WEBVTT
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36C3 preroll music
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Herald: Welcome to the world of quantum
computing. Well, most of you is gonna just
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gonna say, ah, that stuff is just for
cracking RSA keys. But there is actually a
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little bit more to that. It's interesting
stuff. And our next speaker, Yann Allain
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is going to introduce this world of
quantum computing to us. And he's gonna
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show us a couple of application scenarios
and how to build your or our own quantum
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computer. Yann.
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Applause
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Yann: Salut, hello everybody, Guten Tag,
alle - this is the only word I know in
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Deutsch. We will begin this session by try
to convince you that building a quantum
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computer at home is still possible. This
is the agenda. We are in a INFOSEC
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security conference. Why bother with
quantum computing when we work at
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cybersecurity? We will try to explain to
you in a simply manner how to our quantum
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computer works. We will explain to you,
how we build our own quantum computer. And
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of course, because we are CCC, we need to
know how to hack into a quantum computer.
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So, let me introduce myself a little bit.
So, I'm Yann Allain, I am French. I'm used
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to share my project with some security
conferences: Hack In the Box, Blackhat.
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I was a speaker and trainer in this type
of conference. It's the first time for me in
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CCC, so it's very cool. I'm mostly an
entrepreneur, an engineer. And of course,
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my new company, NextGenQ, which stands for
Next Generation of Quantum Computer is a
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quantum company. I work in the INFOSEC
security since 25 years now. So I'm a
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veteran of these domain. I fight again "I
love you" very seasoned slammer worm. If
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you remember those worm and my past
activities are related to software and
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hardware security. So why bother with
quantum computing when we work in
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cybersecurity? If you want to make some
difficult calculation on areas like sci., for
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example, to factor... a large number on a
classical computer, it will take 10 to the
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power of 34 steps. It's a big number and
it will take on a normal computer 300
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trillion of years. It's a long, long time.
It's why we say that RSA is secure. On a
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quantum computer we have a specific
algorithm called Shor algorithm. It take
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only 10 to the power of 7 steps. It's a
smaller number and it takes only 10
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seconds. However, you could think that the
statement is a little bit overhyped. Yes
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and no. No, because Shor algorithm is able
to break RSA. This is the goal of this
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algorithm in the human time. However, at
the moment we speak - to break a big
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number with this algorithm you need to
have a much bigger quantum computer that
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exists nowadays. For example, you need 4
thousands ideal qubits quantum computer.
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It doesn't exist for the moment. However,
quantum computing could be used also for
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some benefits for our domain of INFOSEC
cybersecurity. There is many advantage on
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the corner. You can use a quantum computer
or quantum technology to generate true
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random number. This is useful for
cryptography. You can deploy what is
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called blind quantum computing. In fact,
blind quantum computing is the ultimate
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privacy for the cloud, for example. Some
guys try to launch, what they call a
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Quantum Internet. It's not so easy as
cable networks and with a particular
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future for us, that could be cool to use
if you use a Quantum Internet. Everyone
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that tried to spy you on the line will be
detected. So it could be very useful. And
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of course, quantum computing brings to
the massive new power of processing.
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But, how those computer works? This is the
1 slide quantum mechanic course. Why does
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a fancy new quantum computer are so
powerful? In classical computing, we use
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bits. A bit is only in two states, 1 or 0.
In quantum computing we replace the bits
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by the quantum bits, which we call then
qubits. These qubits follow the quantum
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mechanical principle called superposition.
And this principle is able to do, to
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provide to the user several step at
the same time. So if you use a qubit, the
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qubit could be in the state of 0 and 1
nearly at the same time. It's not exactly
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what it is, but for us as a computer
scientist, we could understand that it's a
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zero and 1 at the same time. And of
course, if a quantum computer. This is a
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quantum computer wants to manage to deal
with all this qubits. It deals with all
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the solution of the quantum register at
the same time. So it will speed up the
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process of data computing because you take
all the space generated by these quantum
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register and in one clock time
the computer process all
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solution. This is mainly why and how the
quantum computing is so powerful. So it's
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cool. So I want to build my own qubits. So
this is my journey to build my own quantum
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computer. And you will see that there
is some success and failure in most of the
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time. And I'm in the middle of this. So,
I need to choose a technology to build
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my own qubit's hardware. This talk is mainly
about hardwear. How to build your own
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hardrwear, to build your own quantum
computer. So my ingredients, I need to
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find a suport at the hardware level that
behave like quantum mechanic. Say you need
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to be able to do a quantum computer. So I
need to find something that's behaving at
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atomic scale. I need to be able to build
it. So I want to be able to use my do-it-
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yourself skills. And I want that my
quantum computer works at room
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temperature. If it could be stable
machine, it could be the best. There is
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many, many technology to build you on
qubits. This one called superconducting
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qubits is used by a small startup like
IBM, Google. Mainly the big one use this
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technology. Microsoft tried to use this
technology. This technology with Diamond
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vacancy is used by university in Australia
and in Ireland, I think. And of course, I
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use this technology. I use the technology
called trap ions. So I trapped ions to
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make a quantum computer. So my low level
hardware support and device to do some
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calculation with my quantum computer is
atom. Why I choose an atom to make some
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fancy new qantum computer? The main
reason is because I think I may be able to
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build it in my garage. It's enough
affordable and well spread technology
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because we use technology that has been
developed in 1945. There is a lot of
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experience with this type of technology.
And the main reason, in fact, the qubit
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quality is better than any other technology.
We have a long coherence time.
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If you have a long quantum coherence time,
you can make much larger program, for
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example. So we need to share a bit of
theory to understand how this type of
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computer works or I have a choice. I made
a choice. I could have take time to make
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dozens of equations mainly I don't
understand those equation to explain to
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you how to make some calculation with
ions. But I found a video on YouTube and I
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would like to share you this two minutes
only video to let you understand how at a
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theoretical point of view a quantum
computer based on ion trap works. Let's
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see if it works.
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background music starts
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Video: .. electrically charged atoms make
for excellent qubits. This kind of
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research has paved the way for a quantum
computer prototype. Like an ordinary bit,
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a qubit can be a 1 or a 0. A Qubit differs
from a bit because it can also be in
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combinations of these two states. An ion
qubit is made from two of its energy
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levels. Ions of the same type are
identical. So adding more qubits is
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simple. You just need to add more ions to
the system. This is a major plus because a
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quantum computer will need lots and lots
of qubits. Qubits must be configured in
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certain quantum states in order to perform
quantum tasks. In an iron trap, taylored
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Laser pulses can change the energy of an
eye on setting it into quantum state 1, 0
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or a combination of the two. The qubit
surrounding environment sometimes sneakes
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in and destroys the qubit state, a covert
act that can ruin a computation. But some
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ion energy levels are naturally isolated
and scientists have come up with clever
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ways of adding an extra layers of
protection. Quantum computer calculations
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are made from steps called Logic Gates.
This will often involve more than one
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qubit, which means the qubits should be
connected in some way in an iron trap.
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Neighboring ion qubits are connected
through their collective motion. This
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happens because of their electrical
repulsion. Laser pulses target the motion,
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enabling gates between any pair of qubits.
To get the result of a calculation,
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scientists need to tell whether a qubit is
in state 1 or 0. Shining laser pulses onto
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the ions makes only one of the two qubit
levels flouress. So the result, light or
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no light, gives information about the
calculation. Because many qubits are
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needed, quantum devices must be designed
to be scalable. Researchers can only cram
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so many ions next to each other in a
single ion trap before they get too
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unruly. But with modules each containing
tens or hundreds of ions, they can start
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to wire up a large scale quantum computer.
Flight from individual ion modules can be
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collected, allowing ion qubits from
separate modules to communicate using
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photons rather than their motion. So far,
scientists wired up two such modules and
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they are getting ready to deploy larger
devices using several more.
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background music stops
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Yann: So now, congratulation, you are
experts in ion trap quantum computing. A
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two minute video only is necessary.
However, we like to build this quantum
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computer. So the plan is the following. We
need some ions. You know that now. You
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need an ion trap. You need a vacuum
chamber because we need to isolate our
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atom from the environment to maintain the
quantum states. We need some laser, as you
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show in the video, to manipulate the
quantum states. We need some low level
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software, to timely send the pulse of
laser to manipulate the ions. And we
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need a camera to measure the ions quantum
states. It's easy, no? So let's go to the
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difficult parts, I think mainly I would
like to say that it's a work in progress.
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It's good, well, to say that it doesn't
finished. And, just an alert, we need to
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manipulate, very high power electric voltages.
So if you want to do this at home, do it
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at your own risk. It's not my fault. So
how to create? First, we need to create an
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ion trap. How to create an ion trap and
what is an iron trap? An iron trap is
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mainly a bunch of electrode with specific
3D or 2D geometry. We send to the
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electrode medium to high power voltage. AC
voltage, alternative voltage. From 200 V
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to 6 kV. It's a big number for a voltage.
We will use moderate to high frequency.
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This is due to the trap theory. Someone
have won the Nobel Prize to explain that
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to trap an atom, you need to use an
alternating voltage. And this electric
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voltage will make an electric field, and
the goal of the electric field with the
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trap is just to maintain all the atom in a
chain that will float over the air, over
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the trap. So how to achieve that at a
small, small company budget, we say,
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because it's not for our best, I think.
Let's go. So I use my ultra high tech
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military grade garage. I use 3D printer,
local CNC machine, PCB milling techniques,
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only open source software. KiCad, FreeCAD,
FlatCAM. KiCad for the electronics,
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FreeCAD for the mechanics and FlatCAM for
the CNC. I used some high voltage
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transformer, classical electronics and of
course isolated gloves. Security first.
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Safety first, sometime. And of course, I
use eBay as a main procurement utility.
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First try. I need to make a classical
Paul trap, of course, when I
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don't know, how it works, I go to Google
and I find that some institution like CERN
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have a project to make an ion trap from
3D printed parts. I use conductive ink and
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only high voltage power supply. So I need
to build this. There is the high voltage...
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air, two electrodes and one ring
electrodes. The goal is to trap ions with
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that. So this is the main laboratory I
use. So you have a variac. We take the
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electric plug from your domestic electric
network. The high transformer and air. So
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the 3D printed, you have two electrode and
the camera. This is the electrode. It's a
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very safe wiring system. For safety
reason, I put some resistance here just to
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limit the currents. The first time.
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laughter
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Yann: In a more closer way you will see
that the high voltages is coming from
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this. We will apply the voltages to the
electrode. And the camera is here. Just
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see what the electrode will do. It works.
I'm succeeding trapping some macro
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particles. This is not ion for demonstrational
purposes, but we succeed to
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trap in the electrode some particles.
Macro particles. But we have a first
00:19:28.140 --> 00:19:34.110
failure because with this geometry, we
couldn't shine correctly the laser to
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manipulate the quantum state. First
failure. Second try. We need to to make,
00:19:40.840 --> 00:19:48.450
another ion trap based on a new topology
or new geometry of electrode. And this
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time we use a linear port to facilitate
the laser shining. So again, I need to
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design on my own this new type because
the CERN don't provide me the 3D
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printed parts. I use conductive ink and
high voltages. So the goal is to design
00:20:10.540 --> 00:20:18.910
this. And in this trap you will see
that we will trap the ion in the chain in
00:20:18.910 --> 00:20:32.220
the middle of the trap. So I use my 3D
printer. I make some rods. The supports.
00:20:32.220 --> 00:20:41.600
Some electrodes. I built all the system
and I plug the cable, the wiring and the
00:20:41.600 --> 00:20:49.770
trap. The particle will be trapped in
these regions. For this second trap I
00:20:49.770 --> 00:20:56.539
didn't use a resistance to limit the
currents, so it's impossible to touch this
00:20:56.539 --> 00:21:00.940
electrode because of death.
00:21:00.940 --> 00:21:06.780
laughter
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Yann: And it works, again.
00:21:11.176 --> 00:21:17.429
applause
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Yann: And in fact, this is a chain of
particles that nearly clearly aligned. And
00:21:24.430 --> 00:21:33.289
this is my first quantum register of eight
particles. But, this is the biggest
00:21:33.289 --> 00:21:40.760
failure, I need to put this ion trap in
the vacuum chamber. A vacuum chamber is
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this type of thing. It's a big bunch of
metal and we put the iron trap inside
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this. However, first, why we need a vacuum
chamber? To be able to isolate particle
00:22:03.580 --> 00:22:10.589
from the other atoms in atmosphere to
avoid collision between atoms. Because if
00:22:10.589 --> 00:22:15.159
we have collision between atoms, the
quantum state is destroyed and the quantum
00:22:15.159 --> 00:22:23.430
processing is destroyed also. So we need a
vacuum chamber. That's for them. 3D
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printing parts are not compatible with
Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) environments. So
00:22:28.810 --> 00:22:38.940
it's a big fail? Are we doomed? Maker is
our job, really. So we need to find a new
00:22:38.940 --> 00:22:44.390
solution. We have found one. So I need to
find some materials that are compatible
00:22:44.390 --> 00:22:57.790
with UHV environments to build an ion
trap. I ask the NASA, because NASA sends
00:22:57.790 --> 00:23:06.630
electronics in space. Space is like a big
vacuum chamber. So they have a list of
00:23:06.630 --> 00:23:12.070
materials publicly available to be able to
use some material that are compatible with
00:23:12.070 --> 00:23:21.779
a space condition. They are professionals.
So what are the candidates, the material
00:23:21.779 --> 00:23:29.320
candidates for my ion trap? I need to use
some gold for electronic conductor. I need
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to use ceramic for mechanical supports and
Kapton cable for wiring inside the vacuum
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chamber. So maker is really, really our
job, because I need to find an idea to
00:23:45.780 --> 00:23:55.730
transform my 3D printed linear ion trap to
somthing that is compatible with UHV
00:23:55.730 --> 00:24:04.130
environments. So I need to read the
manual. There is a lot of literature on
00:24:04.130 --> 00:24:13.590
quantum computers on Google, on Internet.
So I have a bunch of books about quantum
00:24:13.590 --> 00:24:23.590
mechanics and research paper are
full of details. I found this: some guys
00:24:23.590 --> 00:24:31.549
in 62 transform a linear Paul trap
with rods to a planar ion trap with planar
00:24:31.549 --> 00:24:48.380
or surface electrodes. That's cool. So I
need to transform this. To that. Oh, boy.
00:24:48.380 --> 00:24:59.970
I need to make my own chip. Price for
complete chip factories are around 200 M$.
00:24:59.970 --> 00:25:07.490
I called Intel, they don't want to sell me
one. And it's a bit out of my budget
00:25:07.490 --> 00:25:15.470
scope. A bit. Let's think this five
minutes through to find a solution. In
00:25:15.470 --> 00:25:21.950
fact, it took me two months to find an
affordable solution to do that. So I
00:25:21.950 --> 00:25:30.499
wanted to make a new design like a boss,
of ion trap. I use a CNC, a 300$ CNC, come
00:25:30.499 --> 00:25:38.490
from Amazon. And then I found an empty
ceramic chip carrier on eBay from a
00:25:38.490 --> 00:25:47.190
Norwegian guy. And I designed a simple
KiCad PCB. So I use this. This is the
00:25:47.190 --> 00:25:54.500
ceramic chip supports. And what you
see in yellow - it's gold. I designed in
00:25:54.500 --> 00:26:01.679
KiCad this PCB and this time we apply
electric field, high voltage electric
00:26:01.679 --> 00:26:06.740
field to this electrode, this one and
those one, and it creates an electric
00:26:06.740 --> 00:26:21.824
field to align all the macro particles of
the ion in this line. And this is
00:26:21.824 --> 00:26:29.377
how I made my quantum computer chip.
00:26:29.377 --> 00:26:33.490
applause
00:26:33.490 --> 00:26:38.220
Yann: Thank you. And the better
is that it works.
00:26:38.220 --> 00:26:46.177
applause
00:26:46.177 --> 00:26:49.010
So, tada, I have my first quantum
00:26:49.010 --> 00:26:57.210
computer done on my garage and just
keep calm and except I'm a boss.
00:26:57.210 --> 00:26:58.620
laughter
00:26:58.620 --> 00:27:04.549
Yann: And it is not just a slide. Well,
because if you want to see one of my
00:27:04.549 --> 00:27:12.700
prototype, I bring it so you can touch it
and see how it works. But when you design
00:27:12.700 --> 00:27:20.250
such complex things; I am not a physicist,
I'm just an engineer. A crazy one. But how
00:27:20.250 --> 00:27:26.809
to be sure that I am on the right road. I
went to the Science Museum in London few
00:27:26.809 --> 00:27:34.700
few months ago, and there's this
exhibition from our friend of GCHQ. Do you
00:27:34.700 --> 00:27:42.559
know what GCHQ is? It's like doing stuff
of the UK and they made an exhibition
00:27:42.559 --> 00:27:53.029
about cryptography. And in this museum,
they present a quantum computer based on
00:27:53.029 --> 00:28:03.539
ion trap technology. Thanks. This is the
experimental part they show in this museum
00:28:03.539 --> 00:28:10.340
about quantum computer. In the right
corner of this exhibition there is a
00:28:10.340 --> 00:28:17.070
wafer. On the wafer you have the electric
design that they done to make their own
00:28:17.070 --> 00:28:31.758
iron trap. This is the design of the GCHQ.
This is mine. I think I'm on the right road.
00:28:31.758 --> 00:28:39.010
applause
00:28:39.010 --> 00:28:42.640
Yann: Of course, I need to build my own
vacuum chamber, it's not the difficult
00:28:42.640 --> 00:28:47.659
part, the vacuum chamber. It's just metal,
you need not... you need some nuts, bolts,
00:28:47.659 --> 00:28:54.269
thin metal and pumps. A lot of pumps to
suck out all the air in the vacuum. So I
00:28:54.269 --> 00:29:01.779
bought off eBay a different type of pumps.
I like my vacuum chamber. This one, pretty
00:29:01.779 --> 00:29:10.500
one. And I put the ion trap inside the
vacuum chamber. And for now I'm working on
00:29:10.500 --> 00:29:15.519
the laser, an optical setup. And this is
the main difficult part for this quantum
00:29:15.519 --> 00:29:22.330
computer because with fancy, new, numerous
wavelength for laser and we need to have a
00:29:22.330 --> 00:29:28.220
very precise wavelength to be able to
manage all the atom, the energy level of
00:29:28.220 --> 00:29:37.149
the atom to make some calculation. So, of
course, I could have and I have asked some
00:29:37.149 --> 00:29:46.940
professional of these devices to send me
some proposal. A laser costs around 25 k€.
00:29:46.940 --> 00:29:56.860
A rule at least for this type of
instrumentation. Or you can do it yourself
00:29:56.860 --> 00:30:08.350
from 2 k€. So I decide to make my own
laser setup. I'm not a laser, optical or
00:30:08.350 --> 00:30:15.320
laser specialist. The first time I play
with laser. And there is everything on
00:30:15.320 --> 00:30:22.130
the web. You can learn everything with the
web. And I found this type of schematic
00:30:22.130 --> 00:30:29.570
you'd use either laser diode, some fancy
optical lense. grating mirror that lets
00:30:29.570 --> 00:30:37.440
you choose... mainly choose what the
reference frequency you want to use.
00:30:37.440 --> 00:30:45.200
There is a sort of loop control with PID
control, which is for an electrician like
00:30:45.200 --> 00:30:53.760
me normal things to do. I don't know why
all those fancy commercial product cost a
00:30:53.760 --> 00:31:00.840
lot. I don't know yet. Perhaps I will have
some failure in the future, but I don't
00:31:00.840 --> 00:31:11.139
know. So I ask a guy on the Internet
that's sold me a laser in kits. You can
00:31:11.139 --> 00:31:20.260
buy and mount you own laser. And this
laser is controlled by an arduino. So you
00:31:20.260 --> 00:31:30.450
have fancy mirror. The HeNe aluminum laser
tube and you can make your own laser at
00:31:30.450 --> 00:31:35.460
home also.
I need a bunch of optical mounts and
00:31:35.460 --> 00:31:43.960
supports to support the lens and mirror,
etc.. And as I bought a 3D printer for my
00:31:43.960 --> 00:31:49.519
iron trap that I can not use anymore
because I use a vacuum chamber. I use the
00:31:49.519 --> 00:31:57.330
3D printer to make all the optical mounts,
in fact. So it saved me my money again.
00:31:57.330 --> 00:32:02.730
However, you need to know that it's still
a long road to have a complete quantum
00:32:02.730 --> 00:32:07.400
computer because I need to set up all
these fancy optical and laser. This is my
00:32:07.400 --> 00:32:15.290
job at the moment. Mearly I have 6
months to one year of works. But the good
00:32:15.290 --> 00:32:21.730
news is that at the software level,
everything exists. If you need to have a
00:32:21.730 --> 00:32:29.150
quantum compiler to make your code, it
exist. At the moment, it's open source. If
00:32:29.150 --> 00:32:34.669
you need to have some firmware to
make some pulse and laser control, it
00:32:34.669 --> 00:32:42.559
exists. And it is open source. So I am
trying to convince you. Let me know if you
00:32:42.559 --> 00:32:50.960
agree with me, that doing a quantum
computer at home - it's doable. You agree?
00:32:50.960 --> 00:32:58.232
applause
00:32:58.232 --> 00:33:06.992
Yann: But we are at the CCC. How to hack
into a quantum computer. This is
00:33:06.992 --> 00:33:17.889
different part. It's easy. Just do what we
do when we are infosec guy. Do the same
00:33:17.889 --> 00:33:27.510
things we do as usual: Hack the weakest
link. You must know that when you build
00:33:27.510 --> 00:33:35.980
the quantum computer, there is few things
that behave in the quantum mechanical
00:33:35.980 --> 00:33:42.950
regime. You just only need this chip, for
example, and some laser. But all the
00:33:42.950 --> 00:33:50.049
equipment surrounding the quantum
parts of the quantum computer is classical
00:33:50.049 --> 00:33:58.289
system. This is wave generator. Classical
computer. Some IoTs, some programmable
00:33:58.289 --> 00:34:05.280
industrial systems. Sometimes they have IP
address. If they have IP address, they are
00:34:05.280 --> 00:34:10.090
vulnerable. So, the main I have to
know to hack into a quantum computer is to
00:34:10.090 --> 00:34:21.620
act the surrounding classical embedded
system. So. Small company that is a
00:34:21.620 --> 00:34:29.880
competitor of me. It's cool. It's a
startup called IBM. They used
00:34:29.880 --> 00:34:36.060
superconducting technology to build their
own quantum computer. Their processor is
00:34:36.060 --> 00:34:43.870
just behind this delusion of refrigerator
because they need to cool down their
00:34:43.870 --> 00:34:52.450
processor to be able to use the
superconducting capability. Mine work at
00:34:52.450 --> 00:34:59.941
room temperature. And surrounded this
processor, the researcher explained, this
00:34:59.941 --> 00:35:07.190
is a very good video to understand how
it works. And surrounded this quantum
00:35:07.190 --> 00:35:17.280
part of their quantum computer you have a
bunch of instruments. And if you zoom in,
00:35:17.280 --> 00:35:24.960
you see. If you zoom in this wave
generator, it's a wave generator to send
00:35:24.960 --> 00:35:39.042
pulse to the superconducting processor.
There is a sticker. And this sticker, in fact..
00:35:39.042 --> 00:35:52.680
laughter
00:35:52.680 --> 00:36:01.830
Yann: So, of course, for security reason,
I make some X to not show the complete
00:36:01.830 --> 00:36:14.330
passwords. So as a conclusion. I'm trying
to convince you that quantum computing and
00:36:14.330 --> 00:36:19.340
quantum computer hardware is doable at
home. So far cybersecurity or so-called
00:36:19.340 --> 00:36:27.146
cybersecurity specialist, you need to
make, to adapt your own risk analysis.
00:36:27.146 --> 00:36:37.860
Because it's doable at home. Just
understand that - is doable at home. They
00:36:37.860 --> 00:36:43.422
will, all these quantum computer will be
used for good, bad and ugly. Just
00:36:43.422 --> 00:36:53.090
remember, GCHQ has a prototype in the
museum. It would have fun if I could have
00:36:53.090 --> 00:37:02.204
seen the production quantum computer of
the GCHQ. Of course quantum computers are
00:37:02.204 --> 00:37:10.270
hackable as any normal computer. So it's a
good news for the cybersecurity industry.
00:37:10.270 --> 00:37:17.420
But you need as a community of maker in
CCC, we need to be prepared to learn and
00:37:17.420 --> 00:37:23.820
how to use them, how to ask them how to
program them and at the software level,
00:37:23.820 --> 00:37:30.300
just, you need to unlock your classical
brain, the classical software brain
00:37:30.300 --> 00:37:36.590
because if I want to mention something at
the software level, if you want to do some
00:37:36.590 --> 00:37:45.760
control codes, you need to be able to use
your code without any variables. You can't
00:37:45.760 --> 00:37:51.460
use variables in quantum codes because if
you use variable, you make a copy of a
00:37:51.460 --> 00:37:59.430
quantum state. Making a copy of a quantum
state is impossible. So you can't use them
00:37:59.430 --> 00:38:05.310
to make a vairables or use variables in
a new program and you can't debug it
00:38:05.310 --> 00:38:09.710
because if you debug it, you make a
measurement. If you make a measurement,
00:38:09.710 --> 00:38:15.760
you destroy the quantum states. So be
prepared to allow your brain to be able
00:38:15.760 --> 00:38:25.020
to make some code in the quantum world.
But it's fun. Some time. Thanks for your
00:38:25.020 --> 00:38:30.500
attention. And if you have any question,
it will be a pleasure. And as I'm French,
00:38:30.500 --> 00:38:47.291
I need to have a two hour lunchtime.
00:38:47.291 --> 00:38:52.430
Herald: Fantastic. Merci beaucoup.
We have a lot of time now for your
00:38:52.430 --> 00:38:55.970
questions, answers. Line up at the
microphones, please. And let's have a look
00:38:55.970 --> 00:39:01.170
if there is something from the Internet.
Yes, there is. So please. First one from
00:39:01.170 --> 00:39:07.508
the Internet.
Yann: Where is the Internet?
00:39:07.508 --> 00:39:12.650
Signal-Angel: All right. The Internet's
quite impressed by your talk. So that's
00:39:12.650 --> 00:39:16.451
just a statement. Like everyone's very
happy and pleased with your talk.
00:39:16.451 --> 00:39:19.339
Yann: Thanks to the Internet.
light laughter
00:39:19.339 --> 00:39:23.850
Signal-Angel: All right. You have a few
questions. So the first one is what
00:39:23.850 --> 00:39:29.200
properties should the element be chosen
for the ion trap?
00:39:29.200 --> 00:39:32.620
Yann: What? Sorry.
Signal-Angel: So what are the properties
00:39:32.620 --> 00:39:37.860
that should be looked at for choosing the
element for the iron trap?
00:39:37.860 --> 00:39:45.360
Yann: What atom? I think the person asked
what atom I used. I used the atom from
00:39:45.360 --> 00:39:52.820
calcium because those atoms have a
specific.. because there is a lot of
00:39:52.820 --> 00:40:00.440
literature available. So it's easy for me
to understand how it works. Researchers have
00:40:00.440 --> 00:40:05.180
done all the work before. And I used the
atom because there are some energy level
00:40:05.180 --> 00:40:15.426
in this atom that is better protected
from the environment.
00:40:15.426 --> 00:40:20.140
Herald: OK, let's quickly switch to
microphone number 3.
00:40:20.140 --> 00:40:26.196
Mic3: Thank you for it. Thank you
for your talk. My question is, what's the
00:40:26.196 --> 00:40:34.110
catch? If your design already exists in
prototypes out there and it seems so much
00:40:34.110 --> 00:40:38.310
easier than working with superconductors,
then why isn't everyone already doing
00:40:38.310 --> 00:40:42.300
this?
Yann: Why someone choose superconducting
00:40:42.300 --> 00:40:45.760
and not ion trap technologies? Is that
your question?
00:40:45.760 --> 00:40:47.760
Mic3: Correct.
Yann: I don't know.
00:40:47.760 --> 00:40:53.970
light laughter
Yann: Every time there is this type of
00:40:53.970 --> 00:40:58.740
question, why the big one used
superconducting technology and why are you
00:40:58.740 --> 00:41:07.090
using iron trap technology? Mainly the
answer could be that the big one is from
00:41:07.090 --> 00:41:13.500
the microelectronics domain. So a
superconducting qubit is done on a
00:41:13.500 --> 00:41:19.350
wafer. So it's usual for this type of
company to be able to build these
00:41:19.350 --> 00:41:26.734
type of qubits. I think it produced a
habit.
00:41:26.734 --> 00:41:29.963
Mic3: Okay, thank you.
Herald: Okay. Microphone number two,
00:41:29.963 --> 00:41:32.928
please.
Mic2: I'm very impressed. But.
00:41:32.928 --> 00:41:37.150
Okay. You mentioned that hobbyists can't
really afford this. A small company can.
00:41:37.150 --> 00:41:42.460
So just as a ballpark figure, I would like
to ask the question. Nice. How much?
00:41:42.460 --> 00:41:57.520
Yann: All I've shown you here. It cost
only less than 15 k€ of material for the
00:41:57.520 --> 00:42:05.934
moment. It is not for a hobbyist -
for small company.
00:42:05.934 --> 00:42:11.563
Herald: Okay, one question from the
Internet. Signal-Angel, please.
00:42:11.563 --> 00:42:16.460
Signal-Angel: All right. The next question
is: is your next step going to be singling
00:42:16.460 --> 00:42:21.310
out individual ions?
Yann: Sorry, can you repeat?
00:42:21.310 --> 00:42:26.150
Signal-Angel: Would your next step be
singling out individual ions for the next
00:42:26.150 --> 00:42:32.220
step in your quantum computer?
Yann: We try to manipulate single ions,
00:42:32.220 --> 00:42:38.650
but in fact, it's the goal with laser.
With laser you shine a laser of individual
00:42:38.650 --> 00:42:46.890
qubits. And with another laser, you make a
link between the ions with the common mode
00:42:46.890 --> 00:42:56.050
motion of the ion chain and you change the
state of an individual ions, you transfer
00:42:56.050 --> 00:43:00.990
the state of these individual ions to the
chain, which move because ions are
00:43:00.990 --> 00:43:07.260
electrically charged. So they repell each
other and this act as a bus and you
00:43:07.260 --> 00:43:13.920
transfer the quantum state information to
to a second ion to make a logic. So the
00:43:13.920 --> 00:43:24.200
goal effectively is to be able to
manipulate one ions. We shine a laser on
00:43:24.200 --> 00:43:31.480
the individual atoms. This is the goal.
Herald: Okay. Microphone number four,
00:43:31.480 --> 00:43:37.070
please.
Mic4: Google announced recently that they
00:43:37.070 --> 00:43:43.840
achieved the quantum supremacy. What is
your opinion on this theme?
00:43:43.840 --> 00:43:53.700
Yann: They have done a very good job
for that. I think they show to the world
00:43:53.700 --> 00:43:58.960
for the first time that a quantum
computer is able to do a calculation that a
00:43:58.960 --> 00:44:08.400
classical computer will never be able to
do in the classical world. However, is
00:44:08.400 --> 00:44:16.990
that calculation useful? I'm not sure,
except for one thing, it's able to
00:44:16.990 --> 00:44:25.470
certify the randomness of a number and it
could be useful for the cyber security
00:44:25.470 --> 00:44:33.710
world. So it's I think and for my company,
I have no money to spend to marketing
00:44:33.710 --> 00:44:39.570
thanks to Google because they show the
world the power of quantum computer. So
00:44:39.570 --> 00:44:45.270
it's cool for me.
Herald: Okay. Microphone number two,
00:44:45.270 --> 00:44:49.190
please.
Mic2: Hello. Thanks for the nice talk.
00:44:49.190 --> 00:44:53.360
I'm a material scientist from Offline
Gießen. Maybe you heard about our incident
00:44:53.360 --> 00:45:00.691
here. I was asking what are your current
problems with this? For example, I mean, I
00:45:00.691 --> 00:45:05.300
think I have too many questions to ask
here now. But for example, we saw that you
00:45:05.300 --> 00:45:11.521
had some like little pellets that were
floating over your structure. But these
00:45:11.521 --> 00:45:16.080
are not the atoms that you are trying to
to confine with each other so you can make
00:45:16.080 --> 00:45:21.990
calculations. So you didn't say anything
about how you are trying to achieve this?
00:45:21.990 --> 00:45:26.790
And what is your current state? I mean,
have you- could you start some crude
00:45:26.790 --> 00:45:31.960
calculations on this already or... ?
Yann: Not for the moment because I need
00:45:31.960 --> 00:45:36.750
to shine the laser in the right direction.
So for the moment, I am building the
00:45:36.750 --> 00:45:41.220
optical setup.
Mic4: Okay. All right. Maybe there are
00:45:41.220 --> 00:45:44.310
some possibilities how I could help you
with your project.
00:45:44.310 --> 00:45:48.260
Yann: You're welcome.
Mic4: I have an access. If I could ask the
00:45:48.260 --> 00:45:54.930
right people, I'm not in a position to
promise something to you now. But for
00:45:54.930 --> 00:45:59.960
example, we have an nano scribe laser
system with this like a 3D printer. But
00:45:59.960 --> 00:46:03.474
you can build things on nano levels, on
nano meter scale.
00:46:03.474 --> 00:46:08.800
Yann: What is the cost of using that?
Mic4: The cost of the printer is around
00:46:08.800 --> 00:46:11.800
300.000€.
Yann: Oh... I take it.
00:46:11.800 --> 00:46:17.910
Mic4: All right.
Yann: Thanks. Thanks. Thanks for your
00:46:17.910 --> 00:46:20.330
help.
Mic4: Maybe after the talk we can get in
00:46:20.330 --> 00:46:23.330
contact.
Yann: Oh yes, we have a dinner. laughter
00:46:23.330 --> 00:46:26.018
Mic4: All right.
Herald: Two new friends, actually.
00:46:26.018 --> 00:46:36.700
applause
Question from the Internet, please.
00:46:36.700 --> 00:46:42.076
Signal Angel: All right. So how many qubits
is it possible to make in the garage?
00:46:42.076 --> 00:46:49.710
Yann: For the prototype, we think we
are able to do some 10 to 15 qubits with
00:46:49.710 --> 00:46:59.851
one ion trap. The goal is to chain the ion
trap. So we have many, not as many as we
00:46:59.851 --> 00:47:08.420
want, but we could raise the number of
qubits to 100 qubits.
00:47:08.420 --> 00:47:13.630
Heral: Okay. Microphone number three,
please.
00:47:13.630 --> 00:47:17.430
Mic3: Which calculations do you plan to
perform on your quantum computer?
00:47:17.430 --> 00:47:23.810
Yann: I don't care. I build thing and
software guy do their code. It's not my
00:47:23.810 --> 00:47:30.510
job.
Herald: Okay. Microphone number four, please.
00:47:30.510 --> 00:47:34.200
There is somebody.
Mic4: Hello. So your optical setup
00:47:34.200 --> 00:47:38.730
reminded me of atomic force microscopes.
Are you aware of what they are?
00:47:38.730 --> 00:47:43.170
Yann: Perhaps.
Mic4: They are essentially an optical
00:47:43.170 --> 00:47:48.530
setup with a micro scale tip at the edge
that rasters, that scans across the
00:47:48.530 --> 00:47:53.590
surface and can detect nanoscale features.
But the cool thing is that even though
00:47:53.590 --> 00:47:57.960
this is a scientific instrument, there is
also open hardware designs for that. And
00:47:57.960 --> 00:48:02.110
maybe you can see the ideas from that for
your optical setup, because once again
00:48:02.110 --> 00:48:07.470
you've got precise lasers, at least on the
geometrical side. They have to be
00:48:07.470 --> 00:48:10.960
precisely alined and everything.
Yann: Thanks. Thanks for the information.
00:48:10.960 --> 00:48:15.280
And of course, we use a lot of
spectrography techniques in this type of
00:48:15.280 --> 00:48:19.870
computer.
Heral: Okay, we have somebody over there
00:48:19.870 --> 00:48:24.840
at microphone number three.
Mic4: Did you consider optical quantum
00:48:24.840 --> 00:48:28.800
computers with entangled photons
and such stuff?
00:48:28.800 --> 00:48:39.870
Yann: I did- This was my first choice in
fact. However as far as I know, I'm not a
00:48:39.870 --> 00:48:45.100
physicist, it's difficult to make some and
trick entanglements and, not
00:48:45.100 --> 00:48:51.660
entanglement... It's difficult to make
some photon to talk to each other. Let's
00:48:51.660 --> 00:48:59.357
say that. So it's a complicated way to do
something with multiple qubits. But
00:48:59.357 --> 00:49:06.685
photonic is a good technology because it
works also at room temperature. But I
00:49:06.685 --> 00:49:09.190
prefer to have a vacuum chamber in my
garage.
00:49:09.190 --> 00:49:19.712
Herald: Okay, let's interrogate the
Internet again.
00:49:19.712 --> 00:49:24.820
Signal Angel: So you've mentioned that you
should not be doing measurements on the
00:49:24.820 --> 00:49:29.310
quantum computer. So have you tried doing
any measurements on your prototype?
00:49:29.310 --> 00:49:36.150
Yann: Measurement of what?
Herald: This is hard. I think the Internet
00:49:36.150 --> 00:49:44.830
cannot really reply now. So can we...
Yann: Internet is limited. I think we can
00:49:44.830 --> 00:49:50.850
give the guy that ask the question. He
wants to send me the question I can answer
00:49:50.850 --> 00:49:53.900
just after all.
Signal angel: But I think they are talking
00:49:53.900 --> 00:49:58.480
about electric field.
Yann: Ah, no. I just I don't make any
00:49:58.480 --> 00:50:05.410
measurement. I'm an engineer. And as I am
a good engineer, I just plug things. And
00:50:05.410 --> 00:50:14.370
just see what happens. I have no idea of
the electric field generated. No idea.
00:50:14.370 --> 00:50:19.860
Again.
Herald: OK. Microphone number two, please.
00:50:19.860 --> 00:50:24.910
Mic2: Hello. Thank you for the talk. So
after you generate the vacuum in your
00:50:24.910 --> 00:50:29.480
vacuum chamber, how do you actually
introduce the right number of ions and how
00:50:29.480 --> 00:50:32.660
do you keep them in the place where you
need to have them?
00:50:32.660 --> 00:50:41.810
Yann: It's a good question. In fact, we
don't introduce the ions. We put a calcium
00:50:41.810 --> 00:50:48.490
stone, sort of calcium stone, in a sort of
oven, it's just a tube. We send current in
00:50:48.490 --> 00:50:53.690
this tube, the tube heats the calcium.
They make some vapor and we shine a laser
00:50:53.690 --> 00:51:01.760
on the vapor of neutral atom of calcium.
And this creates the ions. And this ion is
00:51:01.760 --> 00:51:07.170
trapped because it's now electric charged
by the electrostatic field we make with
00:51:07.170 --> 00:51:14.140
the ion trap. So we just introduced before
closing all the vacuum viewport and all
00:51:14.140 --> 00:51:20.550
the nuts and bolts. We just put a piece of
stone of calcium, neutral atom. So
00:51:20.550 --> 00:51:27.980
everything is in the chamber before we
turn on the quantum computer or the
00:51:27.980 --> 00:51:33.010
chamber.
Herald: OK. We stay at microphone number
00:51:33.010 --> 00:51:38.990
two. There is another one.
Mic2: OK, second question. What you're
00:51:38.990 --> 00:51:44.340
describing is you have a linear array of
right now macroscopic particles. You will
00:51:44.340 --> 00:51:50.460
have a linear array of ions that are then
coupled by kind of common vibrational
00:51:50.460 --> 00:51:56.700
modes. So they need to see each other's
electrical fields. So I am wondering what
00:51:56.700 --> 00:52:04.450
the characteristic length scale between
macroscopic particles versus ions would be
00:52:04.450 --> 00:52:08.300
if you want to have some meaningful
vibrational modes that don't immediately
00:52:08.300 --> 00:52:15.020
get drowned by external thermal noise.
Yann: So if I understand correctly the
00:52:15.020 --> 00:52:18.570
question, you ask me what is the
dimension between the ions?
00:52:18.570 --> 00:52:24.110
Mic2: Yes. I mean you you are pretty big
compared to the IBM guys.
00:52:24.110 --> 00:52:36.400
Yann: Yes. I'm big. Yes. You're right. The
main dimension we use between ion it's few
00:52:36.400 --> 00:52:49.419
micron. And if some researcher succeeds to
align 100 ions. So you have a chain of 100
00:52:49.419 --> 00:52:55.180
ions multiplied by five to ten microns
between ions. This is the length.
00:52:55.180 --> 00:52:58.420
Mic2: But I mean, on your substrate,
you ou have a fraction of a
00:52:58.420 --> 00:53:02.910
millimeter. Yeah. Between the...
Yann: It's because it's prototype.
00:53:02.910 --> 00:53:08.030
Mic2: Okay.
Yann: You're right. I need to squeeze the
00:53:08.030 --> 00:53:21.080
design a little bit, okay? It just need to
buy a better CNC machine.
00:53:21.080 --> 00:53:27.150
Herald: OK, we got some question from the
Internet again.
00:53:27.150 --> 00:53:36.600
Signal angel: All right so this one is...
This is more towards knowing about the
00:53:36.600 --> 00:53:40.306
GCHQ exhibition. Is it still open do you
know?
00:53:40.306 --> 00:53:44.750
Yann: Yes. I think, you have a
free ticket if you want. It's free. In
00:53:44.750 --> 00:53:48.840
fact, it's free.
Signal Angel: I guess people will contact
00:53:48.840 --> 00:53:52.719
you on Twitter for that.
Yann: Yeah. I make some touristic business
00:53:52.719 --> 00:53:56.586
or so. I can help.
Signal Angel: Everyone was impressed with
00:53:56.586 --> 00:54:01.330
your GCHQ hack.
Herald: Ok, any more questions. How many
00:54:01.330 --> 00:54:06.571
people are working in your garage?
Yann: There is me and sometimes one of
00:54:06.571 --> 00:54:12.712
my daughters, which is, 10 years old.
Herald: Pro team.
00:54:12.712 --> 00:54:16.973
Yann: Yeah, a big one.
Herald: Okay. Any more questions from
00:54:16.973 --> 00:54:25.141
the audience, from the Internet? We have
time. Okay, I'm gonna close that session
00:54:25.141 --> 00:54:27.940
now, thank you very much.
Big applause again for Yann.
00:54:27.940 --> 00:54:35.224
applause
00:54:35.224 --> 00:54:50.050
36C3 outro music
00:54:50.050 --> 00:55:02.000
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