0:00:00.800,0:00:04.256
There are times when I feel[br]really quite ashamed

0:00:04.280,0:00:05.520
to be a European.

0:00:06.200,0:00:08.055
In the last year,

0:00:08.080,0:00:12.656
more than a million people[br]arrived in Europe in need of our help,

0:00:12.680,0:00:15.960
and our response,[br]frankly, has been pathetic.

0:00:17.000,0:00:19.320
There are just so many contradictions.

0:00:20.360,0:00:22.816
We mourn the tragic death

0:00:22.840,0:00:25.000
of two-year-old Alan Kurdi,

0:00:26.000,0:00:29.856
and yet, since then,[br]more than 200 children

0:00:29.880,0:00:32.240
have subsequently drowned[br]in the Mediterranean.

0:00:33.960,0:00:35.416
We have international treaties

0:00:35.440,0:00:38.656
that recognize that refugees[br]are a shared responsibility,

0:00:38.680,0:00:41.736
and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon

0:00:41.760,0:00:45.400
hosts more Syrians[br]than the whole of Europe combined.

0:00:46.320,0:00:49.720
We lament the existence[br]of human smugglers,

0:00:50.360,0:00:53.776
and yet we make that the only viable route

0:00:53.800,0:00:55.880
to seek asylum in Europe.

0:00:56.840,0:00:58.696
We have labor shortages,

0:00:58.720,0:01:04.176
and yet we exclude people who fit[br]our economic and demographic needs

0:01:04.200,0:01:06.040
from coming to Europe.

0:01:07.000,0:01:12.936
We proclaim our liberal values[br]in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,

0:01:12.960,0:01:14.160
and yet --

0:01:15.560,0:01:18.216
we have repressive policies

0:01:18.240,0:01:20.560
that detain child asylum seekers,

0:01:21.160,0:01:23.960
that separate children[br]from their families,

0:01:24.800,0:01:27.720
and that seize property from refugees.

0:01:28.960,0:01:30.200
What are we doing?

0:01:30.640,0:01:33.056
How has the situation come to this,

0:01:33.080,0:01:37.880
that we've adopted such an inhumane[br]response to a humanitarian crisis?

0:01:39.280,0:01:41.696
I don't believe[br]it's because people don't care,

0:01:41.720,0:01:44.896
or at least I don't want to believe[br]it's because people don't care.

0:01:44.920,0:01:48.736
I believe it's because[br]our politicians lack a vision,

0:01:48.760,0:01:52.376
a vision for how to adapt[br]an international refugee system

0:01:52.400,0:01:54.536
created over 50 years ago

0:01:54.560,0:01:57.360
for a changing and globalized world.

0:01:57.800,0:02:00.336
And so what I want to do[br]is take a step back

0:02:00.360,0:02:03.776
and ask two really fundamental questions,

0:02:03.800,0:02:06.256
the two questions we all need to ask.

0:02:06.280,0:02:09.576
First, why is the current[br]system not working?

0:02:09.600,0:02:13.000
And second, what can we do to fix it?

0:02:14.760,0:02:16.816
So the modern refugee regime

0:02:16.840,0:02:20.920
was created in the aftermath[br]of the Second World War by these guys.

0:02:22.000,0:02:25.136
Its basic aim is to ensure

0:02:25.160,0:02:29.376
that when a state fails,[br]or worse, turns against its own people,

0:02:29.400,0:02:30.976
people have somewhere to go,

0:02:31.000,0:02:34.656
to live in safety and dignity[br]until they can go home.

0:02:34.680,0:02:39.960
It was created precisely for situations[br]like the situation we see in Syria today.

0:02:40.680,0:02:45.536
Through an international convention[br]signed by 147 governments,

0:02:45.560,0:02:48.576
the 1951 Convention[br]on the Status of Refugees,

0:02:48.600,0:02:51.776
and an international organization, UNHCR,

0:02:51.800,0:02:56.576
states committed to reciprocally[br]admit people onto their territory

0:02:56.600,0:02:59.120
who flee conflict and persecution.

0:02:59.680,0:03:02.280
But today, that system is failing.

0:03:02.920,0:03:06.360
In theory, refugees[br]have a right to seek asylum.

0:03:06.880,0:03:10.840
In practice, our immigration policies[br]block the path to safety.

0:03:11.280,0:03:15.616
In theory, refugees have a right[br]to a pathway to integration,

0:03:15.640,0:03:17.680
or return to the country[br]they've come from.

0:03:18.360,0:03:21.600
But in practice, they get stuck[br]in almost indefinite limbo.

0:03:22.240,0:03:25.320
In theory, refugees[br]are a shared global responsibility.

0:03:26.040,0:03:30.376
In practice, geography means[br]that countries proximate the conflict

0:03:30.400,0:03:34.000
take the overwhelming majority[br]of the world's refugees.

0:03:34.720,0:03:37.456
The system isn't broken[br]because the rules are wrong.

0:03:37.480,0:03:41.400
It's that we're not applying them[br]adequately to a changing world,

0:03:41.840,0:03:43.840
and that's what we need to reconsider.

0:03:44.440,0:03:48.936
So I want to explain to you a little bit[br]about how the current system works.

0:03:48.960,0:03:51.120
How does the refugee regime actually work?

0:03:51.560,0:03:54.336
But not from a top-down[br]institutional perspective,

0:03:54.360,0:03:57.680
rather from the perspective of a refugee.

0:03:58.240,0:04:00.696
So imagine a Syrian woman.

0:04:00.720,0:04:02.320
Let's call her Amira.

0:04:02.880,0:04:06.760
And Amira to me represents[br]many of the people I've met in the region.

0:04:07.560,0:04:10.896
Amira, like around 25 percent[br]of the world's refugees,

0:04:10.920,0:04:12.200
is a woman with children,

0:04:12.840,0:04:16.096
and she can't go home[br]because she comes from this city

0:04:16.120,0:04:18.136
that you see before you, Homs,

0:04:18.160,0:04:20.896
a once beautiful and historic city

0:04:20.920,0:04:22.416
now under rubble.

0:04:22.440,0:04:24.280
And so Amira can't go back there.

0:04:25.120,0:04:29.336
But Amira also has no hope[br]of resettlement to a third country,

0:04:29.360,0:04:30.856
because that's a lottery ticket

0:04:30.880,0:04:34.320
only available to less than one percent[br]of the world's refugees.

0:04:34.880,0:04:37.136
So Amira and her family

0:04:37.160,0:04:39.336
face an almost impossible choice.

0:04:39.360,0:04:41.760
They have three basic options.

0:04:42.560,0:04:47.520
The first option is that Amira[br]can take her family to a camp.

0:04:48.520,0:04:50.680
In the camp, she might get assistance,

0:04:51.160,0:04:54.856
but there are very few prospects[br]for Amira and her family.

0:04:54.880,0:04:58.136
Camps are in bleak, arid locations,

0:04:58.160,0:04:59.400
often in the desert.

0:05:00.040,0:05:02.736
In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan,

0:05:02.760,0:05:07.160
you can hear the shells[br]across the border in Syria at nighttime.

0:05:08.600,0:05:11.176
There's restricted economic activity.

0:05:11.200,0:05:13.360
Education is often of poor quality.

0:05:13.960,0:05:15.296
And around the world,

0:05:15.320,0:05:18.416
some 80 percent of refugees[br]who are in camps

0:05:18.440,0:05:20.976
have to stay for at least five years.

0:05:21.000,0:05:22.896
It's a miserable existence,

0:05:22.920,0:05:25.296
and that's probably why, in reality,

0:05:25.320,0:05:27.920
only nine percent of Syrians[br]choose that option.

0:05:29.000,0:05:32.976
Alternatively, Amira can head[br]to an urban area

0:05:33.000,0:05:36.040
in a neighboring country,[br]like Amman or Beirut.

0:05:37.000,0:05:41.040
That's an option that about 75 percent[br]of Syrian refugees have taken.

0:05:42.200,0:05:44.920
But there, there's[br]great difficulty as well.

0:05:45.720,0:05:50.016
Refugees in such urban areas[br]don't usually have the right to work.

0:05:50.040,0:05:53.000
They don't usually get[br]significant access to assistance.

0:05:53.440,0:05:57.136
And so when Amira and her family[br]have used up their basic savings,

0:05:57.160,0:06:00.840
they're left with very little[br]and likely to face urban destitution.

0:06:02.280,0:06:04.120
So there's a third alternative,

0:06:04.920,0:06:08.640
and it's one that increasing[br]numbers of Syrians are taking.

0:06:09.840,0:06:14.016
Amira can seek some hope for her family

0:06:14.040,0:06:17.776
by risking their lives[br]on a dangerous and perilous journey

0:06:17.800,0:06:19.296
to another country,

0:06:19.320,0:06:22.840
and it's that which we're seeing[br]in Europe today.

0:06:23.440,0:06:28.696
Around the world, we present refugees[br]with an almost impossible choice

0:06:28.720,0:06:30.536
between three options:

0:06:30.560,0:06:34.760
encampment, urban destitution[br]and dangerous journeys.

0:06:35.520,0:06:39.840
For refugees, that choice is[br]the global refugee regime today.

0:06:40.600,0:06:42.240
But I think it's a false choice.

0:06:42.760,0:06:44.840
I think we can reconsider that choice.

0:06:45.440,0:06:48.800
The reason why we limit those options

0:06:50.040,0:06:52.520
is because we think

0:06:53.080,0:06:57.456
that those are the only options[br]that are available to refugees,

0:06:57.480,0:06:58.680
and they're not.

0:06:59.120,0:07:02.616
Politicians frame the issue[br]as a zero-sum issue,

0:07:02.640,0:07:06.576
that if we benefit refugees,[br]we're imposing costs on citizens.

0:07:06.600,0:07:08.656
We tend to have a collective assumption

0:07:08.680,0:07:12.336
that refugees are an inevitable cost[br]or burden to society.

0:07:12.360,0:07:14.440
But they don't have to.[br]They can contribute.

0:07:14.880,0:07:16.296
So what I want to argue

0:07:16.320,0:07:19.296
is there are ways in which we can[br]expand that choice set

0:07:19.320,0:07:21.336
and still benefit everyone else:

0:07:21.360,0:07:23.216
the host states and communities,

0:07:23.240,0:07:26.560
our societies and refugees themselves.

0:07:27.080,0:07:29.056
And I want to suggest four ways

0:07:29.080,0:07:32.920
we can transform the paradigm[br]of how we think about refugees.

0:07:33.520,0:07:35.960
All four ways have one thing in common:

0:07:36.440,0:07:40.216
they're all ways in which we take[br]the opportunities of globalization,

0:07:40.240,0:07:42.296
mobility and markets,

0:07:42.320,0:07:45.560
and update the way we think[br]about the refugee issue.

0:07:46.280,0:07:47.976
The first one I want to think about

0:07:48.000,0:07:50.000
is the idea of enabling environments,

0:07:50.720,0:07:53.576
and it starts from[br]a very basic recognition

0:07:53.600,0:07:56.296
that refugees are human beings[br]like everyone else,

0:07:56.320,0:07:58.720
but they're just[br]in extraordinary circumstances.

0:07:59.280,0:08:01.256
Together with my colleagues in Oxford,

0:08:01.280,0:08:03.936
we've embarked on[br]a research project in Uganda

0:08:03.960,0:08:07.000
looking at the economic lives of refugees.

0:08:07.840,0:08:11.896
We chose Uganda not because[br]it's representative of all host countries.

0:08:11.920,0:08:13.400
It's not. It's exceptional.

0:08:13.960,0:08:16.336
Unlike most host countries[br]around the world,

0:08:16.360,0:08:17.816
what Uganda has done

0:08:17.840,0:08:20.216
is give refugees economic opportunity.

0:08:20.240,0:08:23.600
It gives them the right to work.[br]It gives them freedom of movement.

0:08:24.200,0:08:27.096
And the results of that are extraordinary

0:08:27.120,0:08:29.720
both for refugees and the host community.

0:08:30.480,0:08:32.456
In the capital city, Kampala,

0:08:32.480,0:08:37.895
we found that 21 percent of refugees[br]own a business that employs other people,

0:08:37.919,0:08:40.376
and 40 percent of those employees

0:08:40.400,0:08:42.376
are nationals of the host country.

0:08:42.400,0:08:44.576
In other words, refugees are making jobs

0:08:44.600,0:08:47.240
for citizens of the host country.

0:08:47.920,0:08:51.256
Even in the camps,[br]we found extraordinary examples

0:08:51.280,0:08:54.840
of vibrant, flourishing[br]and entrepreneurial businesses.

0:08:55.800,0:08:59.136
For example, in a settlement[br]called Nakivale,

0:08:59.160,0:09:02.136
we found examples of Congolese refugees

0:09:02.160,0:09:04.696
running digital music exchange businesses.

0:09:04.720,0:09:08.496
We found a Rwandan[br]who runs a business that's available

0:09:08.520,0:09:11.256
to allow the youth to play computer games

0:09:11.280,0:09:15.040
on recycled games consoles[br]and recycled televisions.

0:09:16.440,0:09:19.256
Against the odds of extreme constraint,

0:09:19.280,0:09:20.600
refugees are innovating,

0:09:21.320,0:09:24.749
and the gentleman you see before you[br]is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.

0:09:25.200,0:09:28.856
Demou-Kay arrived[br]in the settlement with very little,

0:09:28.880,0:09:31.176
but he wanted to be a filmmaker.

0:09:31.200,0:09:35.136
So with friends and colleagues,[br]he started a community radio station,

0:09:35.160,0:09:36.896
he rented a video camera,

0:09:36.920,0:09:38.416
and he's now making films.

0:09:38.440,0:09:40.416
He made two documentary films

0:09:40.440,0:09:42.416
with and for our team,

0:09:42.440,0:09:45.760
and he's making a successful business[br]out of very little.

0:09:46.640,0:09:48.616
It's those kinds of examples

0:09:48.640,0:09:51.376
that should guide[br]our response to refugees.

0:09:51.400,0:09:52.736
Rather than seeing refugees

0:09:52.760,0:09:56.016
as inevitably dependent[br]upon humanitarian assistance,

0:09:56.040,0:09:59.440
we need to provide them[br]with opportunities for human flourishing.

0:10:00.200,0:10:04.426
Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food

0:10:04.438,0:10:07.216
are all important in the emergency phase,

0:10:07.240,0:10:09.840
but we need to also look beyond that.

0:10:10.200,0:10:14.536
We need to provide opportunities[br]to connectivity, electricity,

0:10:14.560,0:10:16.840
education, the right to work,

0:10:17.400,0:10:19.120
access to capital and banking.

0:10:19.560,0:10:21.696
All the ways in which we take for granted

0:10:21.720,0:10:23.856
that we are plugged in[br]to the global economy

0:10:23.880,0:10:26.440
can and should apply to refugees.

0:10:27.280,0:10:30.760
The second idea I want to discuss[br]is economic zones.

0:10:31.320,0:10:34.056
Unfortunately, not every[br]host country in the world

0:10:34.080,0:10:36.120
takes the approach Uganda has taken.

0:10:36.480,0:10:39.816
Most host countries don't open up[br]their economies to refugees

0:10:39.840,0:10:41.040
in the same way.

0:10:41.360,0:10:45.960
But there are still pragmatic[br]alternative options that we can use.

0:10:47.160,0:10:49.696
Last April, I traveled to Jordan[br]with my colleague,

0:10:49.720,0:10:51.680
the development economist Paul Collier,

0:10:52.400,0:10:55.256
and we brainstormed an idea[br]while we were there

0:10:55.280,0:10:57.736
with the international community[br]and the government,

0:10:57.760,0:11:00.096
an idea to bring jobs to Syrians

0:11:00.120,0:11:03.736
while supporting Jordan's[br]national development strategy.

0:11:03.760,0:11:06.560
The idea is for an economic zone,

0:11:07.080,0:11:10.616
one in which we could potentially[br]integrate the employment of refugees

0:11:10.640,0:11:14.120
alongside the employment[br]of Jordanian host nationals.

0:11:14.840,0:11:18.256
And just 15 minutes away[br]from the Zaatari refugee camp,

0:11:18.280,0:11:20.416
home to 83,000 refugees,

0:11:20.440,0:11:22.456
is an existing economic zone

0:11:22.480,0:11:25.200
called the King Hussein[br]Bin Talal Development Area.

0:11:25.920,0:11:28.696
The government has spent[br]over a hundred million dollars

0:11:28.720,0:11:32.536
connecting it to the electricity grid,[br]connecting it to the road network,

0:11:32.560,0:11:34.176
but it lacked two things:

0:11:34.200,0:11:36.936
access to labor and inward investment.

0:11:36.960,0:11:39.856
So what if refugees[br]were able to work there

0:11:39.880,0:11:41.696
rather than being stuck in camps,

0:11:41.720,0:11:45.736
able to support their families and develop[br]skills through vocational training

0:11:45.760,0:11:47.200
before they go back to Syria?

0:11:47.840,0:11:50.136
We recognized that[br]that could benefit Jordan,

0:11:50.160,0:11:52.936
whose development strategy[br]requires it to make the leap

0:11:52.960,0:11:55.776
as a middle income country[br]to manufacturing.

0:11:55.800,0:11:59.496
It could benefit refugees,[br]but it could also contribute

0:11:59.520,0:12:01.896
to the postconflict[br]reconstruction of Syria

0:12:01.920,0:12:04.696
by recognizing that we need[br]to incubate refugees

0:12:04.720,0:12:08.280
as the best source[br]of eventually rebuilding Syria.

0:12:08.760,0:12:11.816
We published the idea[br]in the journal Foreign Affairs.

0:12:11.840,0:12:14.056
King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.

0:12:14.080,0:12:17.056
It was announced at the London[br]Syria Conference two weeks ago,

0:12:17.080,0:12:19.680
and a pilot will begin in the summer.

0:12:20.120,0:12:23.720
(Applause)

0:12:25.120,0:12:27.816
The third idea that I want to put to you

0:12:27.840,0:12:31.456
is preference matching[br]between states and refugees

0:12:31.480,0:12:34.616
to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes[br]you see here in the selfie

0:12:34.640,0:12:37.520
featuring Angela Merkel[br]and a Syrian refugee.

0:12:38.440,0:12:42.440
What we rarely do is ask refugees[br]what they want, where they want to go,

0:12:42.960,0:12:44.816
but I'd argue we can do that

0:12:44.840,0:12:46.920
and still make everyone better off.

0:12:47.640,0:12:51.776
The economist Alvin Roth has developed[br]the idea of matching markets,

0:12:51.800,0:12:57.040
ways in which the preference ranking[br]of the parties shapes an eventual match.

0:12:57.720,0:13:00.776
My colleagues Will Jones[br]and Alex Teytelboym

0:13:00.800,0:13:04.936
have explored ways in which that idea[br]could be applied to refugees,

0:13:04.960,0:13:08.496
to ask refugees to rank[br]their preferred destinations,

0:13:08.520,0:13:12.296
but also allow states to rank[br]the types of refugees they want

0:13:12.320,0:13:15.136
on skills criteria or language criteria

0:13:15.160,0:13:16.856
and allow those to match.

0:13:16.880,0:13:18.976
Now, of course[br]you'd need to build in quotas

0:13:19.000,0:13:22.256
on things like diversity[br]and vulnerability,

0:13:22.280,0:13:25.816
but it's a way of increasing[br]the possibilities of matching.

0:13:25.840,0:13:28.336
The matching idea[br]has been successfully used

0:13:28.360,0:13:33.496
to match, for instance,[br]students with university places,

0:13:33.520,0:13:36.016
to match kidney donors with patients,

0:13:36.040,0:13:40.176
and it underlies the kind of algorithms[br]that exist on dating websites.

0:13:40.200,0:13:43.296
So why not apply that[br]to give refugees greater choice?

0:13:43.320,0:13:45.368
It could also be used[br]at the national level,

0:13:45.392,0:13:47.376
where one of the great challenges we face

0:13:47.400,0:13:51.136
is to persuade local communities[br]to accept refugees.

0:13:51.160,0:13:53.616
And at the moment,[br]in my country, for instance,

0:13:53.640,0:13:57.816
we often send engineers to rural areas[br]and farmers to the cities,

0:13:57.840,0:13:59.696
which makes no sense at all.

0:13:59.720,0:14:04.296
So matching markets offer a potential way[br]to bring those preferences together

0:14:04.320,0:14:08.256
and listen to the needs and demands[br]of the populations that host

0:14:08.280,0:14:10.120
and the refugees themselves.

0:14:10.840,0:14:14.560
The fourth idea I want to put to you[br]is of humanitarian visas.

0:14:15.240,0:14:17.936
Much of the tragedy and chaos[br]we've seen in Europe

0:14:17.960,0:14:19.960
was entirely avoidable.

0:14:20.400,0:14:24.496
It stems from a fundamental contradiction[br]in Europe's asylum policy,

0:14:24.520,0:14:25.896
which is the following:

0:14:25.920,0:14:28.416
that in order to seek asylum in Europe,

0:14:28.440,0:14:33.456
you have to arrive spontaneously[br]by embarking on those dangerous journeys

0:14:33.480,0:14:34.680
that I described.

0:14:35.520,0:14:40.256
But why should those journeys be necessary[br]in an era of the budget airline

0:14:40.280,0:14:42.696
and modern consular capabilities?

0:14:42.720,0:14:45.056
They're completely unnecessary journeys,

0:14:45.080,0:14:48.856
and last year, they led to the deaths[br]of over 3,000 people

0:14:48.880,0:14:52.360
on Europe's borders[br]and within European territory.

0:14:53.360,0:14:54.976
If refugees were simply allowed

0:14:55.000,0:14:57.776
to travel directly[br]and seek asylum in Europe,

0:14:57.800,0:14:59.096
we would avoid that,

0:14:59.120,0:15:00.656
and there's a way of doing that

0:15:00.680,0:15:02.976
through something[br]called a humanitarian visa,

0:15:03.000,0:15:06.536
that allows people[br]to collect a visa at an embassy

0:15:06.560,0:15:08.696
or a consulate in a neighboring country

0:15:08.720,0:15:10.616
and then simply pay their own way

0:15:10.640,0:15:13.200
through a ferry or a flight to Europe.

0:15:14.000,0:15:15.976
It costs around a thousand euros

0:15:16.000,0:15:19.416
to take a smuggler[br]from Turkey to the Greek islands.

0:15:19.440,0:15:24.896
It costs 200 euros to take a budget[br]airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.

0:15:24.920,0:15:28.696
If we allowed refugees to do that,[br]it would have major advantages.

0:15:28.720,0:15:30.000
It would save lives,

0:15:30.760,0:15:34.696
it would undercut[br]the entire market for smugglers,

0:15:34.720,0:15:38.056
and it would remove the chaos[br]we see from Europe's front line

0:15:38.080,0:15:40.136
in areas like the Greek islands.

0:15:40.160,0:15:44.400
It's politics that prevents us doing that[br]rather than a rational solution.

0:15:44.880,0:15:47.216
And this is an idea that has been applied.

0:15:47.240,0:15:49.896
Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach

0:15:49.920,0:15:54.216
where over 2,000 Syrians[br]have been able to get humanitarian visas,

0:15:54.240,0:15:58.616
enter Brazil, and claim refugee status[br]on arrival in Brazil.

0:15:58.640,0:16:01.536
And in that scheme,[br]every Syrian who has gone through it

0:16:01.560,0:16:05.520
has received refugee status[br]and been recognized as a genuine refugee.

0:16:06.160,0:16:08.400
There is a historical precedent[br]for it as well.

0:16:08.920,0:16:12.256
Between 1922 and 1942,

0:16:12.280,0:16:16.056
these Nansen passports[br]were used as travel documents

0:16:16.080,0:16:21.616
to allow 450,000 Assyrians,[br]Turks and Chechens

0:16:21.640,0:16:23.136
to travel across Europe

0:16:23.160,0:16:25.920
and claim refugee status[br]elsewhere in Europe.

0:16:26.520,0:16:29.256
And the Nansen[br]International Refugee Office

0:16:29.280,0:16:31.136
received the Nobel Peace Prize

0:16:31.160,0:16:34.120
in recognition of this[br]being a viable strategy.

0:16:35.000,0:16:38.216
So all four of these ideas[br]that I've presented you

0:16:38.240,0:16:41.560
are ways in which we can expand[br]Amira's choice set.

0:16:41.920,0:16:45.176
They're ways in which we can have[br]greater choice for refugees

0:16:45.200,0:16:49.016
beyond those basic,[br]impossible three options

0:16:49.040,0:16:50.256
I explained to you

0:16:50.280,0:16:52.360
and still leave others better off.

0:16:52.960,0:16:56.336
In conclusion,[br]we really need a new vision,

0:16:56.360,0:16:59.136
a vision that enlarges[br]the choices of refugees

0:16:59.160,0:17:01.696
but recognizes that they[br]don't have to be a burden.

0:17:01.720,0:17:05.175
There's nothing inevitable[br]about refugees being a cost.

0:17:05.200,0:17:08.455
Yes, they are a humanitarian[br]responsibility,

0:17:08.480,0:17:12.096
but they're human beings[br]with skills, talents, aspirations,

0:17:12.119,0:17:14.800
with the ability to make[br]contributions -- if we let them.

0:17:16.520,0:17:17.760
In the new world,

0:17:18.319,0:17:20.576
migration is not going to go away.

0:17:20.599,0:17:23.576
What we've seen in Europe[br]will be with us for many years.

0:17:23.599,0:17:25.415
People will continue to travel,

0:17:25.440,0:17:27.296
they'll continue to be displaced,

0:17:27.319,0:17:30.816
and we need to find rational,[br]realistic ways of managing this --

0:17:30.840,0:17:33.856
not based on the old logics[br]of humanitarian assistance,

0:17:33.880,0:17:35.976
not based on logics of charity,

0:17:36.000,0:17:37.616
but building on the opportunities

0:17:37.640,0:17:41.016
offered by globalization,[br]markets and mobility.

0:17:41.040,0:17:44.456
I'd urge you all to wake up[br]and urge our politicians

0:17:44.480,0:17:46.336
to wake up to this challenge.

0:17:46.360,0:17:47.616
Thank you very much.

0:17:47.640,0:17:56.524
(Applause)