[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.53,0:00:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Mosquito buzzing)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.01,0:00:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Swat)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.03,0:00:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gotcha.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.02,0:00:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mosquitos. I hate them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.74,0:00:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't you?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.51,0:00:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That awful buzzing sound at night around your ears
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.60,0:00:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drives you absolutely crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.97,0:00:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowing that she wants to stick a needle in your skin
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.18,0:00:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suck out your blood? That's awful, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.27,0:00:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there's only one good thing I can think of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.65,0:00:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it gets to mosquitos.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.03,0:00:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they fly into our bedroom at night,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.74,0:00:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they prefer to bite my wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.85,0:00:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's fascinating, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.06,0:00:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does she receive more bites than I do?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.66,0:00:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is smell, the smell of her body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.86,0:00:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since we all smell different and produce chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.50,0:01:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our skin that either attract or repel mosquitos,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.98,0:01:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of us are just more attractive than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.41,0:01:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my wife smells nicer than I do, or I just
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.64,0:01:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stink more than she does.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.43,0:01:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Either way, mosquitos find us in the dark
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.01,0:01:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by sniffing us out. They smell us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.75,0:01:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And during my Ph.D, I wanted to know exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.46,0:01:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what chemicals from our skin mosquitos used,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.21,0:01:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African malarial mosquitos use to track us down at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.99,0:01:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a whole range of compounds that they do use.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.56,0:01:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was not going to be an easy task.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.59,0:01:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore, we set up various experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.69,0:01:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did we set up these experiments?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.56,0:01:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because half the world's population runs the risk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.91,0:01:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of contracting a killer disease like malaria
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.12,0:01:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a simple mosquito bite.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.82,0:01:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every 30 seconds, somewhere on this planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.19,0:01:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a child dies of malaria, and Paul Levy this morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.86,0:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was talking about the metaphor of the 727 crashing into the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.71,0:02:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in Africa, we have the equivalent of seven jumbo 747s
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crashing every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.09,0:02:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perhaps if we can attract these mosquitos to traps,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.33,0:02:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bait it with our smell, we may be able to stop transmission
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.03,0:02:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.86,0:02:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now solving this puzzle was not an easy thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.11,0:02:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on the skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.35,0:02:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we undertook some remarkable experiments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.76,0:02:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that managed us to resolve this puzzle very quickly indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.56,0:02:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we observed that not all mosquito species
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.92,0:02:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bite on the same part of the body. Strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.77,0:02:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we set up an experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.38,0:02:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereby we put a naked volunteer in a large cage,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.100,0:02:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that cage we released mosquitos
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.14,0:02:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see where they were biting on the body of that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.46,0:02:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found some remarkable differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.05,0:02:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left here you see the bites
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.42,0:02:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Dutch malarial mosquito on this person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.34,0:02:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had a very strong preference for biting on the face.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.37,0:02:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast, the African malarial mosquito
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.83,0:03:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a very strong preference for biting the ankles and feet of this person,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.64,0:03:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that of course we should have known all along
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.10,0:03:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're called mosqui-toes, you see? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.57,0:03:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.68,0:03:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we started focusing on the smell of feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.33,0:03:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the smell of human feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.91,0:03:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we came across a remarkable statement in the literature
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.61,0:03:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that said that cheese smells after feet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.27,0:03:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the reverse. Think of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.35,0:03:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this triggered us to do a remarkable experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.61,0:03:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tried, with a tiny little piece of Limburger cheese,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.99,0:03:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which smells badly after feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.66,0:03:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attract African malaria mosquitos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.16,0:03:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you know what? It worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.89,0:03:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it worked so well that now we have a synthetic mixture
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.22,0:03:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the aroma of Limburger cheese that we're using in Tanzania
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.74,0:04:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has been shown there to be two to three times
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.85,0:04:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more attractive to mosquitos than humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.73,0:04:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Limburg, be proud of your cheese,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.25,0:04:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it is now used in the fight against malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.45,0:04:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.24,0:04:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the cheese, just to show you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.18,0:04:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My second story is remarkable as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.36,0:04:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.97,0:04:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will show you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.96,0:04:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we can use dogs in the fight against malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.10,0:04:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the best ways of killing mosquitos
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.77,0:04:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not to wait until they fly around like adults
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.72,0:04:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bite people and transmit disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.81,0:04:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's to kill them when they're still in the water as larvae.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.72,0:04:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Because they are just like the CIA.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.44,0:04:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that pool of water, these larvae are concentrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.59,0:04:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all together there. They are immobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.27,0:05:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can't escape from that water. They can't fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.44,0:05:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're accessible. You can actually walk up
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.90,0:05:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that pool and you can kill them there, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.16,0:05:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the problem that we face with this is that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.03,0:05:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout the landscape, all these pools of water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.19,0:05:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the larvae, they are scattered all over the place,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.91,0:05:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes it very hard for an inspector like this
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.82,0:05:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually find all these breeding sites and treat them with insecticides.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.80,0:05:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And last year we thought very, very hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.33,0:05:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how can we resolve this problem? Until we realized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.71,0:05:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just like us, we have a unique smell,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.97,0:05:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mosquito larvae also have a very unique smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.48,0:05:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we set up another crazy experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.57,0:05:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we collected the smell of these larvae,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.64,0:05:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it on pieces of cloth, and then did something very remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.01,0:05:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have a bar with four holes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.40,0:05:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we put the smell of these larvae in the left hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.21,0:05:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ooh, that was very quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.28,0:05:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you see the dog. It's called Tweed. It's a border collie.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.73,0:05:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's examining these holes, and now he's got it already.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.64,0:06:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's going back to check the control holes again,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.14,0:06:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he's coming back to the first one,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.62,0:06:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now he's locking into that smell,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.28,0:06:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that now we can use dogs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.51,0:06:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these inspectors to much better find
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.84,0:06:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the breeding sites of mosquitos in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.22,0:06:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore have a much bigger impact on malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.09,0:06:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This lady is Ellen van der Zweep. She's one of the best dog-trainers in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.80,0:06:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she believes that we can do a lot more.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.68,0:06:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since we also know that people that carry malaria parasites
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.40,0:06:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smell different compared to people that are uninfected,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.37,0:06:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's convinced that we can train dogs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.68,0:06:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find people that carry the parasite.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.37,0:06:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that in a population where malaria
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.55,0:06:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has gone down all the way, and there's few people remaining with parasites,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.44,0:06:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the dogs can find these people,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.02,0:06:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can treat them with anti-malarial drugs, and give the final blow to malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.26,0:06:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man's best friend in the fight against malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.77,0:06:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My third story is perhaps even more remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.81,0:06:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, I should say, has never been shown to the public until today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.66,0:06:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.73,0:07:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a crazy story, but I believe it's perhaps the best
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.93,0:07:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ultimate revenge against mosquitos ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.25,0:07:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, people have told me that now they will enjoy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.43,0:07:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being bitten by mosquitos.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.49,0:07:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question of course is, what would make someone
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.20,0:07:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enjoy being bitten by mosquitos?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.81,0:07:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.07,0:07:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have right here in my pocket,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.18,0:07:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I get it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.89,0:07:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a tablet, a simple tablet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.24,0:07:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I take it with water,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.12,0:07:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does miracles.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.40,0:07:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.29,0:07:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Drinking)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.03,0:07:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let me show you how this works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.04,0:07:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here in this box I have a cage
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.06,0:07:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with several hundred hungry
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.86,0:08:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female mosquitos
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.32,0:08:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm just about to release. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.21,0:08:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just kidding, just kidding.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.33,0:08:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm going to show you is I'm gonna stick my arm into it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.22,0:08:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will show you how quickly they will bite.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.94,0:08:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.94,0:08:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry, I do this all the time in the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.36,0:08:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There we go. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.16,0:08:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, on the video, on the video here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.20,0:08:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you exactly the same thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.57,0:08:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except that what I'm showing you on the video
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.33,0:08:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened one hour after I took the tablet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.90,0:08:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a look. That doesn't work. Okay. Sorry about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.62,0:08:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sticking in my arm, I'm giving them a big juicy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.02,0:08:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blood meal, I'm shaking them off, and we follow them through time
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.29,0:08:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see these mosquitos get very, very sick indeed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.30,0:08:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here shown in fast motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.46,0:08:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and three hours later what we see at the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.83,0:08:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the cage is dead mosquitos,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.91,0:09:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very dead mosquitos, and I'm going to say, ladies and gentlemen,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.24,0:09:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have swapped the cards with mosquitos.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.11,0:09:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't kill us. We kill them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.83,0:09:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.98,0:09:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.07,0:09:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maastricht, be prepared.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.90,0:09:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now think of what we can do with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.03,0:09:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can actually use this to contain outbreaks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.23,0:09:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mosquito-born diseases, of epidemics, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.62,0:09:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And better still, imagine what would happen if,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.63,0:09:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a very large area, everyone would take these drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.69,0:09:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this drug, for just three weeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.95,0:09:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would give us an opportunity to actually eliminate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.36,0:09:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,malaria as a disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.97,0:09:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So cheese, dogs and a pill to kill mosquitos.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.06,0:09:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the kind of out-of-the-box science that I love doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.70,0:09:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the betterment of mankind,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.21,0:09:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but especially for her, so that she can grow up
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.01,0:09:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a world without malaria. Thank you. (Applause)