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It's a pleasure to be here

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in Edinburgh, Scotland,

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the birthplace of the needle and syringe.

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Less than a mile from here in this direction

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in 1853 a Scotsman

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filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.

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His name was Alexander Wood

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and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.

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This is the patent.

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What blows my mind when I look at it even today

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is that it looks almost identical

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to needle in use today

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Yet, it's 160 years old.

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So we turn to the field of vaccines

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most vaccines are delivered with

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the needle and syringe,

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this 160 year old technology.

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And credit where its due on many levels

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vaccines are a successful technology.

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After clean water and sanitation,

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vaccines are the one technology that has increased

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our life span the most.

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That's a pretty hard act to beat.

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But just like any other technology

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vaccines have their shortcomings

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and the needle, the needle and syringe

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is a key part within that narrative ...

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this old technology.

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So let's start with the obvious:

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many of us don't like the needle and syringe.

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I share that view.

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However, 20 percent of the population

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have a thing called needle phobia.

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That's more than disliking the needle

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that is actively avoiding being vaccinated

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because of needle phobia.

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And that's problematic in terms of the rollout

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of vaccines.

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Now related to this is another key issue

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which is needlestick injuries.

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And the WHO has figures

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that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year

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take place due to cross contamination

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with needlestick injuries.

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These are early deaths that take place.

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Now these are two things that 
you probably may have heard of

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but there are two other shortcomings of

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the needle and syringe you may not have heard about.

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One is it could be holding back

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the next generation of vaccines

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in terms of their immune responses.

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And the second is that it could be responsible

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for the problem of the cold chain

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that I'll tell you about as well.

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I'm going to tell you about some work that

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my team and I are doing in Australia

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at the University of Queensland

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on a technology of design

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to tackle those four problems.

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And that technology is called the Nanopatch.

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Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.

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To the naked eye

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it just looks like a square

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smaller than a postage stamp,

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but under a microscope

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what you see is thousands of tiny proejctions

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that are invisible to the human eye.

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And there's about 4 thousand projections

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on this particular square compared

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to the needle.

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And I've designed those projections

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to serve a key roll which is to work

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with the skin's immune system.

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So that's a very important function

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tied into the Nanopatch.

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Now we make the Nanopatch

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with a technique

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called deep reactive ion etching ...

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and this particular technique is one that's been

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borrowed from the semiconductor industry

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and therefore, is low costing

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and can be rolled out in large numbers.

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Now we dry coat vaccines to the projections

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of the Nanopatch

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and apply it to the skin.

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Now the simplest form of application

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is using our finger

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But our finger has some limitations.

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So we've devised an applicator

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and it's a very simple device

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you could call it a sophisticated finger

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it's a screen operated device.

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What we do is when we apply the Nanopatch to the skin

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as so

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immediately a few things happen

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so firstly the projections on

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the Nanopatch breach through the tough outer layer

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and the vaccine is very quickly released

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within less than a minute in fact.

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Then we can take the Nanopatch off

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and discard it

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And indeed we can make a reuse

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of the applicator itself.

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So that gives you an idea of

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the Nanopatch and immediately

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you can see some advantages

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talk about a thing needle free.

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These are projections that you can't even see

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and of course we get around the needle-phobia

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issue as well.

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Now if we take a step back and think about these other two

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really important advantages

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one is improved immune responses through delivery

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and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.

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So let's start with the first one

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this immune asdjfks idea takes a little while

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to get our head around

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but I'll try to explain it in simple terms

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So I'll take a step back and explain to you

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how vaccines work in a simple way

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So vaccines work by introducing to our body

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a thing called an antogen

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which is a safe form of a germ.

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Now that safe germ, that antogen,

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tricks our body into an immune repsonse

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learning and remembering how to deal with intruders

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When the real intruder comes along

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the body quickly mounts an immune response

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to deal with that vaccine

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and neutralizes the infection.

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So it does that well.

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Now, why it's done today

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with the needle and syringe

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is most vaccines are delivered with this old technology

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and the needle but it could be argued

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that the needle is holding back

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our immune responses

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it's missing our immune sweet spot

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So to describe this idea

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we need to take a journey through the skin

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starting with one of those projections

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and applying the Nanopatch to the skin

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and we see this kind of data

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Now this is real data

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that thing that we can see there is one projection

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from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin

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and those colors are different layers.

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Now to give you an idea of scale

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if the needle was shown here it be much bigger

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it be ten times bigger than the size of that screen

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going ten times deeper as well.

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It's off the grid in time

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You can see immediately that we have those projections in the skin

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that red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin

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but the brown layer

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and the magenta layer

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are jammed full of immune circles.

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As one example in the brown layer

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theres a certain type of cell called Langue

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and so every square millimeter of our body

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is jammed full of those Langerhan cells

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body that we have explained in this image

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but you can immediately see that the Nanopatch

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achieves that penetration deep

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we target thousands upon thousands of these particualar cells

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just residing in the hairs width

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surface of the skin

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now as the guy that has invented this thing

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and found out to do I find that exciting

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But so what?

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So what if you've targeted the cells

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in the world of vaccines

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what does that mean?

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The world of vaccines is getting better

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it's getting more systematic

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however, you still don't reallly know if a vaccine is going to work

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until you roll your sleeves up and vaccinate and wait

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it's a gambler's game even today

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So, we had to do that gamble.

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We obtained a new kind of vaccine, we applied it to Nanopatches

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and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin

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and this isn't a live animal.

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And we waited a month

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and this is what we found out:

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This is a data slide showing the immune responses that we've generated with a Nanopatch

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compared to the needle a syringe and --

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So in the horizontal access we have the dose show in Nanograms

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on the vertical access we have the immune response generated on that dashed line

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At that dashed line indicates the protection threshold

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If we're above that dashed line it's considered

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If we're below that line, it's not.

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So the red line is mostly that curve

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and as you see theres only one point achieved with the needle thats protected

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and thats with a high dose of 6 thousand nanograms

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but notice immediately the distinctly different curve that we achieve

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with the blue line.

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That's what's achieved with the nanopatch

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the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is a completely different

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immune- fads curve

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that's a real fresh opportunity

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suddenly we have a brand new leaver

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in the world of vaccines

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We can push it one way where we can take a vaccine that works

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but is too expensive and we can get protection

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with a hundredth of the dose

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Or we can take it afkdaslf

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down to ten cents and that's particularly important

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within the developing world

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But there's another angle to this as well

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you can take vaccines that currently don't work

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and get them over that line

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and get them protective

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And certainly in the world of vaccines

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that can be important

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let's consider the big three

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HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis

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they're responsible for about 7 thousand deaths per year

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and there is no adequate vaccination method for any of those.

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So potentially with this new leaver that we have with the Nanopatch

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we can help make that happen, we can push that leaver

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to help get those asdfkasfjla vaccines over the line.

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Now of course we've worked with the lab with many other vaccines

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that have attained similar responses and similar curves

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achieved with influenza

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I'd like to now switch to talk about

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another key shortcoming of today in vaccines

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and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.

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As the name suggests, it's the requirement of keeping a vaccine right from production

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all the through to when the vaccine is applied

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to keep it refrigerated.

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Now, that presents some logistical challenges

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but we have ways to do it.

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This is a slightly extreme case in point

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but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges

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in particular settings of what's required to get settings to maintain the cold chain

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if the vaccine is to warm the vaccine breaks down

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but interestingly the vaccine can be too cold

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and it will break down as well.

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The steaks are very high

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the WHR estimates that in Africa up to half

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the vaccines used there

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are considered to not be working properly because at some point

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the cold chain has fallen over

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So it's a big problem

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and it's tied in with the needle and syringe

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because the liquid at needs of refrigeration

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A key attribute of our Nanopatch is that the vaccine is dry

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and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.

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Within my lab theres we can keep the vaccine stored

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at twenty-three degree's celcius for more than a year

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without any loss

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That's an important improvement.

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(Applause)

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We're delighted about it as well.

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And the thing about it is that we've well and truly proven

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the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.

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And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.

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However, as an engineer,

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as a biomedical engineer

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and also as a human being,

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I'm not going to be satisfied until we've

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rolled this thing out and taken it out of the lab

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and got it to people in large numbers

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and particularly the people who need it the most.

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So we've commenced this particular journey

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and we've commenced it in an unusual way

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We've started with Papua New Guinea.

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Now Papua New Guinea

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is an example of a developing world country

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and its about the same size as France

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but it suffers from many of the key barriers

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existing within the world of todays vaccines.

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There's logistics:

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Within this country there are only 800 refrigerators

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to keep vaccines chilled.

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Many of them are old like this one in Port Moresby.

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Many of them are breaking down

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and many of them are not in the Highlands

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where they are required.

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That's a challenge.

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But also, Papua New Guinea

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has the worlds highest incidence of HPV,

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Human Papilloma Virus, the cervical cancer vaccine.

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Yet, that vacccine is not available in large numbers

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because it's too expensive.

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So for those two reasons

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with the attributes of the Nanopatch

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we've got into field

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and worked with the Nanopatch

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and taken it to Papua New Guinea

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and we'll be following that up shortly.

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Now doing this kind of work is not easy.

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It's challenging,

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but there's nothing else in the world

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I'd rather be doing.

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And as we look ahead

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I'd like to share with you a thought —

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it's the thought of a future where

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the 17 million deaths per year

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that we currently have

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due to infectious disease is a historical footnote.

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And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved

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by radically improved vaccines.

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Now standing here today in front of you

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at the birthplace of the needle and syringe

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a device that's 160 years old

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I'm presenting to you an alternative approach

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that could really help make that happen

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and it's the Nanopatch

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with it's attributes of being needle-free, pain-free

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the ability for removing the cold chain

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and improving the immunogenicity.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)