin to follow[br]the steps of physics,

0:11:17.199,0:11:22.576
which used to be observational physics[br]and experimental physics,

0:11:22.576,0:11:24.666
and then started create[br]theoretical biology.

0:11:24.666,0:11:27.391
Well that's what you're beginning to see

0:11:27.391,0:11:28.709
because you have so many medical records,

0:11:28.709,0:11:30.168
because you have[br]so much data about people,

0:11:30.168,0:11:32.997
because you've got their genomes,[br]because you've got their ??,

0:11:32.997,0:11:34.721
because you've got their microbiomes.

0:11:34.721,0:11:36.543
And as this information stacks,

0:11:36.543,0:11:40.451
you can begin to make predictions.

0:11:40.451,0:11:43.315
The third thing that's happening[br]is this is coming to the consumer.

0:11:44.955,0:11:49.873
So you too can get your genes sequenced.

0:11:49.873,0:11:52.624
And this is beginning to create[br]companies like 23andMe,

0:11:52.624,0:11:55.110
and companies like 23andMe[br]are going to be giving you

0:11:55.110,0:11:57.960
more and more and more data,[br]not just about your relatives

0:11:57.960,0:12:01.138
but about you and your body[br]and that's going to compare stuff

0:12:01.138,0:12:02.842
and that's going[br]to compare stuff across time,

0:12:02.842,0:12:06.440
and these are going to become[br]very large databases.

0:12:06.440,0:12:09.240
But it's also beginning to affect[br]a series of other businesses

0:12:09.240,0:12:12.136
in unexpected ways.

0:12:12.136,0:12:15.211
Normally, when you advertise something,[br]you really don't want the consumer

0:12:15.211,0:12:21.674
to take your advertisement[br]into the bathroom to pee on,

0:12:22.200,0:12:24.839
unless of course if you're IKEA,

0:12:24.839,0:12:28.571
because when you rip this[br]out of a magazine and you pee on it,

0:12:28.571,0:12:31.910
it'll turn blue if you're pregnant.

0:12:32.100,0:12:32.579
(Laughter)

0:12:32.579,0:12:36.475
And they'll give you[br]a discount on your crib.

0:12:36.475,0:12:37.540
(Laughter)

0:12:37.540,0:12:39.868
Right? So when I say consumer empowerment,

0:12:39.868,0:12:42.095
and this is spreading beyond biotech,

0:12:42.095,0:12:45.424
I actually really mean that.

0:12:46.519,0:12:50.755
We're now beginning to provide[br]at synthetic genomics

0:12:50.755,0:12:53.506
desktop printers

0:12:53.506,0:12:57.529
that allow you to design a cell,

0:12:57.529,0:12:58.491
print a cell,

0:12:58.491,0:13:00.929
execute the program on the cell.

0:13:00.929,0:13:04.119
We can now print vaccines real time

0:13:04.119,0:13:07.190
as an airplane takes off before it lands.

0:13:07.190,0:13:12.315
We're shipping 78[br]of these machines this year.

0:13:12.315,0:13:17.945
This is not theoretical biology.[br]This is printing biology.

0:13:18.571,0:13:21.589
Let me talk about two long-term trends

0:13:21.589,0:13:25.558
that are coming at you[br]over a longer time period.

0:13:25.897,0:13:29.055
The first one is we're starting[br]to redesign species.

0:13:29.055,0:13:31.131
And you've heard about that, right?

0:13:31.131,0:13:33.841
We're redesigning trees.[br]We're redesigning flowers.

0:13:33.841,0:13:35.964
We're redesigning yogurt,

0:13:35.964,0:13:38.891
cheese, whatever else you want.

0:13:39.250,0:13:42.622
And that of course[br]brings up the interesting question,

0:13:42.622,0:13:48.019
how and when should we redesign humans?

0:13:48.019,0:13:52.429
And a lot of us think,

0:13:52.429,0:13:53.044
"Oh no, we never want[br]to redesign humans."

0:13:53.044,0:13:55.083
Unless, of course, if your child[br]has a Huntington's gene

0:13:55.083,0:13:57.077
and is condemned to death,

0:13:57.419,0:14:00.758
or, unless if you're passing on[br]a cystic fibrosis gene,

0:14:00.758,0:14:03.130
in which case, you don't just want[br]to redesign yourself,

0:14:03.130,0:14:05.694
you want to redesign your children[br]and their children.

0:14:06.994,0:14:11.149
And these are complicated debates[br]and they're going to happen in real time.

0:14:11.149,0:14:13.777
I'll give you one current example.

0:14:13.777,0:14:17.573
One of those debates going on[br]at the national academies today

0:14:17.573,0:14:22.827
is you have the power to put[br]a gene drive into mosquitos

0:14:22.827,0:14:25.811
so that you will kill[br]all the malaria-carrying mosquitos.

0:14:27.199,0:14:31.301
Now, some people say

0:14:31.301,0:14:35.007
that's going to affect the environment[br]in an extreme way, don't do it.

0:14:35.240,0:14:39.112
Other people say, you know,[br]this is one of the things

0:14:39.112,0:14:40.018
that's killing millions of people yearly.

0:14:40.018,0:14:44.703
Who are you to tell me[br]that I can't save the kids in my country?

0:14:45.430,0:14:47.125
And why is this debate so complicated?

0:14:47.125,0:14:49.965
Because as soon as you[br]let this loose in Brazil

0:14:49.965,0:14:53.171
or in southern Florida,[br]mosquitos don't respect walls.

0:14:53.171,0:14:55.541
You're making a decision for the world

0:14:55.541,0:14:58.229
when you put a gene drive into the air.

0:15:02.415,0:15:05.326
This wonderful man won a Nobel Prize,

0:15:05.326,0:15:07.122
and after winning the Nobel Prize,

0:15:07.122,0:15:11.988
he's been worrying about,[br]how did life get started on this planet

0:15:11.988,0:15:15.503
and how likely is it[br]that it's in other places?

0:15:15.503,0:15:18.768
So what he's been doing he's been[br]going around to this graduate students

0:15:18.768,0:15:20.864
and saying to his graduate students,

0:15:20.864,0:15:24.531
build me life but don't use[br]any modern chemicals or instruments.

0:15:24.531,0:15:27.219
Build me stuff that was here[br]three billion years ago.

0:15:27.219,0:15:32.241
You can't use lasers.[br]You can't use this. You can't use that.

0:15:32.568,0:15:36.957
He gave me a vial of what he's built[br]about three weeks ago.

0:15:36.957,0:15:38.128
What has he built?

0:15:38.128,0:15:41.531
He's built basically what looked like[br]soap bubbles that are made out of lipids.

0:15:41.531,0:15:45.410
He's built a precursor of RNA.

0:15:45.410,0:15:50.188
He's had the precursor of the RNA[br]be absorbed by the cell,

0:15:50.188,0:15:53.457
and then he's had the cells divide.

0:15:54.301,0:15:57.215
We may not be that far,

0:15:57.215,0:16:00.949
call it a decade, maybe two decades,

0:16:00.949,0:16:04.067
from generating life from scratch

0:16:04.579,0:16:07.846
out of proto-communities.

0:16:07.846,0:16:10.710
Second long-term trend:

0:16:10.710,0:16:14.109
we've been living and are living[br]through the digital age,

0:16:14.109,0:16:16.240
we're starting to live through[br]the age of the genome,

0:16:16.240,0:16:21.220
and biology and CRISPR[br]and synthetic biology,

0:16:21.220,0:16:24.990
and all of that is going to merge[br]into the age of the brain.

0:16:24.990,0:16:28.994
So we're getting to the point where[br]we can rebuild most of our body parts

0:16:28.994,0:16:32.214
in the same way as if you break a bone[br]or burn your skin, it regrows,

0:16:32.214,0:16:35.530
we're beginning to learn[br]how to regrow our tracheas

0:16:35.530,0:16:37.997
and how to regrow our bladders.

0:16:37.997,0:16:39.644
Both of those have been[br]implanted in humans.

0:16:39.644,0:16:43.219
?? is working on 32 different organs.

0:16:43.219,0:16:45.688
But the core is going to be this,

0:16:45.688,0:16:49.258
because this is you[br]And the rest is just packaging.

0:16:49.258,0:16:53.797
Nobody's going to live beyond[br]120, 130, 140 years

0:16:53.797,0:16:56.324
unless if we fix this.

0:16:56.324,0:16:57.975
And that's the most interesting challenge.

0:16:57.975,0:17:02.680
That's the next frontier, along with[br]how common is life in the Universe,

0:17:02.680,0:17:04.686
where did we come from,

0:17:04.686,0:17:07.036
and questions like that.

0:17:08.294,0:17:14.007
Let me end this with[br]an apocryphal quote from Einstein.

0:17:14.007,0:17:16.340
[You can live as if[br]everything is a miracle,

0:17:16.340,0:17:17.266
or you can live as if[br]nothing is a miracle.]

0:17:17.266,0:17:18.897
It's your choice.

0:17:18.897,0:17:21.254
You can focus on the bad,[br]you can focus on the scary,

0:17:21.254,0:17:24.092
and certainly there's[br]a lot of scary out there,

0:17:24.092,0:17:28.768
but you use 10 percent of your brain[br]to focus on that, or maybe 20 percent,

0:17:28.768,0:17:30.618
or maybe 30 percent,

0:17:30.618,0:17:33.028
but just remember,

0:17:33.028,0:17:36.406
we really are living in an age[br]of miracle and wonder.

0:17:36.406,0:17:39.779
We're lucky to be alive today.[br]We're lucky to see this stuff.

0:17:39.779,0:17:42.042
We're lucky to be able to interact[br]with folks like the folks

0:17:42.042,0:17:45.002
who are building[br]all the stuff in this room.

0:17:45.002,0:17:49.066
So thank you to all of you for all you do.

0:17:49.066,0:17:52.762
(Applause)