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- [Narrator] Although the
Spanish were the first

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European colonists in the New World,

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they didn't remain alone in
the Americas for very long.

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Just three years after Hernan
Cortes captured Tenochtitlan,

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the French government
sent its first explorer

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to poke around North America

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and look for what many European explorers

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had searched for from the beginning,

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a passage to the East.

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Now, although the explorers never found

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this Northwest passage
because it didn't exist,

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they, like the Spanish, quickly learned

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that there were quite a
lot of riches to be had

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in the Americas themselves.

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In this video, I'd like to
take some time to talk about

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two of the lesser known European
colonies in the New World,

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New France up here in pink

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and New Netherland, this
little orange dot right here.

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Now, you can see that compared
to the extent of New Spain,

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here in the Caribbean and Mexico

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and expanding in South America,

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these colonial exploits
were pretty small indeed,

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but I think it's important to
learn a little bit about them

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because they help us see the ways

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in which the different
goals of colonial powers

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led to very different types
of settlement in the New World

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and very different relationships

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between Europeans and Native Americans.

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Now, though it's a little
bit hard to see on this map,

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these two colonies focused
their efforts around two rivers,

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the Saint Lawrence River

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and the Hudson River

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which runs along this
little orange strip here.

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And along these rivers,

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you can still see the
cities that were founded

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by these colonial ventures
like Quebec City up in Canada,

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later Montreal and down here
of course the most famous

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which started as New Amsterdam

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and later became the city of New York.

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Right about here is
the Island of Manhattan

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on which New York City,

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formerly New Amsterdam, is located.

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Now, looking at this
map, you might wonder,

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why was it that Spain have
these giant swabs of territory

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really from coast to coast

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where New France and New Netherland

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really only followed along these rivers,

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at least to start with?

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And the answer really lies
in this idea of goals.

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And New France and New
Netherland sat on the rivers,

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rivers being the highways of the world

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really up until the
invention of the railroad,

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because they were primarily
interested in trade.

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So let's talk a little
bit more about that.

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French and Dutch explorers
were particularly interested

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in gaining valuable furs to
trade from Native Americans

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living in the Northern
part of North America

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that they could then sell in Europe.

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Long before European colonization began,

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beavers had been hunted pretty
much to extinction in Europe

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while beaver pelts
themselves were usually used

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to create fancy hats.

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This is a hat from a slightly later era,

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but you can get the sense here

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that Europeans met on
something of an equal basis

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with Native Americans in the
process of the fur trade,

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so Europeans wanted beaver pelts

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and also the pelts of other
animals and often fish,

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another thing that was in great supply

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in this Northern region which is today

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the Northeast United States and Canada.

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So how did this focus on
trade affect the relationships

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between Europeans and Native
Americans in the area?

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Well, primarily they made
relationships between them

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considerably friendlier
and more cooperative

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than the relationships between the Spanish

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and Native Americans for example.

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Now, Europeans quickly discovered

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that it made a lot more sense
to instead of sending hundreds

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upon hundreds of Frenchmen to Canada

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to hunt beavers themselves,

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they could instead pay Native Americans

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to hunt the beavers for them.

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And consequently, there
were considerably fewer

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French and Dutch settlers in
New Netherland and New France

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than there were in New Spain.

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And because there were fewer of them,

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they generally ended up doing things

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more on the terms of Native Americans

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so whereas the Spanish
might have used their guns

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and their war dogs to
force Native Americans

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to labor for them,

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the French and the Dutch
were more likely to observe

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trading rituals like giving gifts

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and also fostering trade relationships

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through intermarriage.

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French traders learned
the Algonquian language

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and married native women
and had children with them

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so that they could be
considered part of the family.

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They even allied with
Native American Tribes

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against their own enemies
and went to war with them

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as in the case in 1609

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when French explorer Samuel de Champlain

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helped Algonquians in their
war against the Iroquois.

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And like New France,

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New Netherland situated as it
was in this very good harbor,

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the Island of Manhattan, was
likewise very focused on trade.

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In fact, New Amsterdam was a
little bit of a company town

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controlled by the Dutch West India Company

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which sought to make the
most of all of the goodies

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that could be brought from North America

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and then shipped to Europe.

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In fact, you can get a sense
of what the major concerns

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of the Europeans settling in
this area were from this map.

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You can see that they point
out where beavers, turkeys,

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foxes, and bears can be found
all with their valuable pelts,

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but you also see that
there's an extremely detailed

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rendering of where many
Native American Tribes lived

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like this detailed
rendering of what I believe

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is a Mahican village.

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The French and Dutch bothered
to learn all of these names

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and map all of this territory
because they cooperated

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with the Native Americans
to get these pelts.

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It's hard to imagine a Spanish map

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that would go into such
detail about native villages.

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It's important to remember

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that Europeans were
competing with each other

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for resources in the New World

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hoping that they could secure
the best trade deals for furs

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with Native Americans
and prevent other nations

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from securing those furs.

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For example, the Dutch
allied with the Iroquois

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in the New World as trading partners

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because the Iroquois were
the long-time enemies

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of the Algonquians who were
allied with the French.

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So just as the Europeans
recruited Native Americans

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into their competitions to
supply Europe with furs,

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Native Americans recruited Europeans

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into their inter-tribal feuds

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to supply the Americas
with European goods.

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I wanna finish by just briefly comparing

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each nation's colonial
goals with their outcomes

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and what sorts of people settled,

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what the relationships were
like with Native Americans,

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and even how they
attempted or didn't attempt

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to convert Native Americans
to a form of Christianity.

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Now, as we saw with Spain,

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their goal was to quickly
extract natural resources

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from the Americas and
to set up plantations

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for tobacco and later sugar,

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plus to convert as many of the
native people to Catholicism

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as possible by force if necessary

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and it was frequently necessary.

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Consequently, most of the Spanish settlers

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who came to the New World
were men and adventurers

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who treated native people with
violence and enslaved them

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in the encomienda system

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and in some cases had
relationships with native women

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and African women that resulted
in that very complex set

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of racial designations we
see in the caste system.

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But France and the Netherlands
by contrast came for trade.

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They wanted furs and fish
and so they were very careful

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to cultivate very friendly relationships

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with Native Americans including
by intermarrying with them

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in a deliberate and formal way

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so that they could take
advantage of having natives

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do the hunting for them

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rather than having to do it themselves

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so that really only a few men

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came to New France and New Netherland,

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nothing like the numbers of Spain.

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And unlike the Spanish,

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although the French did attempt

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to convert natives to Catholicism,

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they rarely did so by force.

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Now, going forward as we talk
about British colonization

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in the next few lessons,

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I want you to keep both the Spanish

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and the French and Dutch modes
of colonization in your mind

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so you can compare and
contrast English colonization

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with both of them.

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And as we'll see,

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the goals of the various English colonies

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whether it's to found plantations

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like in Jamestown, Virginia,

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or to escape religious persecution

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like in Massachusetts Bay,

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that goal will go on to influence

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not only who came to the
Americas from Europe,

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but also their relationships
with native people.