[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.01,0:00:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How fitting it is that this event,\Nwhich is titled "Roots to Wings,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.61,0:00:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is taking place here in North Dakota,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.20,0:00:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the motto of the state of North Dakota\Nis "Strength through the Soil."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.38,0:00:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I'm going\Nto visit with you about today,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.32,0:00:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about our soil resource.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.53,0:00:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agriculture has been challenged.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.86,0:00:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we feed nine billion\Npeople by the year 2050?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.68,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With today's current production\Nmodel, we can do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a model with which\None tills the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.52,0:00:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a model of monoculture\Nproduction practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.98,0:01:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter where you go\Naround this great state,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.29,0:01:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's fields of wheat, fields of corn,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.99,0:01:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fields of soybeans, and many other crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.10,0:01:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of livestock\Nwhich are now in confinement;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.53,0:01:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it be poultry housed\Nin poultry houses,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.25,0:01:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or beef cattle in a feedlot, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.89,0:01:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, these practices\Nhave come at a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.34,0:01:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have caused a loss of biodiversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Healthy native range land\Nhas hundreds of different species
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.22,0:01:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of plants, and animals, and insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.64,0:01:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monocultures have but very few.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.34,0:01:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This lack of biodiversity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.62,0:01:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has led to the destruction\Nof our soil resource.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.89,0:01:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I'm going\Nto visit with you about today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.15,0:01:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll share some proof with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.72,0:02:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is statistics provided\Nby North Dakota State University.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.28,0:02:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Walsh County, North Dakota in 1960,\Nthe topsoil was 34 inches deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.50,0:02:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2014, that topsoil\Nwas only 15 inches deep -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.100,0:02:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stunning 56 percent loss.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.71,0:02:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The organic matter level on that same soil\Nhad gone from over 8 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.08,0:02:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to less than 3 percent today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.60,0:02:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at the ramifications of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.40,0:02:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The soil on your left\Nwas the soil that had not been tilled,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.82,0:02:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had not seen monoculture\Nproduction practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.45,0:02:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the same soil\N17 years later on the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.75,0:02:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after 17 years of the production model
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.15,0:02:50.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of tillage and monocultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.81,0:02:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also destroys\Nthe pore spaces in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.25,0:02:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those pore spaces are critical\Nfor the life in the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.49,0:03:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are critical for water infiltration,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.97,0:03:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if we don't have soil aggregates,\Nwe cannot infiltrate water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.85,0:03:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took this photo in a field less than\Nten miles from where you're seated today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.96,0:03:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That shows a half of an inch of rainfall
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.48,0:03:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can no longer be infiltrated\Ninto the soil profile.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.58,0:03:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can't infiltrate water,\Nthen what happens?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.11,0:03:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We resort to things such as tile drainage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.35,0:03:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're seeing this all over\Nthe central United States today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.27,0:03:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when we put tile drainage in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.20,0:03:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do not have the soil aggregates\Nto hold our soils in place?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That soil ends up in the watershed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.70,0:03:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unfortunately, along with it,\Ngoes all the nutrients
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.38,0:03:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may have been applied\Nto those fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.55,0:03:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That lack of biodiversity\Nalso leads to lower nutrient cycling.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.02,0:03:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we don't have\Nadequate nutrient cycling,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.23,0:04:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to have to add\Nmore and more synthetic fertilizers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.94,0:04:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those synthetic fertilizers\Ncome at a cost -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.99,0:04:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cost of fossil fuel usage,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.25,0:04:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, they also spur the decline\Nof the soil biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.07,0:04:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to understand how soil functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.41,0:04:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How soil functions is due to that biology,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.68,0:04:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the plants get\Ntheir nutrients via the biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.67,0:04:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,High synthetic fertilizer use\Nalso aids in the propagation of weeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.63,0:04:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most weeds love nitrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.45,0:04:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more synthetic fertilizer we apply,\Nthe more weeds we get.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.98,0:04:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have increased weed pressure,\Nwhat do we have to do?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.78,0:04:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spray herbicides.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.24,0:04:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, unfortunately, many\Nof those herbicides are chelates.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.54,0:04:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a chelate?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.72,0:04:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A chelate binds metals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.90,0:04:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any of the metals such as magnesium,\Nmanganese, iron, zinc, copper,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.56,0:05:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then become unavailable to the plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.63,0:05:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the plant cannot uptake\Nthese micronutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.45,0:05:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's more prone to disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.70,0:05:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because plants cannot\Nward off diseases on their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.06,0:05:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to spray fungicides.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.51,0:05:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fungicides, then, are detrimental to what?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.47,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soil biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.10,0:05:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because plants are not healthy\Nenough to ward off pests,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.32,0:05:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we then need to do what?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.83,0:05:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We spray pesticides,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.38,0:05:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the crops which are meant\Nfor human consumption.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.02,0:05:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we spray pesticides,\Nwe have a decline in what?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.100,0:05:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very predator insects\Nwhich would take care of the pests
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.68,0:05:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we are spraying.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.46,0:05:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have a decline in pollinators.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.35,0:05:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can hardly pick up\Na paper or a magazine today
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.94,0:05:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without reading about\Nthe plight of our pollinators.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.02,0:06:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These pollinators are critical\Nin our crop production.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.60,0:06:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current production model\Nis all about killing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.75,0:06:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it be weeds, a fungus, a pest,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.96,0:06:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our diversity, or our profit.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.27,0:06:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at these projections
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.80,0:06:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just put out by North Dakota\NState University.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.57,0:06:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're 2016 projections for some\Nof the major crops in our state.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.17,0:06:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every one of them\Nprojects a negative return.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.14,0:06:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What impact does that have
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.08,0:06:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the quality of life\Nof those producing that crop?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.66,0:06:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But take it a step further:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.34,0:06:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What impact does it have on our schools?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.15,0:06:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drive around this state of ours\Nand you'll see a lot of small towns
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.53,0:06:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fewer and fewer children\Nattending the schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.59,0:06:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What effect does that have\Non our businesses?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.54,0:06:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then on our communities?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.43,0:06:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What effect does the current\Nproduction model have on our health?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.59,0:06:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.92,0:07:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nutrient densities\Nof the foods that we produce
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.71,0:07:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have declined anywhere\Nfrom 15 to 65 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.43,0:07:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last 50 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.13,0:07:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has had many negative consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.31,0:07:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States\Nspends more on healthcare
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.32,0:07:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other developed\Ncountry in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.98,0:07:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet look at this - we lead the world\Nin the incidences of ADD,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.30,0:07:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ADHD, cancer, osteoporosis,\NAlzheimer's, autoimmune diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.90,0:07:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the list goes on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.43,0:07:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not acceptable.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.16,0:07:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It cannot continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.18,0:07:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the good news is there's another way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.54,0:07:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to share that with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.47,0:07:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's nature's way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.55,0:07:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how nature functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.48,0:07:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In nature, there's no mechanical tillage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.24,0:07:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet in our production model,\Nwe're tilling the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.23,0:07:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In nature, there's always armor\Non the soil surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.18,0:08:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protecting that soil from wind erosion,\Nwater erosion, evaporation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.71,0:08:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet in our production model,\Nthe fields lie bare.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.39,0:08:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature cycles water very efficiently.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.18,0:08:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's able to infiltrate\Ninto the soil profile,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.69,0:08:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, due to the large amount\Nof organic matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.33,0:08:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's held there, for such a time\Nit's needed by plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.18,0:08:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By destroying our soil resource,\Nwe can no longer infiltrate the water
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.31,0:08:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and store it for when it's needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.26,0:08:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature has living plant-root networks;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.15,0:08:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's things growing at all times\Nthroughout the growing season.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not that way with production agriculture.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.46,0:08:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So often we hear about\Nthe production model that we have today
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.68,0:08:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the "conventional model."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.02,0:08:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would argue that nature's way\Nis the conventional model,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.73,0:08:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's been around for eons of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.08,0:08:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of it this way: what did\Nthis land look like 400 years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.84,0:08:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had a lot of diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.04,0:09:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was diversity of plant species:\Nforbs, grasses, legumes, trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.01,0:09:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then also you had a diversity\Nof animals and insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.10,0:09:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all these worked together\Nto build a healthy ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.52,0:09:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's five principles\Nthat we must follow
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.98,0:09:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to follow nature's model.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.38,0:09:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are, number one: least amount\Nof mechanical disturbance possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.19,0:09:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On my own ranch, we have been\N100 percent zero till since 1994;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.78,0:09:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have not tilled the soil at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.27,0:09:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second tenet of soil health\Nis armor on the soil surface;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.31,0:09:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we always have the soil covered.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.94,0:09:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a picture of one\Nof our fields following seeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.18,0:09:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That field is no longer prone\Nto wind erosion or water erosion
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.94,0:09:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we're keeping armor\Non the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.29,0:10:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third tenet of soil health is diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.38,0:10:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My son teaches range land management\Nat the local community college.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.31,0:10:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He brought his students\Nout to one of our paddocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.30,0:10:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They counted over 140 different species\Nof grasses, forbs, and legumes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.23,0:10:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why don't we have that\Nin production agriculture today?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.19,0:10:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On our operation,\Nwe're trying to mimic it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.82,0:10:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just some of the cash crops\Nthat we grow on our operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.06,0:10:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't just grow one\Ncash crop, we grow many.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.11,0:10:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along with that, we do not grow\Ncash crops as monocultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.38,0:10:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the upper left there, that's oats\Nwith three types of clover growing in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.09,0:10:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the upper right is a very diverse\Ncool-season broadleaf mix.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.43,0:10:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lower left, that's corn\Nwith hairy vetch growing in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.86,0:10:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lower right, that's sunflowers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.54,0:10:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with over 19 species\Nof covers growing with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.84,0:10:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tremendous amount of diversity\Nfeeding soil biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.20,0:10:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have orchards on our operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.90,0:11:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These orchards, besides\Nproviding us with the fruit,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.66,0:11:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're able to have livestock\Ngrazing underneath them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.16,0:11:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus stacking enterprises.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.58,0:11:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have five acres\Nof vegetable production,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.16,0:11:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not as monocultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.90,0:11:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In between each of those corn rows\Nis rows of peas, beans, squash,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.18,0:11:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,zucchini, carrots, pumpkins,\Nand a variety of other species
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.34,0:11:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we get the benefit of diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.20,0:11:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourth tenet of soil health
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.58,0:11:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is leaving roots in the ground\Nas long as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.85,0:11:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to drive very far\Naround this state
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.60,0:11:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see that there are monocultures growing\Nfor only a short period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.20,0:11:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the land lays idle.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.77,0:11:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just some of the cover crop\Nspecies which we planted
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.83,0:11:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our operation this past year.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.17,0:11:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually planted\Nover 70 different species.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.86,0:11:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the time the snow\Nmelts in the spring,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.78,0:11:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the snow stays in early winter,\Nwe have a variety of species growing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.72,0:12:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our land to feed soil health.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.50,0:12:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're optimizing solar energy collection.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.64,0:12:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because how the system works is,\Nwe take sunlight through photosynthesis;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.64,0:12:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes carbon; that carbon\Nis transferred down to the roots,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.97,0:12:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it's leaked out as root exudates,\Nthat's what all the biology feeds on.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.38,0:12:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need that biology in order\Nto get the nutrients to the plant
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.58,0:12:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to nourish animals and people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.86,0:12:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For you see, if we have healthy soil,\Nwe're going to have clean air,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.65,0:12:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clean water, healthy plants,\Nhealthy animals, and healthy people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.07,0:12:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to focus on feeding biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.10,0:12:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along with this, then, we're able to feed
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.87,0:12:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the wildlife\Nthat's on our operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.22,0:12:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also feed a myriad\Nof different insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.97,0:12:50.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insects tend to get a bad rap.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.76,0:12:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like a wide variety of insects
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.50,0:12:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including all the predator insects\Nwhich take care of the pests.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.43,0:13:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to address our problems\Nthrough biological means
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.03,0:13:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not through chemical means.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr Jonathan Lundgren,\None of the world's foremost entomologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.35,0:13:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told me this:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.88,0:13:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For every insect species that's a pest,\Nthere's 1,700 that are beneficial.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.01,0:13:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why in production agriculture do we aim\Nat just killing that pest,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.49,0:13:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we should aim at providing habitat\Nfor all those beneficials?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.43,0:13:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason producers have a pest problem\Nis because of a lack of diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.98,0:13:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to think biologically.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.67,0:13:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fifth tenet of a healthy ecosystem\Nis animal impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On our operation we run\Na herd of 350 beef cows.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.87,0:13:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also grass finish that beef\Nbecause we know it's healthier,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.61,0:13:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both for us and for the animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.54,0:13:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a flock of sheep\Nand raise grass-finished lamb.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.37,0:13:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have pastured pork.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.90,0:13:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have broilers which are out on pasture.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.26,0:14:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have a flock of 750 laying hens\Nwhich are also out on pasture.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.84,0:14:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have bees.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.72,0:14:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those bees, besides pollinating our crop,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.43,0:14:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provide us with honey.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.64,0:14:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's what we've done on our operation.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.34,0:14:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we started in 1993 on the left,\Nwe had very shallow topsoil -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.05,0:14:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1.7 percent organic matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.62,0:14:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could only infiltrate\Na half of an inch of rainfall per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.62,0:14:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then went no-till.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.30,0:14:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started to diversify\Nthe cash crop rotation;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.98,0:14:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we noticed an improvement in soil health.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.78,0:14:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From there, we started\Nto add cover crops -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.75,0:14:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another improvement in soil health,\Nour organic matter levels rose,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.48,0:14:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our infiltration improved.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.27,0:14:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then started integrating\Nall of these livestock species
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.58,0:14:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on top of it -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.75,0:14:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another marked increase\Nin the health of our soil ecosystem.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.26,0:14:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in 2013, we actually\Nhave a plot of land
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.74,0:15:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now over\N11 percent organic matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.62,0:15:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same soils that in 1993
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.38,0:15:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could only infiltrate\Na half of an inch of rainfall per hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.90,0:15:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can now infiltrate\Nover 15 inches of rainfall per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.98,0:15:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done this without the use\Nof any synthetic fertilizers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.74,0:15:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pesticides, or fungicides.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.76,0:15:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done it by following\Nthe principles of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.88,0:15:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has led to a ranch that is profitable\Nevery year, regardless of price.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.06,0:15:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do this without taking part\Nin any government subsidies of any kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.69,0:15:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it be a crop insurance, EQIP, CSP,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.49,0:15:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any other form of government payment.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.03,0:15:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus, we are not a burden to society.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.16,0:15:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stacking of enterprises has allowed us
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.33,0:15:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce many more\Nnutrient dense calories of food
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.47,0:15:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a lower cost as compared\Nto the current production model.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.27,0:15:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, we can feed the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.100,0:15:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can do it in a way\Nthat regenerates our resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.49,0:16:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus, healing farms,\Nfamilies, and communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.60,0:16:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.