[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me with start with Roy Amara.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Roy's argument is that\Nmost new technologies
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to be overestimated\Nin their impact to begin with,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they get underestimated in\Nthe long term because we get used to them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These really are days\Nof miracle and wonder.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You remember that\Nwonderful song by Paul Simon?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were two lines in it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what was it that was considered\Nmiraculous back then?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slowing down things, back then,\Nand the long distance call.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, of course, you used\Nto get interrupted by operators
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would tell you long distance calling,\Ndo you want to hang up?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we think nothing of calling\Nall over the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, something similar may be happening
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with reading and programming life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before I unpack that,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's just talk about telescopes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So telescopes were overestimated\Noriginally in their impact.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of Galileo's early models.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People thought it was just\Ngoing to ruin all religion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not paying that much\Nattention to telescopes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course telescopes\Nlaunched 10 years ago, as you just heard,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could take this Volkswagen,\Nfly it to the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could see the lights\Non that Volkswagen light up on the Moon.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the kind of resolution power\Nthat allowed you to see
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little specks of dust\Nfloating around distant suns.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine for a second that this\Nwas a sun a billion light years away
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you had a little speck of dust\Nthat came in front of it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what detecting\Nan exoplanet is like.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the cool thing is the telescopes\Nthat are now being launched
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would allow you to see\Na single candle lit on the Moon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you separated it by one plate,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could see two candles\Nseparately at that distance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the kind\Nof resolution that you need
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to begin that little speck of dust\Nas it comes around the sun
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see if it has a blue-green signature.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it does have\Na blue-green signature,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that life is common\Nin the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time you ever\Nsee a blue-green signature
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a distant planet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means there's photosynthesis there,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's water there,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the chances you saw\Nthe only other planet
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with photosynthesis are about zero.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a calendar-changing event.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a before and after\Nwe are alone in the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forget about the discovery\Nof whatever continent.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you're thinking about this,\Nwe're now beginning
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to image most of the Universe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is a time of miracle and wonder.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we kind of take that for granted.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something similar is happening in life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're hearing about life\Nin these little bits and pieces.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hear about CRISPR\Nand we hear about this technology
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hear about this technology,\Nbut the bottom line on life
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that life turns out to be a code.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And life as code is\Na really important concept
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it means,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can write a sentence
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in English or in French or Chinese,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can copy a sentence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can edit a sentence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just in the same way\Nas you can print a sentence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're beginning to be able\Nto do that with life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that we're beginning\Nto learn how to read this language.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, of course, is the language\Nthat is used by this orange.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does this orange execute code?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't do it in ones and zeroes\Nlike a computer does.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sits on a tree and one day it does,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plop,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means, execute.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AACTAAG. Make me a little root.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TCGACC. Make me a little stem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GAC. Make me some leaves.\NAGC. Make me some flowers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then GCAA. Make me some more oranges.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I edit a sentence in English
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a word processor,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what happens is you can go\Nfrom this word to that word.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I edit something in this orange
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put in GCAAC,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using CRISPR or something else\Nthat you've heard of,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this orange becomes a lemon
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it becomes a grapefruit\Nor it becomes a tangerine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I edit one in a thousand letters,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you become the person\Nsitting next to you today.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be more careful where you sit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's happening on this stuff\Nis it was really expensive to begin with.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like long distance calls.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the cost of this is dropping\N50 percent faster than Moore's Law.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first $200 full genome\Nwas announced yesterday by Veritas.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you're looking at these systems,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter,\Nit doesn't matter, and then it does.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me just give you\Nthe map view of this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big discovery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's 23 chromosomes. Cool.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now start using a telescope version,\Nbut instead of using a telescope,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's use a microscope to zoom in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the interior of those chromosomes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the Y chromosome.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a third the size of the X.\NIt's recessive and mutant.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But hey, just a male.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you're looking at this stuff,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here's kind of a country view
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a 400 base pair resolution level,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you zoom in to 550\Nand then you zoom in to 850
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can begin to identify\Nmore and more genes as you zoom in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you zoom in to the state level
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can begin to tell\Nwho's got leukemia,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they get leukemia,\Nwhat kind of leukemia do they have,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what shifted from\Nwhat place to what place?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you zoom in\Nto the Google street view level.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what happens\Nif you have colorectal cancer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a very specific patient\Non the letter-by-letter resolution.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we're doing in this stuff\Nis we're gathering information
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just generating\Nenormous amounts of information.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the largest\Ndatabases on the planet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's growing faster than we\Ncan build computers to store it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can create some incredible\Nmaps with this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want to understand the plague
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why one plague is bubonic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one\Nis a different kind of plague
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one\Nis a different kind of plague?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here's a map of the plague.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are absolutely deadly to humans.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some are not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And oh, by the way,\Nas you go to the bottom of this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does it compare to tuberculosis?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the difference between\Ntuberculosis and various kinds of plagues,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can play detective\Nwith this stuff,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can take\Na very specific kind of cholera
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that affected Haiti
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can look at\Nwhich country it came from,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which region it came from,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably which soldier took that\Nfrom that African country to Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zoom out.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not just zooming in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the coolest maps\Never done by human beings.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what they've done is they've taken\Nall the genetic information they have
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about all the species,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've put a tree of life\Non a single page
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can zoom in and out of.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what came first,\Nhow did it diversify, how did it branch,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how large is that genome,\Non a single page.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of the universe\Nof life on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's being constantly\Nupdated and completed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you're looking at this stuff,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the really important changes,\Nthe old biology used to be reactive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You used to have a lot of biologists\Nthat had microscopes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had magnifying glasses\Nand they were out observing animals.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new biology is proactive.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't just observe stuff,\Nyou make stuff.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a really big change,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows us\Nto do things like this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know you're really\Nexcited by this picture.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It only two us four years\Nand 40 million dollars
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to take this picture.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we did
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we took the full\Ngene code out of a cell,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a gene, not two genes,\Nthe full gene code out of a cell,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built a completely new gene code,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inserted it into the cell,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figured out how a way\Nto have the cell execute that code,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and built a completely new species.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the world's\Nfirst synthetic life form.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what do you do with this stuff?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this stuff is going\Nto change the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you three short-term trends
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how it's going\Nto change the world.