[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.80,0:00:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are times when I feel\Nreally quite ashamed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.28,0:00:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a European.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.20,0:00:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.08,0:00:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than a million people\Narrived in Europe in need of our help,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.68,0:00:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our response,\Nfrankly, has been pathetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are just so many contradictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.36,0:00:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We mourn the tragic death
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.84,0:00:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of two-year-old Alan Kurdi,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, since then,\Nmore than 200 children
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.88,0:00:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have subsequently drowned\Nin the Mediterranean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.96,0:00:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have international treaties
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.44,0:00:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that recognize that refugees\Nare a shared responsibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.68,0:00:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.76,0:00:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hosts more Syrians\Nthan the whole of Europe combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.32,0:00:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lament the existence\Nof human smugglers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.36,0:00:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we make that the only viable route
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.80,0:00:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to seek asylum in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.84,0:00:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have labor shortages,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.72,0:01:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we exclude people who fit\Nour economic and demographic needs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.20,0:01:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from coming to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.00,0:01:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We proclaim our liberal values\Nin opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.96,0:01:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.56,0:01:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have repressive policies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.24,0:01:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detain child asylum seekers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.16,0:01:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that separate children\Nfrom their families,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.80,0:01:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that seize property from refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.96,0:01:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.64,0:01:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How has the situation come to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.08,0:01:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've adopted such an inhumane\Nresponse to a humanitarian crisis?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.28,0:01:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't believe\Nit's because people don't care,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.72,0:01:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least I don't want to believe\Nit's because people don't care.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.92,0:01:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it's because\Nour politicians lack a vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.76,0:01:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vision for how to adapt\Nan international refugee system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.40,0:01:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created over 50 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.56,0:01:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a changing and globalized world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.80,0:02:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what I want to do\Nis take a step back
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.36,0:02:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ask two really fundamental questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.80,0:02:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two questions we all need to ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.28,0:02:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, why is the current\Nsystem not working?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.60,0:02:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, what can we do to fix it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.76,0:02:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the modern refugee regime
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.84,0:02:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was created in the aftermath\Nof the Second World War by these guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its basic aim is to ensure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.16,0:02:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when a state fails,\Nor worse, turns against its own people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.40,0:02:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have somewhere to go,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live in safety and dignity\Nuntil they can go home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.68,0:02:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was created precisely for situations\Nlike the situation we see in Syria today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.68,0:02:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through an international convention\Nsigned by 147 governments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.56,0:02:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 1951 Convention\Non the Status of Refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.60,0:02:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an international organization, UNHCR,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.80,0:02:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,states committed to reciprocally\Nadmit people onto their territory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.60,0:02:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who flee conflict and persecution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.68,0:03:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, that system is failing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.92,0:03:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, refugees\Nhave a right to seek asylum.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.88,0:03:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, our immigration policies\Nblock the path to safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.28,0:03:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, refugees have a right\Nto a pathway to integration,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.64,0:03:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or return to the country\Nthey've come from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.36,0:03:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice, they get stuck\Nin almost indefinite limbo.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.24,0:03:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, refugees\Nare a shared global responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.04,0:03:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, geography means\Nthat countries proximate the conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.40,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take the overwhelming majority\Nof the world's refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.72,0:03:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The system isn't broken\Nbecause the rules are wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.48,0:03:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's that we're not applying them\Nadequately to a changing world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.84,0:03:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we need to reconsider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.44,0:03:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to explain to you a little bit\Nabout how the current system works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.96,0:03:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the refugee regime actually work?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.56,0:03:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not from a top-down\Ninstitutional perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.36,0:03:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather from the perspective of a refugee.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.24,0:04:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine a Syrian woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.72,0:04:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's call her Amira.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.88,0:04:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Amira to me represents\Nmany of the people I've met in the region.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.56,0:04:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amira, like around 25 percent\Nof the world's refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.92,0:04:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a woman with children,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.84,0:04:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she can't go home\Nbecause she comes from this city
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.12,0:04:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you see before you, Homs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.16,0:04:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a once beautiful and historic city
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.92,0:04:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now under rubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.44,0:04:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Amira can't go back there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.12,0:04:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Amira also has no hope\Nof resettlement to a third country,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.36,0:04:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's a lottery ticket
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.88,0:04:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only available to less than one percent\Nof the world's refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.88,0:04:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Amira and her family
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.16,0:04:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face an almost impossible choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.36,0:04:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have three basic options.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.56,0:04:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first option is that Amira\Ncan take her family to a camp.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.52,0:04:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the camp, she might get assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.16,0:04:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are very few prospects\Nfor Amira and her family.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.88,0:04:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Camps are in bleak, arid locations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.16,0:04:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often in the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.04,0:05:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.76,0:05:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can hear the shells\Nacross the border in Syria at nighttime.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.60,0:05:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's restricted economic activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.20,0:05:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education is often of poor quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.96,0:05:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.32,0:05:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some 80 percent of refugees\Nwho are in camps
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.44,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to stay for at least five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a miserable existence,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.92,0:05:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's probably why, in reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.32,0:05:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only nine percent of Syrians\Nchoose that option.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alternatively, Amira can head\Nto an urban area
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.00,0:05:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a neighboring country,\Nlike Amman or Beirut.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an option that about 75 percent\Nof Syrian refugees have taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.20,0:05:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there, there's\Ngreat difficulty as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.72,0:05:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Refugees in such urban areas\Ndon't usually have the right to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.04,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't usually get\Nsignificant access to assistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.44,0:05:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so when Amira and her family\Nhave used up their basic savings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.16,0:06:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're left with very little\Nand likely to face urban destitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.28,0:06:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a third alternative,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.92,0:06:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's one that increasing\Nnumbers of Syrians are taking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.84,0:06:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amira can seek some hope for her family
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.04,0:06:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by risking their lives\Non a dangerous and perilous journey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.80,0:06:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another country,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.32,0:06:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's that which we're seeing\Nin Europe today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.44,0:06:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around the world, we present refugees\Nwith an almost impossible choice
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.72,0:06:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between three options:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.56,0:06:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encampment, urban destitution\Nand dangerous journeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.52,0:06:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For refugees, that choice is\Nthe global refugee regime today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.60,0:06:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it's a false choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.76,0:06:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we can reconsider that choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.44,0:06:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why we limit those options
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.04,0:06:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because we think
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.08,0:06:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those are the only options\Nthat are available to refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.48,0:06:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're not.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.12,0:07:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Politicians frame the issue\Nas a zero-sum issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.64,0:07:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if we benefit refugees,\Nwe're imposing costs on citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.60,0:07:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to have a collective assumption
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.68,0:07:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that refugees are an inevitable cost\Nor burden to society.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.36,0:07:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't have to.\NThey can contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.88,0:07:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to argue
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.32,0:07:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there are ways in which we can\Nexpand that choice set
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.32,0:07:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still benefit everyone else:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.36,0:07:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the host states and communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.24,0:07:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our societies and refugees themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.08,0:07:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to suggest four ways
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.08,0:07:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can transform the paradigm\Nof how we think about refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.52,0:07:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All four ways have one thing in common:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.44,0:07:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're all ways in which we take\Nthe opportunities of globalization,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.24,0:07:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mobility and markets,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.32,0:07:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and update the way we think\Nabout the refugee issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.28,0:07:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one I want to think about
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the idea of enabling environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.72,0:07:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it starts from\Na very basic recognition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.60,0:07:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that refugees are human beings\Nlike everyone else,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.32,0:07:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're just\Nin extraordinary circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.28,0:08:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together with my colleagues in Oxford,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.28,0:08:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've embarked on\Na research project in Uganda
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.96,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the economic lives of refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.84,0:08:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We chose Uganda not because\Nit's representative of all host countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.92,0:08:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not. It's exceptional.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.96,0:08:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike most host countries\Naround the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.36,0:08:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what Uganda has done
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.84,0:08:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is give refugees economic opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.24,0:08:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives them the right to work.\NIt gives them freedom of movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.20,0:08:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the results of that are extraordinary
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.12,0:08:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both for refugees and the host community.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.48,0:08:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the capital city, Kampala,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.48,0:08:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that 21 percent of refugees\Nown a business that employs other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.92,0:08:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 40 percent of those employees
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.40,0:08:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are nationals of the host country.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.40,0:08:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, refugees are making jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.60,0:08:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for citizens of the host country.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.92,0:08:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the camps,\Nwe found extraordinary examples
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.28,0:08:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of vibrant, flourishing\Nand entrepreneurial businesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.80,0:08:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in a settlement\Ncalled Nakivale,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.16,0:09:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found examples of Congolese refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.16,0:09:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running digital music exchange businesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.72,0:09:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found a Rwandan\Nwho runs a business that's available
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.52,0:09:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow the youth to play computer games
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.28,0:09:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on recycled games consoles\Nand recycled televisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.44,0:09:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Against the odds of extreme constraint,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.28,0:09:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refugees are innovating,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.32,0:09:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gentleman you see before you\Nis a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.20,0:09:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Demou-Kay arrived\Nin the settlement with very little,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.88,0:09:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he wanted to be a filmmaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.20,0:09:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with friends and colleagues,\Nhe started a community radio station,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.16,0:09:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he rented a video camera,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.92,0:09:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's now making films.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.44,0:09:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made two documentary films
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.44,0:09:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with and for our team,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.44,0:09:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's making a successful business\Nout of very little.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.64,0:09:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's those kinds of examples
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.64,0:09:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should guide\Nour response to refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.40,0:09:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than seeing refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.76,0:09:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as inevitably dependent\Nupon humanitarian assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.04,0:09:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to provide them\Nwith opportunities for human flourishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.20,0:10:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.44,0:10:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all important in the emergency phase,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.24,0:10:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to also look beyond that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.20,0:10:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to provide opportunities\Nto connectivity, electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.56,0:10:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education, the right to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.40,0:10:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to capital and banking.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.56,0:10:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the ways in which we take for granted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.72,0:10:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are plugged in\Nto the global economy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.88,0:10:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can and should apply to refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.28,0:10:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second idea I want to discuss\Nis economic zones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.32,0:10:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, not every\Nhost country in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.08,0:10:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes the approach Uganda has taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.48,0:10:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most host countries don't open up\Ntheir economies to refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.84,0:10:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.36,0:10:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are still pragmatic\Nalternative options that we can use.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.16,0:10:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last April, I traveled to Jordan\Nwith my colleague,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.72,0:10:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the development economist Paul Collier,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.40,0:10:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we brainstormed an idea\Nwhile we were there
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.28,0:10:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the international community\Nand the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.76,0:11:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an idea to bring jobs to Syrians
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.12,0:11:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while supporting Jordan's\Nnational development strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.76,0:11:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is for an economic zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.08,0:11:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one in which we could potentially\Nintegrate the employment of refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.64,0:11:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alongside the employment\Nof Jordanian host nationals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.84,0:11:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just 15 minutes away\Nfrom the Zaatari refugee camp,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.28,0:11:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home to 83,000 refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.44,0:11:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an existing economic zone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.48,0:11:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the King Hussein\NBin Talal Development Area.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.92,0:11:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The government has spent\Nover a hundred million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.72,0:11:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting it to the electricity grid,\Nconnecting it to the road network,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.56,0:11:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it lacked two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.20,0:11:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to labor and inward investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.96,0:11:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if refugees\Nwere able to work there
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.88,0:11:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than being stuck in camps,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.72,0:11:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to support their families and develop\Nskills through vocational training
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.76,0:11:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they go back to Syria?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.84,0:11:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We recognized that\Nthat could benefit Jordan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.16,0:11:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose development strategy\Nrequires it to make the leap
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.96,0:11:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a middle income country\Nto manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.80,0:11:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could benefit refugees,\Nbut it could also contribute
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.52,0:12:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the postconflict\Nreconstruction of Syria
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.92,0:12:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by recognizing that we need\Nto incubate refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.72,0:12:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the best source\Nof eventually rebuilding Syria.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.76,0:12:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We published the idea\Nin the journal Foreign Affairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.84,0:12:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.08,0:12:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was announced at the London\NSyria Conference two weeks ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.08,0:12:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a pilot will begin in the summer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.12,0:12:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.12,0:12:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third idea that I want to put to you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.84,0:12:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is preference matching\Nbetween states and refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.48,0:12:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes\Nyou see here in the selfie
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.64,0:12:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,featuring Angela Merkel\Nand a Syrian refugee.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.44,0:12:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we rarely do is ask refugees\Nwhat they want, where they want to go,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.96,0:12:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'd argue we can do that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.84,0:12:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still make everyone better off.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.64,0:12:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economist Alvin Roth has developed\Nthe idea of matching markets,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.80,0:12:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways in which the preference ranking\Nof the parties shapes an eventual match.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.72,0:13:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues Will Jones\Nand Alex Teytelboym
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.80,0:13:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have explored ways in which that idea\Ncould be applied to refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.96,0:13:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask refugees to rank\Ntheir preferred destinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.52,0:13:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also allow states to rank\Nthe types of refugees they want
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.32,0:13:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on skills criteria or language criteria
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.16,0:13:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow those to match.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.88,0:13:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course\Nyou'd need to build in quotas
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.00,0:13:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on things like diversity\Nand vulnerability,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.28,0:13:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a way of increasing\Nthe possibilities of matching.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.84,0:13:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The matching idea\Nhas been successfully used
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.36,0:13:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match, for instance,\Nstudents with university places,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.52,0:13:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match kidney donors with patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.04,0:13:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it underlies the kind of algorithms\Nthat exist on dating websites.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.20,0:13:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why not apply that\Nto give refugees greater choice?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.32,0:13:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could also be used\Nat the national level,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.39,0:13:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one of the great challenges we face
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.40,0:13:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to persuade local communities\Nto accept refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.16,0:13:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the moment,\Nin my country, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.64,0:13:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we often send engineers to rural areas\Nand farmers to the cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.84,0:13:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes no sense at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.72,0:14:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So matching markets offer a potential way\Nto bring those preferences together
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.32,0:14:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and listen to the needs and demands\Nof the populations that host
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.28,0:14:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the refugees themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.84,0:14:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fourth idea I want to put to you\Nis of humanitarian visas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.24,0:14:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the tragedy and chaos\Nwe've seen in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.96,0:14:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was entirely avoidable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.40,0:14:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stems from a fundamental contradiction\Nin Europe's asylum policy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.52,0:14:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.92,0:14:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in order to seek asylum in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.44,0:14:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to arrive spontaneously\Nby embarking on those dangerous journeys
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.48,0:14:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I described.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.52,0:14:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why should those journeys be necessary\Nin an era of the budget airline
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.28,0:14:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and modern consular capabilities?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.72,0:14:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're completely unnecessary journeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.08,0:14:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and last year, they led to the deaths\Nof over 3,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.88,0:14:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Europe's borders\Nand within European territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.36,0:14:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If refugees were simply allowed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.00,0:14:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to travel directly\Nand seek asylum in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.80,0:14:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would avoid that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.12,0:15:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a way of doing that
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.68,0:15:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through something\Ncalled a humanitarian visa,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows people\Nto collect a visa at an embassy
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.56,0:15:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a consulate in a neighboring country
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.72,0:15:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then simply pay their own way
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.64,0:15:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a ferry or a flight to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It costs around a thousand euros
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.00,0:15:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take a smuggler\Nfrom Turkey to the Greek islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.44,0:15:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It costs 200 euros to take a budget\Nairline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.92,0:15:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we allowed refugees to do that,\Nit would have major advantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.72,0:15:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would save lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.76,0:15:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would undercut\Nthe entire market for smugglers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.72,0:15:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would remove the chaos\Nwe see from Europe's front line
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.08,0:15:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in areas like the Greek islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.16,0:15:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's politics that prevents us doing that\Nrather than a rational solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.88,0:15:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an idea that has been applied.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.24,0:15:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.92,0:15:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where over 2,000 Syrians\Nhave been able to get humanitarian visas,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.24,0:15:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enter Brazil, and claim refugee status\Non arrival in Brazil.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.64,0:16:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in that scheme,\Nevery Syrian who has gone through it
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.56,0:16:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has received refugee status\Nand been recognized as a genuine refugee.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.16,0:16:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a historical precedent\Nfor it as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.92,0:16:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 1922 and 1942,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.28,0:16:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these Nansen passports\Nwere used as travel documents
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.08,0:16:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow 450,000 Assyrians,\NTurks and Chechens
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.64,0:16:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to travel across Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.16,0:16:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and claim refugee status\Nelsewhere in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.52,0:16:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Nansen\NInternational Refugee Office
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.28,0:16:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,received the Nobel Peace Prize
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.16,0:16:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in recognition of this\Nbeing a viable strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.00,0:16:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all four of these ideas\Nthat I've presented you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.24,0:16:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are ways in which we can expand\NAmira's choice set.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.92,0:16:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're ways in which we can have\Ngreater choice for refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.20,0:16:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond those basic,\Nimpossible three options
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.04,0:16:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I explained to you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.28,0:16:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still leave others better off.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.96,0:16:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In conclusion,\Nwe really need a new vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.36,0:16:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vision that enlarges\Nthe choices of refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.16,0:17:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but recognizes that they\Ndon't have to be a burden.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.72,0:17:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing inevitable\Nabout refugees being a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.20,0:17:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, they are a humanitarian\Nresponsibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.48,0:17:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're human beings\Nwith skills, talents, aspirations,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.12,0:17:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the ability to make\Ncontributions -- if we let them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.52,0:17:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the new world,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.32,0:17:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,migration is not going to go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.60,0:17:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've seen in Europe\Nwill be with us for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.60,0:17:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People will continue to travel,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.44,0:17:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll continue to be displaced,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.32,0:17:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to find rational,\Nrealistic ways of managing this --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.84,0:17:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not based on the old logics\Nof humanitarian assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.88,0:17:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not based on logics of charity,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.00,0:17:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but building on the opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.64,0:17:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offered by globalization,\Nmarkets and mobility.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.04,0:17:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd urge you all to wake up\Nand urge our politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.48,0:17:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wake up to this challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.36,0:17:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.64,0:17:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)