[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.04,0:00:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to speak about a forgotten conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.08,0:00:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a conflict that rarely\Nhits the headlines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.59,0:00:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens right here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.03,0:00:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.16,0:00:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, most people outside of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.60,0:00:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know much about the war in Congo,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.83,0:00:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let me give you\Na couple of key facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.29,0:00:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Congolese conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.94,0:00:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the deadliest conflict\Nsince World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.89,0:00:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has caused almost four million deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.21,0:00:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has destabilized most of central Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.99,0:00:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the past 18 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.85,0:00:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the largest ongoing\Nhumanitarian crisis in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.26,0:00:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.37,0:00:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a young humanitarian aid worker,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.30,0:00:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I met this woman who was my age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.50,0:00:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was called Isabelle.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.06,0:00:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local militias\Nhad attacked Isabelle's village.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.47,0:00:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had killed many men,\Nraped many women.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.23,0:00:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had looted everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.22,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but her husband stepped in,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.40,0:01:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said, "No,\Nplease don't take Isabelle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.42,0:01:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take me instead."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.86,0:01:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he had gone to the forest\Nwith the militias,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.90,0:01:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Isabelle had never seen him again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.87,0:01:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's because of people\Nlike Isabelle and her husband
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.84,0:01:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have devoted my career\Nto studying this world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.86,0:01:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we know so little about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.81,0:01:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although there is one story\Nabout Congo that you may have heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.59,0:01:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a story about minerals and rape.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.21,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Policy statements and media reports
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both usually focus on a primary cause\Nof violence in Congo
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.64,0:01:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- the illegal exploitation\Nand trafficking of natural resources --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.75,0:01:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the main consequence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.40,0:01:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- sexual abuse of women and girls\Nas a weapon of war.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.69,0:02:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, not that these two issues\Naren't important and tragic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.64,0:02:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are, but today,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.68,0:02:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to tell you a different story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.12,0:02:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to tell you a story\Nthat emphasizes a core cause
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.86,0:02:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the ongoing conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.57,0:02:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Violence in Congo\Nis in large part driven
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.52,0:02:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by local bottom-up conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.63,0:02:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that international peace efforts\Nhave failed to help address.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.64,0:02:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story starts from the fact\Nthat not only is Congo notable
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.57,0:02:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for being the world's worst\Nongoing humanitarian crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.24,0:02:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is also home\Nto some of the largest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.67,0:02:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,international peacebuilding\Nefforts in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.57,0:02:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Congo hosts the largest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.68,0:02:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most expensive United Nations\Npeacekeeping mission in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.42,0:02:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was also the site of the first\NEuropean-led peacekeeping mission,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.74,0:02:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for its first cases ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.29,0:02:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the International Criminal Court
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.62,0:03:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.77,0:03:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2006, when Congo held\Nthe first free national elections
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.67,0:03:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in its history,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.36,0:03:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many observers thought\Nthat an end to violence in the region
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.03,0:03:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had finally come.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.42,0:03:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The international community
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.05,0:03:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lauded the successful\Norganization of these elections
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.30,0:03:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as finally an example\Nof successful international intervention
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.97,0:03:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a failed state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.34,0:03:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the eastern provinces
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.12,0:03:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have continued to face\Nmassive population displacements
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.49,0:03:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and horrific human rights violations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.83,0:03:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly before I went\Nback there last summer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.32,0:03:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a horrible massacre
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.71,0:03:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the province of South Kivu.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.22,0:03:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirty-three people were killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.58,0:03:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were mostly women and children,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.98,0:03:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many of them were hacked to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.44,0:03:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the past eight years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.27,0:04:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fighting in the eastern provinces\Nhas regularly reignited
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.01,0:04:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full-scale civil and international war.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.44,0:04:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So basically, every time we feel\Nthat we are on the brink of peace,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.100,0:04:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the conflict explodes again.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.90,0:04:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.62,0:04:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why have the massive international efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.59,0:04:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,failed to help Congo achieve lasting peace
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.19,0:04:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and security?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.39,0:04:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, my answer to this question
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.01,0:04:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revolves around two central observations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.29,0:04:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, one of the main reasons\Nfor the continuation of violence in Congo
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.35,0:04:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is fundamentally local,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.36,0:04:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I say local,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.78,0:04:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really mean at the level\Nof the individual, the family,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.82,0:04:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the clan, the municipality,\Nthe community, the district,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.07,0:04:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes the ethnic group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.95,0:04:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, you remember the story\Nof Isabelle that I told you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.48,0:04:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the reason why militias\Nhad attacked Isabelle's village
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.12,0:05:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was because they wanted to take the land
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.79,0:05:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the villagers needed\Nto cultivate food and to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.88,0:05:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second central observation\Nis that international peace efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.71,0:05:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have failed to help\Naddress local conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.49,0:05:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the presence\Nof a dominant peacebuilding culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.60,0:05:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I mean is that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.97,0:05:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Western and African diplomats,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.15,0:05:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.38,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the staff of most\Nnongovernmental organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that work with the resolution of conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.79,0:05:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they all share a specific way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.30,0:05:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of seeing the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.59,0:05:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was one of these people,\Nand I shared this culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.61,0:05:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I know all too well how powerful it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.81,0:05:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout the world,\Nand throughout conflict zones,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.48,0:05:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this common culture shapes\Nthe intervener's understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.29,0:05:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the causes of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.77,0:06:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as something that is primarily located
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.36,0:06:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the national and international spheres.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.51,0:06:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shapes our understanding\Nof the path to world peace
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.30,0:06:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as something again that requires\Ntop down intervention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.11,0:06:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address national\Nand international tensions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.10,0:06:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it shapes our understanding\Nof the roles of foreign actors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.84,0:06:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as engaging in national\Nand international peace processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.62,0:06:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more importantly,\Nthis common culture
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enables international peacebuilders
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.14,0:06:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ignore the micro-level tensions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.56,0:06:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that often jeopardize\Nthe macro-level settlements.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.41,0:06:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance, in Congo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.94,0:06:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of how they are\Nsocialized and trained,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.80,0:06:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United Nations officials,\Ndonors, diplomats,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.65,0:06:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the staff of most\Nnongovernmental organizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.60,0:06:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they interpret continued fighting\Nand massacres as a top-down problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.24,0:07:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To them, the violence they see
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.86,0:07:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the consequence of tensions\Nbetween President Kabila
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.55,0:07:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and various national opponents,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.22,0:07:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tensions between Congo,\NRwanda, and Uganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.22,0:07:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, these\Ninternational peacebuilders
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.98,0:07:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,view local conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.51,0:07:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as simply the result\Nof national and international tensions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.08,0:07:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insufficient state authority,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.50,0:07:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they call\Nthe Congolese people's
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.84,0:07:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so-called "inherent\Npenchant for violence."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.76,0:07:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dominant culture\Nalso constructs intervention
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.32,0:07:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the national and international levels
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.15,0:07:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the only natural and legitimate task
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.70,0:07:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.65,0:07:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it elevates the organization
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.97,0:07:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of general elections,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.04,0:07:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now a sort of cure-all,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.06,0:07:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the most crucial state\Nreconstruction mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.98,0:08:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over more effective\Nstate-building approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.12,0:08:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that happens not only in Congo
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.11,0:08:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also in many other conflict zones.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.18,0:08:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's dig deeper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.75,0:08:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the other main sources of violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.28,0:08:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Congo, continuing violence
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.09,0:08:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is motivated not only by the national\Nand international causes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.88,0:08:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also by longstanding\Nbottom-up agendas
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.54,0:08:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose main instigators\Nare villagers, traditional chiefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.37,0:08:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,community chiefs, or ethnic leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.60,0:08:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many conflicts revolve around political,\Nsocial, and economic stakes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.41,0:08:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are distinctively local.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.35,0:08:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, there is\Na lot of competition
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.21,0:08:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the village or district level
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.72,0:08:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over who can be chief of village\Nor chief of territory
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.29,0:08:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to traditional law,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.85,0:08:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who can control\Nthe distribution of land
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.01,0:09:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the exploitation\Nof local mining sites.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.46,0:09:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This competition often results\Nin localized fighting,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.44,0:09:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance in one village or territory,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.22,0:09:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite frequently,\Nit escalates into generalized fighting,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.42,0:09:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so across a whole province,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.29,0:09:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even at times\Ninto neighboring countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.03,0:09:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.61,0:09:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Congolese of Rwandan descent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.70,0:09:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the so-called indigenous communities
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.88,0:09:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Kivus.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.08,0:09:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This conflict started in the 1930s\Nduring Belgian colonization,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.42,0:09:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when both communities competed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.67,0:09:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over access to land and to local power.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.55,0:09:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in 1960,\Nafter Congolese independence,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.01,0:09:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it escalated because each camp
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.93,0:09:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to align with national politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.93,0:09:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still to address their local agendas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.78,0:09:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, at the time\Nof the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.24,0:10:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these local actors allied\Nwith Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.51,0:10:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but still to advance their local agendas\Nin the province of the Kivus.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.85,0:10:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since then, these local disputes\Nover land and local power
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.28,0:10:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have fueled violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.16,0:10:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have regularly jeopardized
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.51,0:10:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the national and\Ninternational settlements.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.87,0:10:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can wonder why\Nin these circumstances
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.66,0:10:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the international peacebuilders\Nhave failed to help implement
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.98,0:10:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,local peacebuilding programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.02,0:10:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is that\Ninternational interveners
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.54,0:10:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.03,0:10:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an unimportant, unfamiliar,\Nand illegitimate task.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.11,0:10:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very idea of becoming involved\Nat the local level clashes fundamentally
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.94,0:10:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with existing cultural norms,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.68,0:11:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it threatens\Nkey organizational interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.81,0:11:06.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, the very identity\Nof the United Nations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.100,0:11:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this macro-level\Ndiplomatic organization
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.50,0:11:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be upended
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.94,0:11:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.45,0:11:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the result is that\Nneither the internal resistance
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.100,0:11:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the dominant ways of working
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.57,0:11:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor the external shocks
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.83,0:11:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have managed to convince\Ninternational actors
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.66,0:11:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they should reevaluate\Ntheir understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.40,0:11:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of violence and intervention.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.02,0:11:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so far, there have been\Nonly very few exceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.57,0:11:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have been exceptions,\Nbut only very few exceptions
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.06,0:11:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this broad pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.21,0:11:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to wrap up,\Nthe story I just told you
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.70,0:11:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a story about how\Na dominant peacebuilding culture
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.74,0:11:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shapes the intervener's understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.73,0:11:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the causes of violence are,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.61,0:12:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how peace is made,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.28,0:12:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what interventions should accomplish.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.90,0:12:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These understandings enable\Ninternational peacebuilders
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.50,0:12:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ignore the micro-level foundations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.66,0:12:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are so necessary\Nfor sustainable peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.42,0:12:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The resulting inattention\Nto local conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.25,0:12:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leads to inadequate peacebuilding\Nin the short term
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.06,0:12:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and potential war resumption\Nin the long term.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.36,0:12:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's fascinating\Nis that this analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.21,0:12:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helps us to better understand\Nmany cases of lasting conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.83,0:12:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and international intervention failures,\Nin Africa and elsewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.80,0:12:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local conflicts fuel violence\Nin most war and post-war environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.07,0:12:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Afghanistan to Sudan\Nto Timor-Leste,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.90,0:12:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the rare cases\Nwhere there have been comprehensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.81,0:12:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.45,0:13:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these attempts have been successful\Nat making peace sustainable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.26,0:13:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the best examples is the contrast
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.100,0:13:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the relatively peaceful\Nsituation in Somaliland,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.55,0:13:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which benefited from sustained\Ngrassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.38,0:13:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the violence prevalent\Nin the rest of Somalia,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.77,0:13:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where peacebuilding\Nhas been mostly top-down.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.30,0:13:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are several other cases
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.25,0:13:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which local, grassroots\Nconflict resolution
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.96,0:13:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has made a crucial difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.42,0:13:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we want international\Npeacebuilding to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.18,0:13:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in addition to any top-down intervention,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.87,0:13:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conflicts must be resolved\Nfrom the bottom up.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.64,0:13:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, it's not that national\Nand international tensions don't matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.63,0:13:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.25,0:13:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not that national\Nand international peacepbuilding
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.16,0:13:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.76,0:13:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.15,0:14:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it is that both macro-level\Nand micro-level peacebuilding are needed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.26,0:14:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make peace sustainable,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.97,0:14:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and local nongovernmental organizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.36,0:14:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,local authorities,\Nand civil society representatives
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.31,0:14:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be the main actors
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.40,0:14:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bottom-up process.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.03,0:14:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So of course, there are obstacles.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.37,0:14:18.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Local actors often lack the funding
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.79,0:14:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes the logistical means\Nand the technical capacity
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.66,0:14:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to implement effective,\Nlocal peacebuilding programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.31,0:14:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So international actors\Nshould expand their funding and support
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.25,0:14:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for local conflict resolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.20,0:14:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As for Congo, what can be done?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.06,0:14:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After two decades of conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.89,0:14:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the deaths of millions,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.07,0:14:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's clear that we need\Nto change our approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.70,0:14:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on my field research,\NI believe that international
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.85,0:14:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Congolese actors
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.73,0:14:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should pay more attention\Nto the resolution of land conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.38,0:15:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the promotion\Nof inter-community reconciliation.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.07,0:15:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,\Nin the province of the Kivus,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.32,0:15:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Life & Peace Institute\Nand its Congolese partners
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.06,0:15:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have set up inter-community forums
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.12,0:15:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discuss the specifics\Nof local conflicts over land,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.61,0:15:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these forums have found solutions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.95,0:15:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help manage the violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.55,0:15:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the kind of program\Nthat is sorely needed
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.29,0:15:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout eastern Congo.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.52,0:15:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's with programs like this
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.24,0:15:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can help people\Nlike Isabelle and her husband.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.92,0:15:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these will not be magic wands,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.83,0:15:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they take into account\Ndeeply rooted causes of the violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.52,0:15:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could definitely be game-changers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.28,0:15:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.76,0:15:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)