[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.08,0:00:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One historical legacy that nearly all of \NAfrica shares is that of colonization:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.48,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big European empires coming in, \Nthrowing down arbitrary borders,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exploiting the indigenous Africans in \Ntheir quest for continental domination.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.68,0:00:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, yeah, when the map looked like this\Nin the 1900s, it’s pretty hard to not
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.04,0:00:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picture those imperialist scenes in your mind.\NBut as with most things in Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.96,0:00:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big sweeping characterizations obscure\Nmuch more complex realities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.96,0:00:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are myriad corners of the map \Nwhere the relationship between native
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.16,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and newcomer was far more complex,\Nand few places where that dynamic had
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bigger long-term implications than South Africa.\NHome to an astonishingly bustling web of narratives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.52,0:00:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past few centuries, the southern end of \Nthe continent is a prime example of how Africans
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.76,0:00:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have taken and retaken the reins of their story.\NNow, before I spend any more time pontificating
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.40,0:00:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this intro, I have a lot of ground\Nto cover, so let’s do some history!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.32,0:00:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recognizably human settlement in southern \NAfrica is about half a million years old, with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.48,0:00:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anatomically modern Homo Sapiens evolving around \N200,000 years ago, during the Middle Stone Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.96,0:01:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, and we’re talking about human \Nevolution here so that is a long “eventually”,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.96,0:01:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was some new technology in town, as the \Nfirst or second century BC saw the arrival of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.44,0:01:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agriculture into southern Africa, and the \Nearly centuries AD brought ironworking!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.36,0:01:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the southwest, semi-nomadic pastoralists \Ndomesticated livestock and cultivated small
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.68,0:01:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plants, while the east saw larger and more \Npermanent settlement after the arrival
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.28,0:01:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Bantu peoples from central Africa.\NThese groups brought with them the handy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.56,0:01:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowledge of how to make and use iron, which made \Nfarming significantly easier, and helped their
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.20,0:01:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,urban settlements sustain hundreds of people.\NBy the medieval period, it was several thousands,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.60,0:01:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the Mapungubwe kingdom in the Limpopo valley \Nbecame a huge commercial hub in the 11 and 1200s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.64,0:01:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with strong links to trading centers\Non the Indian Ocean coast.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.44,0:01:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mapungubwe and the Limpopo valley later came under \Nthe umbrella of Great Zimbabwe, but that is a tale
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.72,0:01:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for another time. So by the middle of the second \Nmillennium, southern Africa was rocking a variety
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.96,0:01:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different ethnic and linguistic groups…\Nbut that diversity was of slim concern to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.76,0:01:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Europeans who would make their way \Ninto Africa over the next few centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.28,0:02:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1487, Portuguese sailors crossed southern \NAfrica to pass into the Indian Ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.44,0:02:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for the next century and a half, they \Nsimply treated the south coast as a rest-stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.44,0:02:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not so after 1652, when the Dutch \Nofficially founded Cape Colony
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.60,0:02:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and set about a much bigger operation.\NFrom their port in Table Bay, they traded
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.60,0:02:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European and Asian goods with the local Khoekhoe \Npeople to get provisions for passing sailors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The port was built primarily for use by \Nthe Dutch East India Company, but was also
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.76,0:02:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open to foreign ships, for a price.\NKeen to min-max this business model,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.92,0:02:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonists ventured beyond Table Bay in \Norder to do some of the farming themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.76,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EZ Money. \NThe problem was that the Khoekhoe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were slightly nomadic, moving around seasonally\Njust as the early pastoralists in the region had done.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.88,0:02:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when Dutch farmers (or Boers) wandered onto a \Nnice plot of land that wasn’t occupied right this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.52,0:02:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very second, they assumed it was "finders keepers".\NWhen the Khoekhoe politely informed them that the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.92,0:02:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,land was, in fact, theirs, the Dutch \Nrevised their initial statement to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.68,0:02:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"conquerors keepers" and fought two wars \Nbetween 1659 and 1677 to assert their claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.28,0:03:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This would start a bit of a trend, as Boers pushed \Nfurther inland with the specific intent to stay.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.48,0:03:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The accidental importation of smallpox \Nin 1713 hit the Khoekhoe especially hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.28,0:03:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and significantly widened the \Nopening for the Boers to step into.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.16,0:03:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the latter 1700s, the Khoekhoe \Nweren’t widely enslaved or exported
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.84,0:03:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like West Africans had been for the Atlantic \NTriangle trade, but they were definitely
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.44,0:03:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suppressed into a servile working class.\NThat said, there were chattel slaves in the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.68,0:03:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cape Colony, but they just weren’t South African.\NDutch sailors had actually imported slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.16,0:03:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Indian Ocean, mostly Muslims, which \Nfurther stratified the racial class system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.80,0:03:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep that in mind, ‘cause it’ll show up later.\NBut soon, even the Dutch would no longer be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.12,0:03:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,atop the pyramid, because some \NEuropean geopolitical slapstickery...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.57,0:03:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(it’s a Napoleon thing) resulted in Britain \Nannexing the Cape Colony for themselves in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.52,0:03:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the early 1800s, sending their own \Nsettlers to Port Elizabeth in 1820.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.28,0:03:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also sent tax collectors and \Nabolished slavery, and this is where
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.04,0:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the colonial dynamic starts to get weird\N— because the Boers had been living in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.80,0:03:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,southern Africa for a century and a half, in which \Ntime they’d incorporated French and Germans
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.11,0:04:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now, beyond just Dutch colonists, they considered \Nthemselves Afrikaners, a local population that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.80,0:04:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the arrival of the British, was \Nnow being oppressed by alien invaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.12,0:04:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That, my friends, is one heck of a swerve.\NBut they were serious, so they adopted the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.80,0:04:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not-uncommon strategy of Running Away \NFrom Britain, leaving the Cape Colony
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.64,0:04:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the mid-1830s to trek northeast, and \Nestablish the Oranje Vrystaat and the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.80,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek by the early 1850s.\NAs we noted earlier, this land was very much
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inhabited, so let’s hop eastward to \Nsee what the Bantu groups were up to.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.08,0:04:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it happens: lots. Since the late \N1700s, the entire structure and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.08,0:04:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demography of their societies were changing.\NWith new approaches to militarization,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.92,0:04:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small states were consolidating under stronger \Nkings to form large states and confederations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.16,0:04:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better compete for Indian Ocean trade.\NBy far, the biggest player in this process was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.48,0:04:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Zulu kingdom under the leadership of Shaka.\NMuch to the enjoyment of biographers everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.88,0:04:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shaka was an intricate and unusual character.\NExiled from the royal family at a young age and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.76,0:05:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treated horribly by his peers, he came back \Ndetermined, bordering on cruel sometimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.56,0:05:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he never married or had any recognized children, and \Nhis most trusted advisor was his mother. Good son!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.76,0:05:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At a young age, Shaka proved himself as a warrior \Nfor the neighboring Mtethwa confederation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.92,0:05:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with their support, he became leader of \Nthe Zulu after his father’s death in 1816.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.24,0:05:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the Mtethwa king died \Ntwo years later, Shaka became
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.96,0:05:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dominant player in that confederation.\NFrom there, it was Go Time, and the Zulu expanded
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.84,0:05:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rapidly, fighting hard but working to incorporate \Nconquered kingdoms into the new Zulu state.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.40,0:05:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, many were not fans, and migrated away \Nfrom the conflict, which led to huge demographic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.52,0:05:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,redistribution, with some displaced groups like \Nthe Lozi and Ngoni going almost 1,000 miles north.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.96,0:05:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Shaka wouldn’t live to see the longer-term \Nsuccess of his kingdom, as he was assassinated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.04,0:05:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1828 by one of his half-brothers.\NStill, the Zulu kingdom stayed strong,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.52,0:05:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ran up against the Afrikaner \NVoortrekkers in the mid-1850s.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.04,0:05:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where our two plotlines \Nconverge, and the resulting frontier
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.20,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zone between Afrikaner and British and Zulu \Nand other Bantu groups is, whoo! Complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This frontier, like many, saw trade and cultural \Nexchange as well as conflict, with alliances
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.12,0:06:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming and ending based on pure circumstance.\NSo even though the map in the 1800s was already
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.84,0:06:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a giant checkerboard, it’s important \Nto note that even within all of those
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.36,0:06:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,states was a dynamic cast of players —\NThe southern coasts didn’t just turn
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.92,0:06:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oops! All British after they started pushing inland.\NMany of the absorbed groups were able to carry on
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.32,0:06:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more or less as they had been, such as the Basotho \Nup in the Drakensberg mountains, who had formed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.72,0:06:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an alliance in the wake of the Zulu conquests, and \Nbecame an autonomous British Protectorate in 1868.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.68,0:06:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Zulu, however, weren’t about to take that \Noffer, and rather preferred to kick the pants off
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.08,0:06:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of anyone who tried to muscle in on their land.\NUnfortunately, Britain took that as a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.96,0:06:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1879 they invaded Zululand but suffered \Na fierce defeat at Isandlwana, losing 2/3
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.64,0:06:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their soldiers and instantly making “Zulu” a \Nworldwide byword for valor and strength against
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.36,0:06:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonial aggression, with even the British army\Nholding them in a kind of dreaded reverence.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.84,0:06:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later that year, Britain returned \Nwith five times the soldiers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.88,0:07:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving absolutely nothing to chance.\NBy the summer, the Zulu had been defeated,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.96,0:07:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their kingdom partitioned, and the \Nlast major Bantu state conquered.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.48,0:07:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From there, the last obstacle to dominating \Nthe subcontinent were the Boers in the north,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.40,0:07:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had just made the literally earth-shattering \Ndiscovery of diamonds and gold in the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.48,0:07:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Orange Free State and Transvaal.\NSo, naturally, Britain did the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.96,0:07:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shooty-shoot grabby-grab. First failing in 1881, \Nand then succeeding in 1902, with the help of half
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.64,0:07:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million soldiers from across the empire.\NIn 1910, the disparate British colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.28,0:07:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were reorganized into the Union of \NSouth Africa, and it wasted precisely zero time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.74,0:07:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,restructuring the mines for peak efficiency.\NWhat began as a simple resource-rush now
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.40,0:07:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed into a highly-organized and ultimately \Nnation-defining industry, with no piece of South
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.92,0:07:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa untouched by the consequences of mining.\NThe almost inconceivable power of these
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.48,0:07:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mining enterprises was largely a product of \Ncontrol: over the outbound supply of diamonds
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.04,0:07:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the prices would stay high,\Nand over the wages, workspace,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.32,0:07:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even living conditions of the \Nminers who dug and refined it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.28,0:08:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was especially hard on black South \NAfricans from outside the posh city centers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.12,0:08:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who left their rural families to do dangerous, \Nlabor-intensive goldmining work for extremely low
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.68,0:08:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pay because even that was still the best option.\NAnd it was probably harder on the women,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.92,0:08:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had to take care of the \Nentire family and do the farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.80,0:08:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the early 1900s, South Africa was definitely \Nnot being subtle about the unequal distribution
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.92,0:08:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of land, the rampant wage discrimination, \Nor the white monopoly on political power.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.32,0:08:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wasn’t slavery, but it was a \Nvery robust system of discrimination,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.48,0:08:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which history has come to know as apartheid.\NThis overtly white-supremacist ideology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.04,0:08:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became official policy after the Afrikaner \NNationalist Party won the elections of 1948,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.92,0:08:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the economic, social, and political \Nmechanisms that enabled apartheid were already
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.72,0:08:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard at work in the decades prior.\NWhat changed here was their intensity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.56,0:08:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the rigid legal framework intended \Nto make this system permanent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.48,0:08:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inter-ethnic marriage was outlawed, schools taught \Nblack people they were inferior to whites,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.12,0:08:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blacks needed special permission to go anywhere, \Nand every conceivable public and private amenity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.92,0:09:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was segregated down to the damn STAIRS!\NWhile depriving black people of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.08,0:09:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resources, or the simple ability to enjoy \Npublic life, the Nationalist Party knew they
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.32,0:09:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,needed black labor to sustain the economy —\Nso when black civil rights and labor groups
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.64,0:09:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognized this and began campaigning against \Napartheid, the government responded viciously:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.28,0:09:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,banning the African National Congress, arresting \Ntheir political and paramilitary leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.36,0:09:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,firing into crowds of protesters at \NSharpeville and Soweto, and killing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.04,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prominent activist Steve Biko in 1977.\NBiko was beloved by South Africans for his
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leadership in the Black Consciousness Movement, \Nwhich shattered the apartheid fallacy that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.60,0:09:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black people were inherently lesser.\NAfter his activism and his murder,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.60,0:09:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black South Africans were rightly furious, \Nbut also recognized that Biko was right:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.72,0:09:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it didn’t need to be like this, and \Nsome of the Afrikaners noticed it too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.60,0:09:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the 1980s, the government and economy \Nwere under pressure from persistent civilian
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.76,0:09:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unrest and paramilitary action, the \Ngrowing strength of black labor unions,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.52,0:09:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,widespread sympathy abroad, and targeted \Ninternational economic sanctions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.44,0:10:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enter Nelson Mandela. Well, not really “enter”,\Nhe had been imprisoned since 1962, but
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.54,0:10:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while still jailed he was cultivating potential\Nreformers from within the National Party,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.63,0:10:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking to convince pliable Afrikaners to let\Nthis broken system go and build something new.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.32,0:10:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1990, F.W. de Klerk became President, and he \Nand Mandela negotiated on a series of reforms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.00,0:10:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as legalizing all political parties, \Nfreeing political prisoners, and holding
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.00,0:10:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,South Africa’s first multi-racial election —\Nwhich, in 1994, a newly-liberated Mandela
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.04,0:10:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won by a landslide. He finished \Nde Klerk's process of dismantling
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.56,0:10:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apartheid and set South Africa on a course\Nto becoming a proudly multiracial democracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.80,0:10:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost 3 decades later, there’s \Nstill plenty of work to be done,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.76,0:10:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with institutional racism no longer official \Npolicy, it’s now possible to do that work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.44,0:10:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like most places on the African continent, South \NAfrica has been through an absolute wringer of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.40,0:10:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a history in the past few centuries —\Nbetween migration, commerce, disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.40,0:10:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonization, convergence, exploitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.80,0:11:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oppression, resistance and liberation.\NAnd all of the ethnic and cultural groups that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.12,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call South Africa home were playing an integral \Npart, and it’s already my great regret that I
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn’t able to discuss them all in this video.\NBut this grand diversity is a real treasure
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.80,0:11:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rewards every little bit of inquiry \Nwith a new perspective on this story,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.36,0:11:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it’s the reason that South Africa is so \Ndeserving of its epithet: “The Rainbow Nation”.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.12,0:11:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much for watching! As I hope \NI’ve shown, this history is fascinating in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.04,0:11:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its own right, but as an American, the story was \Nespecially intriguing because of how many direct
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.52,0:11:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,points of comparison and of contrast there are \Nbetween the American and South African narratives.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.56,0:11:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that’s part of the joy of \NBlack History Month! Learning
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.68,0:11:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything in one area can illuminate other \Naspects of the global black experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.08,0:11:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to help this video serve as a springboard \Nfor you to discover more about Black History,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.92,0:11:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ve linked some cool resources down in the \Ndescription below. I really hope you check 'em out.