[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.55,0:00:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought I'd talk a little bit\Nabout how nature makes materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.74,0:00:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I brought along with me an abalone shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.95,0:00:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This abalone shell\Nis a biocomposite material
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.55,0:00:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's 98 percent by mass\Ncalcium carbonate
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.42,0:00:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two percent by mass protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.98,0:00:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, it's 3,000 times tougher\Nthan its geological counterpart.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.70,0:00:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot of people might use\Nstructures like abalone shells,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.16,0:00:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like chalk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.34,0:00:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been fascinated\Nby how nature makes materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.15,0:00:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a lot of secrets\Nto how they do such an exquisite job.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.53,0:00:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of it is that these materials\Nare macroscopic in structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.82,0:00:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're formed at the nano scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.71,0:00:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're formed at the nano scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.40,0:00:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they use proteins\Nthat are coded by the genetic level
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.06,0:00:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allow them to build\Nthese really exquisite structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.89,0:00:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So something I think\Nis very fascinating is:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.14,0:00:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if you could give life\Nto non-living structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.43,0:00:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like batteries and like solar cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.70,0:00:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if they had\Nsome of the same capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.01,0:00:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an abalone shell did,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.70,0:00:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of being able\Nto build really exquisite structures
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.41,0:01:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at room temperature and room pressure,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.26,0:01:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using nontoxic chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.33,0:01:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and adding no toxic materials\Nback into the environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.06,0:01:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's kind of the vision\Nthat I've been thinking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.34,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what if you could grow\Na battery in a Petri dish?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.03,0:01:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or what if you could give\Ngenetic information to a battery
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.94,0:01:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it could actually become\Nbetter as a function of time, and do so
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.77,0:01:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an environmentally friendly way?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.94,0:01:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, going back to this abalone shell,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.03,0:01:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,besides being nanostructured,\None thing that's fascinating is,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.12,0:01:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a male and female\Nabalone get together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.61,0:01:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they pass on the genetic\Ninformation that says,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.84,0:01:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is how to build\Nan exquisite material.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.30,0:01:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's how to do it at room\Ntemperature and pressure,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.82,0:01:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using nontoxic materials."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.15,0:01:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same with diatoms,\Nwhich are shown right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.34,0:01:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are glasseous structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.99,0:01:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time the diatoms replicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.70,0:01:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they give the genetic\Ninformation that says,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.79,0:01:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Here's how to build glass in the ocean\Nthat's perfectly nanostructured."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.48,0:01:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can do it the same,\Nover and over again."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.80,0:01:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if you could do the same thing\Nwith a solar cell or a battery?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.14,0:01:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like to say my favorite\Nbiomaterial is my four year old.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.70,0:02:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But anyone who's ever had\Nor knows small children knows,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.96,0:02:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're incredibly complex organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you wanted to convince them to do\Nsomething they don't want to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.72,0:02:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.90,0:02:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when we think\Nabout future technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.94,0:02:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually think of using\Nbacteria and viruses --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.18,0:02:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simple organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.42,0:02:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you convince them\Nto work with a new toolbox,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.10,0:02:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can build a structure\Nthat will be important to me?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.37,0:02:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, when we think\Nabout future technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.70,0:02:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we start with the beginning of Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.93,0:02:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, it took a billion years\Nto have life on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.70,0:02:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And very rapidly,\Nthey became multi-cellular,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.84,0:02:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could replicate,\Nthey could use photosynthesis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.44,0:02:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a way of getting their energy source.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.40,0:02:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't until about 500\Nmillion years ago --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.76,0:02:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the Cambrian\Ngeologic time period --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.82,0:02:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that organisms in the ocean\Nstarted making hard materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.89,0:02:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before that, they were all\Nsoft, fluffy structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.48,0:02:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was during this time\Nthat there was increased calcium,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.19,0:02:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,iron and silicon in the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.07,0:02:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and organisms learned\Nhow to make hard materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.33,0:02:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what I would like\Nto be able to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.55,0:03:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convince biology to work\Nwith the rest of the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.20,0:03:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you look at biology,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.41,0:03:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's many structures like DNA,\Nantibodies, proteins and ribosomes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.25,0:03:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've heard about,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.48,0:03:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are nanostructured --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.95,0:03:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nature already gives us really exquisite\Nstructures on the nano scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.48,0:03:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we could harness them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.20,0:03:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and convince them to not be an antibody\Nthat does something like HIV?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.92,0:03:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we could convince them\Nto build a solar cell for us?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.07,0:03:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here are some examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.45,0:03:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natural shells,\Nnatural biological materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.63,0:03:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The abalone shell here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.84,0:03:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you fracture it, you can look\Nat the fact that it's nanostructured.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.26,0:03:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's diatoms made out of SiO2,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.41,0:03:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are magnetotactic bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.29,0:03:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make small, single-domain\Nmagnets used for navigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.70,0:03:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What all these have in common
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.39,0:03:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is these materials\Nare structured at the nano scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.97,0:03:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have a DNA sequence\Nthat codes for a protein sequence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.32,0:03:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gives them the blueprint
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.85,0:03:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to build\Nthese really wonderful structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.70,0:03:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, going back to the abalone shell,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.91,0:03:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the abalone makes this shell\Nby having these proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.51,0:03:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These proteins\Nare very negatively charged.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.56,0:04:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can pull calcium\Nout of the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.76,0:04:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put down a layer of calcium\Nand then carbonate, calcium and carbonate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.32,0:04:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has the chemical sequences\Nof amino acids which says,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.24,0:04:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is how to build the structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.98,0:04:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the DNA sequence,\Nhere's the protein sequence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.45,0:04:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to do it."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.63,0:04:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an interesting idea is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.90,0:04:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if you could take\Nany material you wanted,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.18,0:04:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any element on the periodic table,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.98,0:04:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find its corresponding DNA sequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.36,0:04:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then code it for a corresponding\Nprotein sequence to build a structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.07,0:04:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not build an abalone shell --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.73,0:04:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,build something that nature has never had\Nthe opportunity to work with yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.95,0:04:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so here's the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.30,0:04:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I absolutely love the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.11,0:04:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year for the incoming\Nfreshman class at MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.76,0:04:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a periodic table made that says,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.71,0:04:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Welcome to MIT.\NNow you're in your element."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.87,0:04:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.90,0:04:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you flip it over,\Nand it's the amino acids
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.21,0:04:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the pH at which they have\Ndifferent charges.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.70,0:04:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I give this out\Nto thousands of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.70,0:04:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know it says MIT\Nand this is Caltech,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.82,0:04:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I have a couple extra\Nif people want it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.91,0:04:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was really fortunate to have\NPresident Obama visit my lab this year
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.25,0:05:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on his visit to MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.66,0:05:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I really wanted to give\Nhim a periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.99,0:05:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I stayed up at night\Nand talked to my husband,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.35,0:05:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How do I give President Obama\Na periodic table?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.63,0:05:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if he says,\N'Oh, I already have one,'
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.72,0:05:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, 'I've already memorized it?'"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.39,0:05:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.42,0:05:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he came to visit my lab and looked\Naround -- it was a great visit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.72,0:05:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then afterward, I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.08,0:05:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sir, I want to give you\Nthe periodic table,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.47,0:05:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in case you're ever in a bind\Nand need to calculate molecular weight."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.86,0:05:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.97,0:05:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought "molecular weight" sounded\Nmuch less nerdy than "molar mass."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.50,0:05:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.60,0:05:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he looked at it and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.52,0:05:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Thank you. I'll look at it periodically."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.56,0:05:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.70,0:05:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.70,0:05:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later in a lecture\Nthat he gave on clean energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.70,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he pulled it out and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.02,0:05:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And people at MIT,\Nthey give out periodic tables." So ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.79,0:05:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So basically what I didn't tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.12,0:05:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that about 500 million years ago,\Nthe organisms started making materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.74,0:05:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it took them about 50 million years\Nto get good at it --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.60,0:05:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 million years to learn how to perfect\Nhow to make that abalone shell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.07,0:06:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a hard sell\Nto a graduate student:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.22,0:06:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I have this great project ...\N50 million years ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.78,0:06:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had to develop a way\Nof trying to do this more rapidly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.31,0:06:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we use a nontoxic virus\Ncalled M13 bacteriophage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.09,0:06:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose job is to infect bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.07,0:06:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it has a simple DNA structure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.80,0:06:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can go in and cut and paste\Nadditional DNA sequences into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.95,0:06:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by doing that, it allows the virus\Nto express random protein sequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.47,0:06:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is pretty easy biotechnology,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.40,0:06:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could basically\Ndo this a billion times.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.67,0:06:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can have\Na billion different viruses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.01,0:06:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are all genetically identical,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.74,0:06:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they differ from each other\Nbased on their tips,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.20,0:06:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on one sequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.83,0:06:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that codes for one protein.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.34,0:06:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you take all billion viruses,\Nand put them in one drop of liquid,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.12,0:06:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can force them to interact\Nwith anything you want
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.65,0:06:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the periodic table.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.86,0:06:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And through a process\Nof selection evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.100,0:06:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can pull one of a billion\Nthat does something you'd like it to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.32,0:06:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like grow a battery or a solar cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.10,0:06:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, viruses can't replicate\Nthemselves; they need a host.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.16,0:06:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you find that one out of a billion,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.15,0:07:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you infect it into a bacteria,\Nand make millions and billions of copies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.61,0:07:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that particular sequence.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.02,0:07:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing\Nthat's beautiful about biology
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.22,0:07:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that biology gives you\Nreally exquisite structures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.39,0:07:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with nice link scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.70,0:07:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These viruses are long and skinny,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.54,0:07:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can get them to express the ability
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.72,0:07:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow something like semiconductors
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.70,0:07:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or materials for batteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is a high-powered\Nbattery that we grew in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.70,0:07:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We engineered a virus\Nto pick up carbon nanotubes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.44,0:07:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One part of the virus\Ngrabs a carbon nanotube,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.70,0:07:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other part of the virus has a sequence
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.81,0:07:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can grow an electrode\Nmaterial for a battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.46,0:07:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it wires itself\Nto the current collector.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.18,0:07:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so through a process\Nof selection evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.70,0:07:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we went from being able to have\Na virus that made a crummy battery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.87,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a virus that made a good battery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.57,0:07:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a virus that made a record-breaking,\Nhigh-powered battery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.47,0:07:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's all made at room temperature,\Nbasically at the benchtop.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.66,0:07:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That battery went to the White House\Nfor a press conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.15,0:07:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I brought it here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.59,0:07:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see it in this case\Nthat's lighting this LED.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.39,0:07:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if we could scale this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.47,0:08:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could actually use it\Nto run your Prius,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.45,0:08:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is kind of my dream --\Nto be able to drive a virus-powered car.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.82,0:08:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.96,0:08:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But basically you can pull\None out of a billion,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.70,0:08:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make lots of amplifications to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.64,0:08:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, you make\Nan amplification in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.94,0:08:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you get it to self-assemble\Ninto a structure like a battery.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.26,0:08:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're able to do this also with catalysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.55,0:08:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the example\Nof a photocatalytic splitting of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.50,0:08:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've been able to do\Nis engineer a virus
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.51,0:08:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to basically take dye-absorbing molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.82,0:08:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and line them up\Non the surface of the virus
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.90,0:08:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it acts as an antenna,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.24,0:08:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get an energy transfer\Nacross the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.94,0:08:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we give it a second gene\Nto grow an inorganic material
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.22,0:08:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be used to split water\Ninto oxygen and hydrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.24,0:08:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be used for clean fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.48,0:08:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I brought an example\Nof that with me today.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.58,0:08:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My students promised me it would work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.42,0:08:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are virus-assembled nanowires.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.87,0:08:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you shine light on them,\Nyou can see them bubbling.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.70,0:08:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, you're seeing\Noxygen bubbles come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.66,0:08:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.99,0:09:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, by controlling the genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.70,0:09:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can control multiple materials\Nto improve your device performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.06,0:09:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last example are solar cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.79,0:09:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also do this with solar cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.63,0:09:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been able to engineer viruses\Nto pick up carbon nanotubes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.91,0:09:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then grow titanium\Ndioxide around them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.04,0:09:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it as a way of getting\Nelectrons through the device.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.08,0:09:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've found\Nis through genetic engineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.57,0:09:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually increase\Nthe efficiencies of these solar cells
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.40,0:09:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to record numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.40,0:09:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these types of dye-sensitized systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.70,0:09:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I brought one of those as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.70,0:09:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can play around\Nwith outside afterward.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.90,0:09:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a virus-based solar cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.79,0:09:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through evolution and selection,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.70,0:09:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took it from an eight percent\Nefficiency solar cell
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.22,0:09:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an 11 percent efficiency solar cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.33,0:09:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope that I've convinced you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.18,0:09:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's a lot of great,\Ninteresting things to be learned
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.08,0:09:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how nature makes materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.70,0:09:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about taking it the next step,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.38,0:09:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if you can force or take advantage\Nof how nature makes materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.90,0:10:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make things that nature\Nhasn't yet dreamed of making.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.60,0:10:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.78,0:10:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)