0:00:01.000,0:00:04.000
(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

0:00:04.000,0:00:08.000
Introduction to Epi-zoonotic Diseases.

0:00:09.000,0:00:15.000
In this session, we shall look at key terminologies[br]and definitions related to zoonotic diseases

0:00:16.000,0:00:19.000
of epidemic potential.

0:00:19.000,0:00:25.000
We shall look at the zoonotic diseases of[br]epidemic potential in Eastern Africa, the

0:00:25.000,0:00:31.000
significance of epi-zoonotics as emerging[br]diseases, the factors promoting emergence

0:00:31.000,0:00:38.000
of epi-zoonotic diseases, the consequences[br]of epi-zoonotic diseases, and general response

0:00:38.000,0:00:45.000
interventions, and then, issues related to[br]animal welfare.

0:00:45.000,0:00:52.000
A zoonosis is a disease or infection which[br]is naturally transmitted between animals and

0:00:52.000,0:00:54.000
humans.

0:00:54.000,0:01:01.000
It may occur from an animal to human, or from[br]human to an animal.

0:01:01.000,0:01:10.000
A simpler definition is a disease that normally[br]infects animals, but can also infect humans.

0:01:10.000,0:01:19.000
An epizootic disease is an outbreak (epidemic)[br]of disease in an animal population.

0:01:19.000,0:01:27.000
An enzootic is a disease that is endemic in[br]animals.

0:01:27.000,0:01:33.000
Exotic diseases are those which are imported[br]into a country in which they do not otherwise

0:01:33.000,0:01:34.000
occur.

0:01:34.000,0:01:40.000
An example is avian influenza.

0:01:40.000,0:01:46.000
Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses are diseases[br]caused either by totally new or partially

0:01:46.000,0:01:55.000
new agents, or by micro-organisms previously[br]known, but now occurring in places or in species

0:01:55.000,0:01:59.000
where the disease was previously unknown.

0:01:59.000,0:02:04.000
Examples of this include influenza, ebola,[br]and SARS.

0:02:04.000,0:02:12.000
The priority of zoonotic diseases of epidemic[br]potential in Eastern Africa include rift valley

0:02:12.000,0:02:21.000
fever, influenza A viruses, anthrax, rabies,[br]ebola and other viral hemorrhaegic fevers,

0:02:21.000,0:02:26.000
plague, and trypanosomiasis.

0:02:26.000,0:02:32.000
What is the significance of epi-zoonotics[br]as emerging diseases, especially in Eastern

0:02:32.000,0:02:33.000
Africa?

0:02:33.000,0:02:39.000
Globally, there have been over 20 new diseases[br]in the last 30 years.

0:02:39.000,0:02:45.000
Over 2/3 of new disease causing agents arise[br]from wild-life.

0:02:45.000,0:02:52.000
Examples include SARS, nipah, H5N1, H1N1.

0:02:52.000,0:02:58.000
Domestic animals account for 20% of new zoonoses.

0:02:58.000,0:03:07.000
The East and Central Africa Region is a 'hot[br]spot' for new diseases.

0:03:07.000,0:03:13.000
Factors promoting the emergence of epidemic-prone[br]epi-zoonotic diseases include socio-economic

0:03:13.000,0:03:23.000
factors like intensive farming without bio-security[br]measures, water-supply projects, urbanization,

0:03:23.000,0:03:31.000
human population movement, animal movement,[br]famine, free-range farming systems.

0:03:31.000,0:03:37.000
Environmental factors include climate change[br](e.g. global warming) and presence of vectors

0:03:37.000,0:03:44.000
and/or reservoirs.

0:03:44.000,0:03:50.000
Human-related factors include co-infection[br]with other diseases agents (like HIV and tuberculosis or TB),

0:03:50.000,0:03:57.000
lack of knowledge on bio-security measures,[br]inadequate personal hygiene like sneezing

0:03:57.000,0:04:02.000
without covering mouth or not washing hands.

0:04:02.000,0:04:09.000
Cultural and behavioural risk factors include[br]lack of knowledge, food habits, changes in

0:04:09.000,0:04:15.000
life-style, human-livestock-wildlife interaction.

0:04:15.000,0:04:22.000
These are some of the characteristics of the[br]human-animal interface that increases the

0:04:22.000,0:04:29.000
likelihood of transferring diseases that were[br]previously not known in humans from animals.

0:04:29.000,0:04:37.000
Intense handling of animal products with low[br]bio-security causing diseases like brucellosis,

0:04:37.000,0:04:41.000
anthrax, avian influenza.

0:04:41.000,0:04:49.000
Pastoralism and free-range systems, hunting, [br]gathering, eating game meat and carcasses

0:04:49.000,0:04:54.000
predisposing to ebola and anthrax.

0:04:54.000,0:04:59.000
Contact with bats predisposing to ebola and[br]marburg.

0:04:59.000,0:05:06.000
Ill cooked products causing salmonellosis[br]and brucellosis.

0:05:06.000,0:05:13.000
Hygiene and rats predisposing to leptospirosis[br]and hepatitis E.

0:05:13.000,0:05:20.000
Free-range poultry and migratory birds predisposing[br]to avion influenza.

0:05:20.000,0:05:29.000
Conservation areas like Ngorongoro and Samburu.[br]Ill-handling of domestic canines predisposing

0:05:29.000,0:05:31.000
to rabies.

0:05:31.000,0:05:39.000
Socio-cultural factors including sharing accommodation[br]with animals, and cross-border risk as well

0:05:39.000,0:05:44.000
as gender related risk

0:05:44.000,0:05:51.000
What are the consequences of epidemic-prone[br]epi-zoonotic diseases?

0:05:51.000,0:05:55.000
They include:

0:05:55.000,0:06:02.000
Socio-economic impacts like reduction in the[br]level of outputs from animal production, reduction

0:06:02.000,0:06:09.000
in perceived or actual output quality, waste[br]of inputs to animal production, resource costs

0:06:09.000,0:06:16.000
of disease prevention and control, negative[br]animal welfare effects, and international

0:06:16.000,0:06:20.000
trade restrictions.

0:06:20.000,0:06:31.000
Human health costs including effects or costs[br]of treatment, effects on the environment,

0:06:31.000,0:06:37.000
effects on tourism, effects on rural livelihoods,[br]political and social disruption, and increased

0:06:37.000,0:06:39.000
poverty.

0:06:39.000,0:06:46.000
All the public health consequences of epi-zoonoses[br]include increased deaths, increased illness,

0:06:46.000,0:06:53.000
social disruption and panic, collapse of regular[br]heath care systems, health workers are at

0:06:53.000,0:07:02.000
high-risk of contracting the diseases, and[br]health workers may run away from health units.

0:07:02.000,0:07:09.000
Response interventions include farmers should[br]report incidents to animal and human health

0:07:09.000,0:07:18.000
workers, provisional quarantine of affected[br]areas if necessary, confirming the occurrence

0:07:18.000,0:07:24.000
of an outbreak and notifying authorities

0:07:24.000,0:07:31.000
Activating the Rapid Response Team including[br]vets, health workers, leaders, and police,

0:07:31.000,0:07:40.000
etc), identifying source of infection and[br]identifying the severity of the infection

0:07:40.000,0:07:47.000
and extent of spread, setting up immediate[br]control measures

0:07:47.000,0:07:54.000
Disposing of dead animals in safe ways, either[br]by burning them or burying them, quarantining

0:07:54.000,0:08:02.000
the sick and suspected and observing general[br]conditions, stopping movement of animals,

0:08:02.000,0:08:07.000
and vaccination where necessary.

0:08:07.000,0:08:16.000
In outbreak situations of epi-zoonotic diseases, animal [br]welfare situations should be taken into consideration.

0:08:16.000,0:08:25.000
If they are to be destroyed or killed, animals[br]should be treated in a humane manner.

0:08:25.000,0:08:27.000
Reduce undue pain.

0:08:27.000,0:08:31.000
Confine them in a considerate manner.

0:08:31.000,0:08:35.000
Thanks for listening.