[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.88,0:00:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just after Christmas last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.48,0:00:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,132 kids in California got the measles
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.32,0:00:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by either visiting Disneyland
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.33,0:00:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or being exposed to someone\Nwho'd been there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.28,0:00:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The virus then hopped the Canadian border,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.49,0:00:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infecting more than\N100 children in Quebec.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.92,0:00:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the tragic things\Nabout this outbreak
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.87,0:00:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that measles, which can be fatal\Nto a child with a weakened immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.49,0:00:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the most easily\Npreventable diseases in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.28,0:00:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An effective vaccine against it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.27,0:00:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been available for more\Nthan half a century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.64,0:00:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many of the kids involved\Nin the Disneyland outbreak
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.91,0:00:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had not been vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.89,0:00:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because their parents were afraid
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.14,0:00:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of something allegedly even worse:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.16,0:00:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.88,0:00:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wait -- wasn't the paper\Nthat sparked the controversy
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.66,0:00:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about autism and vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.98,0:00:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,debunked, retracted,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.98,0:00:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and branded a deliberate fraud
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.45,0:01:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the British Medical Journal?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.16,0:01:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't most science-savvy people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.20,0:01:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know that the theory\Nthat vaccines cause autism is B.S.?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.52,0:01:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think most of you do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.38,0:01:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but millions of parents worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.96,0:01:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continue to fear that vaccines\Nput their kids at risk for autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.92,0:01:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.83,0:01:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's why.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.29,0:01:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a graph of autism\Nprevalence estimates rising over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.38,0:01:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.49,0:01:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,autism was considered\Nan incredibly rare condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.18,0:01:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The few psychologists and pediatricians\Nwho'd even heard of it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.50,0:01:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figured they would get through\Ntheir entire careers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.22,0:01:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without seeing a single case.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.36,0:01:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For decades, the prevalence estimates\Nremained stable
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.60,0:01:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at just three or four children in 10,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.85,0:01:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, in the 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.92,0:01:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the numbers started to skyrocket.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.38,0:01:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fundraising organizations\Nlike Autism Speaks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.61,0:01:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,routinely refer to autism as an epidemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.70,0:02:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if you could catch it\Nfrom another kid at Disneyland.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.36,0:02:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.97,0:02:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it isn't vaccines, what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.19,0:02:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you ask the folks down at\Nthe Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.16,0:02:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going on,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.86,0:02:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tend to rely on phrases like\N"broadened diagnostic criteria"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.37,0:02:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "better case finding"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.13,0:02:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explain these rising numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.71,0:02:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that kind of language
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.73,0:02:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't do much to allay\Nthe fears of a young mother
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.68,0:02:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is searching her\Ntwo-year-old's face for eye contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.32,0:02:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the diagnostic criteria\Nhad to be broadened,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.32,0:02:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why were they so narrow\Nin the first place?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.15,0:02:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why were cases of autism\Nso hard to find
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.15,0:02:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the 1990s?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.44,0:02:47.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five years ago, I decided to try\Nto uncover the answers to these questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.17,0:02:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned that what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.22,0:02:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has less to do with the slow and cautious\Nprogress of science
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.12,0:02:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than it does with the seductive\Npower of storytelling.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.54,0:02:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most of the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.75,0:03:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clinicians told one story
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.21,0:03:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what autism is\Nand how it was discovered,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.76,0:03:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that story turned out to be wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.57,0:03:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the consequences of it
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.38,0:03:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are having a devastating impact\Non global public health.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.28,0:03:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a second,\Nmore accurate story of autism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.81,0:03:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had been lost and forgotten
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.43,0:03:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in obscure corners\Nof the clinical literature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.41,0:03:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This second story tells us everything\Nabout how we got here
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.43,0:03:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where we need to go next.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.35,0:03:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first story starts with a child\Npsychiatrist at Johns Hopkins Hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.100,0:03:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Leo Kanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.95,0:03:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1943, Kanner published a paper
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.50,0:03:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describing 11 young patients\Nwho seemed to inhabit private worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.21,0:03:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ignoring the people around them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.30,0:03:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even their own parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.46,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could amuse themselves for hours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.74,0:03:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by flapping their hands\Nin front of their faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.38,0:03:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were panicked by little things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.36,0:03:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like their favorite toy\Nbeing moved from its usual place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.97,0:04:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without their knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.98,0:04:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on the patients\Nwho were brought to his clinic,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.69,0:04:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kanner speculated\Nthat autism is very rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.27,0:04:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1950s, as the world's\Nleading authority on the subject,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.73,0:04:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he declared that he had seen\Nless than 150 true cases of his syndrome
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.30,0:04:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while fielding referrals from\Nas far away as South Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.36,0:04:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually not surprising,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.75,0:04:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Kanner's criteria\Nfor diagnosing autism
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.13,0:04:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were incredibly selective.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.44,0:04:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, he discouraged giving\Nthe diagnosis to children who had seizures
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.62,0:04:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now we know that epilepsy\Nis very common in autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.38,0:04:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He once bragged that he had turned\Nnine out of 10 kids
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.42,0:04:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,referred to his office as autistic\Nby other clinicians
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.26,0:04:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without giving them an autism diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.50,0:04:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kanner was a smart guy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.94,0:04:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a number of his theories\Ndidn't pan out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.11,0:04:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He classified autism as a form\Nof infantile psychosis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.89,0:05:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused by cold and unaffectionate parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.86,0:05:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These children, he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.100,0:05:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been kept neatly\Nin a refrigerator that didn't defrost.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.31,0:05:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.26,0:05:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kanner noticed that some\Nof his young patients
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.19,0:05:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had special abilities\Nthat clustered in certain areas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.60,0:05:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like music, math and memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.85,0:05:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One boy in his clinic
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.73,0:05:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could distinguish between 18 symphonies\Nbefore he turned two.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.80,0:05:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When his mother put on\None of his favorite records,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.44,0:05:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would correctly declare,\N"Beethoven!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.81,0:05:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Kanner took a dim view\Nof these abilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.66,0:05:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,claiming that the kids\Nwere just regurgitating things
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.24,0:05:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd heard their pompous parents say,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.86,0:05:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desperate to earn their approval.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.46,0:05:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, autism became\Na source of shame and stigma for families,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.83,0:05:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two generations of autistic children
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.41,0:05:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were shipped off to institutions\Nfor their own good,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.89,0:05:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming invisible to the world at large.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.16,0:06:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazingly, it wasn't until the 1970s
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.40,0:06:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that researchers began to test\NKanner's theory that autism was rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.57,0:06:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lorna Wing was a cognitive\Npsychologist in London
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.30,0:06:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who thought that Kanner's theory\Nof refrigerator parenting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.51,0:06:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were "bloody stupid," as she told me.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.53,0:06:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She and her husband John were warm\Nand affectionate people,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.71,0:06:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had a profoundly\Nautistic daughter named Susie.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.11,0:06:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lorna and John knew how hard it was\Nto raise a child like Susie
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.82,0:06:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without support services,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.78,0:06:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,special education,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.39,0:06:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other resources that are\Nout of reach without a diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.64,0:06:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make the case\Nto the National Health Service
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.26,0:06:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that more resources were needed\Nfor autistic children and their families,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.51,0:06:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lorna and her colleague Judith Gould
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.64,0:06:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to do something that should\Nhave been done 30 years earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.19,0:06:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They undertook a study of autism\Nprevalence in the general population.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.14,0:07:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They pounded the pavement\Nin a London suburb called Camberwell
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.44,0:07:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to find autistic children\Nin the community.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.10,0:07:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they saw made clear\Nthat Kanner's model was way too narrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.77,0:07:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the reality of autism\Nwas much more colorful and diverse.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.66,0:07:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some kids couldn't talk at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.81,0:07:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others waxed on at length\Nabout their fascination with astrophysics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.54,0:07:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dinosaurs or the genealogy of royalty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.49,0:07:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, these children\Ndidn't fit into nice, neat boxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.18,0:07:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Judith put it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.87,0:07:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they saw lots of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.75,0:07:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way more than Kanner's monolithic model\Nwould have predicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.54,0:07:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, they were at a loss\Nto make sense of their data.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.25,0:07:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How had no one noticed\Nthese children before?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.38,0:07:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then Lorna came upon a reference\Nto a paper that had been published
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.90,0:07:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in German in 1944,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.55,0:07:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the year after Kanner's paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.90,0:07:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then forgotten,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.62,0:07:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried with the ashes of a terrible time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.19,0:08:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that no one wanted to remember\Nor think about.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.44,0:08:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kanner knew about this competing paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.12,0:08:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but scrupulously avoided\Nmentioning it in his own work.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.86,0:08:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had never even\Nbeen translated into English,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.32,0:08:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but luckily, Lorna's husband spoke German,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.28,0:08:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he translated it for her.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.93,0:08:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The paper offered\Nan alternate story of autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.62,0:08:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its author was a man named Hans Asperger,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.32,0:08:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who ran a combination clinic\Nand residential school
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.59,0:08:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Vienna in the 1930s.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.33,0:08:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asperger's ideas about teaching children\Nwith learning differences
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.30,0:08:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were progressive even\Nby contemporary standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.44,0:08:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mornings at his clinic began\Nwith exercise classes set to music,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.85,0:08:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the children put on plays\Non Sunday afternoons.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.35,0:08:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of blaming parents\Nfor causing autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.35,0:08:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asperger framed it as a lifelong,\Npolygenetic disability
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.20,0:08:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that requires compassionate forms\Nof support and accommodations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.10,0:08:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the course of one's whole life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.51,0:09:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than treating the kids\Nin his clinic like patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.40,0:09:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asperger called them\Nhis little professors,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.46,0:09:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enlisted their help in developing\Nmethods of education
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.24,0:09:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were particularly suited to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.73,0:09:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crucially, Asperger viewed autism\Nas a diverse continuum
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.46,0:09:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that spans an astonishing range\Nof giftedness and disability.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.58,0:09:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He believed that autism\Nand autistic traits are common
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.12,0:09:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and always have been,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.98,0:09:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeing aspects of this continuum\Nin familiar archetypes from pop culture
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.28,0:09:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the socially awkward scientist
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.61,0:09:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the absent-minded professor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.31,0:09:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went so far as to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.42,0:09:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems that for success\Nin science and art,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.65,0:09:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dash of autism is essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.29,0:09:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lorna and Judith realized that Kanner\Nhad been as wrong about autism being rare
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.21,0:09:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he had been about parents causing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.91,0:09:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next several years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.95,0:09:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they quietly worked with\Nthe American Psychiatric Association
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.36,0:10:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to broaden the criteria for diagnosis
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.96,0:10:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reflect the diversity of what\Nthey called "the autism spectrum."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.98,0:10:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the late '80s and early 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.56,0:10:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their changes went into effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.86,0:10:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swapping out Kanner's narrow model
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.23,0:10:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Asperger's broad and inclusive one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.80,0:10:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These changes weren't\Nhappening in a vacuum.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.47,0:10:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By coincidence, as Lorna and Judith\Nworked behind the scenes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.33,0:10:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reform the criteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.16,0:10:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people all over the world were seeing\Nan autistic adult for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.18,0:10:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before "Rain Man" came out in 1988,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.55,0:10:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only a tiny, ingrown circle of experts\Nknew what autism looked like,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.21,0:10:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but after Dustin Hoffman's unforgettable\Nperformance as Raymond Babbitt
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.97,0:10:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earned "Rain Man" four Academy Awards,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.10,0:10:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pediatricians, psychologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.84,0:10:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,teachers and parents all over the world\Nknew what autism looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.53,0:10:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coincidentally, at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.46,0:11:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first easy-to-use clinical tests\Nfor diagnosing autism were introduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.94,0:11:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You no longer had to have a connection\Nto that tiny circle of experts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.63,0:11:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get your child evaluated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.21,0:11:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The combination of "Rain Man,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.32,0:11:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the changes to the criteria,\Nand the introduction of these tests
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.50,0:11:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a network effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.77,0:11:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a perfect storm of autism awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.30,0:11:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of diagnoses started to soar,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.32,0:11:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as Lorna and Judith predicted,\Nindeed hoped, that it would,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.99,0:11:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabling autistic people\Nand their families
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.11,0:11:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finally get the support\Nand services they deserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.80,0:11:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then Andrew Wakefield came along
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.86,0:11:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to blame the spike\Nin diagnoses on vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.72,0:11:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a simple, powerful,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.83,0:11:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seductively believable story
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.62,0:11:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was as wrong as Kanner's theory
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.99,0:11:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that autism was rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.24,0:11:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the CDC's current estimate,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.71,0:11:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one in 68 kids in America\Nare on the spectrum, is correct,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.13,0:12:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,autistics are one of the largest\Nminority groups in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.34,0:12:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In recent years, autistic people\Nhave come together on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.17,0:12:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reject the notion that they\Nare puzzles to be solved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.81,0:12:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the next medical breakthrough,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.100,0:12:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coining the term "neurodiversity"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.46,0:12:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to celebrate the varieties\Nof human cognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.26,0:12:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One way to understand neurodiversity
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.66,0:12:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think in terms\Nof human operating systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.32,0:12:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because a P.C. is not running Windows\Ndoesn't mean that it's broken.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.24,0:12:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By autistic standards,\Nthe normal human brain
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.87,0:12:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is easily distractable,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.89,0:12:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obsessively social,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.68,0:12:40.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suffers from a deficit\Nof attention to detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.100,0:12:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be sure, autistic people\Nhave a hard time
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.99,0:12:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living in a world not built for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.27,0:12:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Seventy] years later, we're still\Ncatching up to Asperger,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.52,0:12:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who believed that the "cure"\Nfor the most disabling aspects of autism
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.60,0:12:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to be found in understanding teachers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.53,0:12:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accommodating employers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.66,0:13:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supportive communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.52,0:13:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and parents who have faith\Nin their children's potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.87,0:13:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An autistic [man]\Nnamed Zosia Zaks once said,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.91,0:13:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We need all hands on deck\Nto right the ship of humanity."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.21,0:13:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we sail into an uncertain future,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.76,0:13:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need every form\Nof human intelligence on the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.50,0:13:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working together to tackle\Nthe challenges that we face as a society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.47,0:13:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't afford to waste a brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.79,0:13:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.14,0:13:34.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)