[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.72,0:00:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are times when I feel
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.58,0:00:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really quite ashamed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.43,0:00:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a European.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.32,0:00:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.06,0:00:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than a million people\Narrived in Europe in need of our help,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.72,0:00:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our response, frankly,\Nhas been pathetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.88,0:00:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are just so many contradictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.92,0:00:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We mourn the tragic death
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.99,0:00:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of two-year old Alan Kurdi,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.40,0:00:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet since then, more than 200 children
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.91,0:00:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have subsequently drowned\Nin the Mediterranean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.84,0:00:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have international treaties\Nthat recognize that refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.58,0:00:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a shared responsibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.86,0:00:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.100,0:00:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hosts more Syrians\Nthan the whole of Europe combined.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.57,0:00:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We lament the existence\Nof human smugglers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.19,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we make that the only viable route
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to seek asylum in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.06,0:01:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have labor shortages,\Nand yet we exclude people who fit
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.78,0:01:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our economic and demographic needs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.36,0:01:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from coming to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.96,0:01:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We proclaim our liberal values\Nin opposition to fundamentalist Islam,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.18,0:01:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we have repressive policies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.50,0:01:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detain child asylum seekers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.03,0:01:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that separate children\Nfrom their families,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.79,0:01:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that seize property from refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.27,0:01:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are we doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.90,0:01:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How has the situation come to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.26,0:01:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've adopted such an inhumane\Nresponse to a humanitarian crisis?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.51,0:01:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't believe it's because\Npeople don't care,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.95,0:01:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least I don't want to believe\Nit's because people don't care.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.06,0:01:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it's because\Nour politicians lack a vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.70,0:01:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vision for how to adapt\Nan international refugee system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.49,0:01:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created over 50 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.51,0:01:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a changing and globalized world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.66,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what I want to do\Nis take a step back
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ask two really fundamental questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.90,0:02:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two questions we all need to ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.46,0:02:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, why is the current system\Nnot working?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.73,0:02:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, what can we do to fix it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the modern refugee regime
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.93,0:02:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was created in the aftermath\Nof the Second World War by these guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.88,0:02:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its basic aim is to ensure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.20,0:02:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when a state fails,\Nor worse, turns against its own people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.08,0:02:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people have somewhere to go,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.20,0:02:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live in safety and dignity\Nuntil they can go home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.87,0:02:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was created precisely for situations\Nlike the situation we see in Syria today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.76,0:02:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through an international convention\Nsigned by 147 governments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.78,0:02:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 1951 Convention\Non the Status of Refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.73,0:02:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an international organization, UNHCR,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.86,0:02:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,states committed to reciprocally\Nadmit people onto their territory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.69,0:02:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who flee conflict and persecution.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.60,0:03:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But today, that system is failing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.08,0:03:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, refugees have a right\Nto seek asylum.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.89,0:03:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, our immigration policies\Nblock the path to safety.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.48,0:03:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, refugees have a right\Nto a pathway to integration,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.73,0:03:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or return to the country\Nthey've come from.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.15,0:03:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice, they get stuck\Nin almost indefinite limbo.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.44,0:03:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, refugees\Nare a shared global responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.83,0:03:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In practice, geography means\Nthat countries proximate the conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.41,0:03:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take the overwhelming majority\Nof the world's refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.96,0:03:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The system isn't broken\Nbecause the rules are wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.60,0:03:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's that we're not applying them\Nadequately to a changing world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.11,0:03:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we need to reconsider.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.66,0:03:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to explain to you a little bit\Nabout how the current system works.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.22,0:03:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the refugee regime actually work?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.82,0:03:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not from a top-down\Ninstitutional perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.39,0:03:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather from the perspective of a refugee.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.46,0:04:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine a Syrian woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.92,0:04:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's call her Amira.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.03,0:04:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Amira to me represents\Nmany of the people I've met in the region.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.77,0:04:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amira, like around 25 percent\Nof the world's refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.18,0:04:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a woman with children,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.06,0:04:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she can't go home\Nbecause she comes from this city
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.13,0:04:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you see before you, Homs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.10,0:04:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a once beautiful and historic city
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.91,0:04:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now under rubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.58,0:04:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so Amira can't go back there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.88,0:04:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Amira also has no hope\Nof resettlement to a third country,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.48,0:04:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's a lottery ticket\Nonly available to less than one percent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.73,0:04:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.03,0:04:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Amira and her family
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.05,0:04:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face an almost impossible choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.51,0:04:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have three basic options.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.52,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first option is that Amira\Ncan take her family to a camp.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the camp, she might get assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.02,0:04:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are very few prospects\Nfor Amira and her family.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.11,0:04:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Camps are in bleak, arid locations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.24,0:05:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often in the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.08,0:05:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.75,0:05:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can hear the shells\Nacross the border in Syria at nighttime.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.18,0:05:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's restricted economic activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.36,0:05:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education is often of poor quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.78,0:05:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.52,0:05:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some 80 percent of refugees\Nwho are in camps
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.58,0:05:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to stay for at least five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.23,0:05:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a miserable existence,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.16,0:05:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's probably why, in reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.45,0:05:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only nine percent of Syrians\Nchoose that option.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.17,0:05:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alternatively, Amira can head\Nto an urban area
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.30,0:05:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a neighboring country,\Nlike Amman or Beirut.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.69,0:05:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an option that about 75 percent\Nof Syrian refugees have taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there, there's\Ngreat difficulty as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.77,0:05:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Refugees in such urban areas\Ndon't usually have the right to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.25,0:05:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't usually get\Nsignificant access to assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.50,0:05:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so when Amira and her family\Nhave used up their basic savings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.33,0:06:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're left with very little\Nand likely to face urban destitution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.63,0:06:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a third alternative,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.60,0:06:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's one that increasing\Nnumbers of Syrians are taking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.83,0:06:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amira can seek some hope for her family
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.11,0:06:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by risking their lives\Non a dangerous and perilous journey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.01,0:06:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another country,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.52,0:06:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's that which we're seeing\Nin Europe today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.61,0:06:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around the world, we present refugees\Nwith an almost impossible choice
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.88,0:06:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between three options:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.71,0:06:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encampment, urban destitution,\Nand dangerous journeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.45,0:06:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For refugees, that choice is\Nthe global refugee regime today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.74,0:06:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it's a false choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.95,0:06:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we can reconsider that choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.41,0:06:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why we limit those options
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.03,0:06:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because we think
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.63,0:06:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those are the only options
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.63,0:06:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are available to refugees,\Nand they're not.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.02,0:07:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Politicians frame the issue\Nas a zero-sum issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.82,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if we benefit refugees,\Nwe're imposing costs on citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We tend to have a collective assumption
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.82,0:07:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that refugees are an inevitable cost\Nor burden to society.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.33,0:07:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they don't have to.\NThey can contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.07,0:07:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to argue\Nis are there are ways
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.56,0:07:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we can expand that choice set
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.41,0:07:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still benefit everyone else:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.78,0:07:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the host states and communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.50,0:07:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our societies, and refugees themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.35,0:07:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to suggest four ways
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.14,0:07:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can transform the paradigm\Nof how we think about refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.23,0:07:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All four ways have one thing in common:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.58,0:07:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're all ways in which we take\Nthe opportunities of globalization,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.27,0:07:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mobility, and markets,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.29,0:07:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and update the way we think\Nabout the refugee issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.56,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one I want to think about
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the idea of enabling environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.49,0:07:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it starts from\Na very basic recognition
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.57,0:07:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that refugees are human beings\Nlike everyone else,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.50,0:07:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're just in\Nextraordinary circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.47,0:08:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together with my colleagues in Oxford,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.52,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've embarked on\Na research project in Uganda
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the economic lives of refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.92,0:08:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We chose Uganda not because\Nit's representative of all host countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.10,0:08:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not. It's exceptional.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.17,0:08:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike most host countries\Naround the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.49,0:08:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what Uganda has done
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.98,0:08:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is give refugees economic opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.42,0:08:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives them the right to work.\NIt gives them freedom of movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.94,0:08:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the results of that are extraordinary
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.36,0:08:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both for refugees and the host community.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.58,0:08:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the capital city Kampala,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.58,0:08:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found that 21 percent of refugees\Nown a business that employs other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.88,0:08:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 40 percent of those employees
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.50,0:08:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are nationals of the host country.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.47,0:08:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, refugees are making jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.70,0:08:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for citizens of the host country.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.00,0:08:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the camps, we found\Nextraordinary examples
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.30,0:08:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of vibrant, flourishing,\Nand entrepreneurial businesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.29,0:08:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,\Nin a settlement called Nakivale,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.03,0:09:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found examples of Congolese refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.24,0:09:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running digital music exchange businesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.82,0:09:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found a Rwandan\Nwho runs a business that's available
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.30,0:09:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow the youth to play computer games
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.36,0:09:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on recycled game consoles\Nand recycled televisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.44,0:09:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Against the odds of extreme constraint,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.39,0:09:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refugees are innovating,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.15,0:09:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gentlemen you see before you\Nis a Congolese guy called Demuke.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.22,0:09:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Demuke arrived in the settlement\Nwith very little,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.77,0:09:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he wanted to be a filmmaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.100,0:09:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so with friends and colleagues,\Nhe started a community radio station,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.32,0:09:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he rented a video camera,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.03,0:09:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's now making films.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.66,0:09:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made two documentary films
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.56,0:09:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with and for our team,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.65,0:09:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's making a successful business\Nout of very little.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.76,0:09:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's those kinds of examples
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.06,0:09:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should guide\Nour response to refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.59,0:09:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than seeing refugees\Nas inevitably dependent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.10,0:09:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upon humanitarian assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.28,0:10:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to provide them with opportunities\Nfor human flourishing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.06,0:10:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food\Nare all important in the emergency phase,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.24,0:10:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we need to also look beyond that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.44,0:10:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to provide opportunities\Nto connectivity, electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.62,0:10:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education, the right to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.97,0:10:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to capital and banking.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.36,0:10:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the ways in which we take for granted\Nthat we are plugged in
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.63,0:10:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the global economy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.07,0:10:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can and should apply to refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.56,0:10:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second idea I want to discuss\Nis economic zones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.22,0:10:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, not every\Nhost country in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.01,0:10:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes the approach Uganda has taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.68,0:10:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most host countries don't open up their\Neconomies to refugees in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.49,0:10:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are still pragmatic\Nalternative options that we can use.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.53,0:10:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last April, I traveled to Jordan\Nwith my colleague,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.17,0:10:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the development economist Paul Collier,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.66,0:10:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we brainstormed an idea\Nwhile we were there
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.51,0:10:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the international community\Nand the government,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.76,0:11:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an idea to bring jobs to Syrians
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.11,0:11:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while supporting Jordan's\Nnational development strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.99,0:11:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is for an economic zone,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.26,0:11:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one in which we could potentially\Nintegrate the employment of refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.74,0:11:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alongside the employment\Nof Jordanian host nationals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.81,0:11:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just 15 minutes away\Nfrom the Zaatari Refugee Camp,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.45,0:11:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home to 83,000 refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.52,0:11:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an existing economic zone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.52,0:11:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the King Hussein\NBin Talal Development Area.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.04,0:11:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The government has spent\Nover a hundred million dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.85,0:11:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting it to the electricity grid,\Nconnecting it to the road network,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.66,0:11:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it lacked two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.36,0:11:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access to labor and inward investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.17,0:11:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if refugees\Nwere able to work there
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.02,0:11:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than being stuck in camps,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.79,0:11:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to support their families and develop\Nskills through vocational training
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.90,0:11:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they go back to Syria?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.06,0:11:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We recognized that\Nthat could benefit Jordan,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.08,0:11:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose development strategy\Nrequires it to make the leap
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.05,0:11:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a middle income country\Nto manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.83,0:11:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could benefit refugees,\Nbut it could also contribute
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.66,0:12:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the post-conflict\Nreconstruction of Syria
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.99,0:12:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by recognizing that we need\Nto incubate refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.80,0:12:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the best source\Nof eventually rebuilding Syria.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.100,0:12:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We published the idea\Nin the journal Foreign Affairs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.83,0:12:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.08,0:12:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was announced at the London\NSyria conference two weeks ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.24,0:12:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a pilot will begin in the summer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.21,0:12:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.37,0:12:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third idea that I want to put to you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.97,0:12:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is preference matching\Nbetween states and refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.68,0:12:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes\Nyou see here in the selfie
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.73,0:12:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,featuring Angela Merkel\Nand a Syrian refugee.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.58,0:12:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we rarely do is ask refugees\Nwhat they want, where they want to go,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.25,0:12:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'd argue we can do that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.18,0:12:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still make everyone better off.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.45,0:12:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The economist Alvin Roth has developed\Nthe idea of matching markets,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.42,0:12:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways in which the preference ranking\Nof the parties shapes an eventual match.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.60,0:13:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues Will Jones\Nand Alex Teytelboym
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.89,0:13:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have explored ways in which that idea\Ncould be applied to refugees,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.12,0:13:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask refugees to rank\Ntheir preferred destinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.72,0:13:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also allow states to rank\Nthe types of refugees they want
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.48,0:13:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on skills criteria or language criteria
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.24,0:13:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow those to match.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.05,0:13:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course you'd need to build in\Nquotas on things like diversity
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.77,0:13:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vulnerability,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.30,0:13:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a way of increasing\Nthe possibilities of matching.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.67,0:13:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The matching idea\Nhas been successfully used
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.22,0:13:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match, for instance, students\Nwith university places,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.66,0:13:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to match kidney donors with patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.19,0:13:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it underlines the kind of algorithms\Nthat exist on dating websites.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.37,0:13:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why not apply that\Nto give refugees greater choice?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.45,0:13:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could also be used\Nat the national level,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.38,0:13:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where one of the great challenges we face
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.36,0:13:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to persuade local communities\Nto accept refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.23,0:13:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the moment,\Nin my country, for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.72,0:13:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we often send engineers to rural areas\Nand farmers to the cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.92,0:13:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes no sense at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.96,0:14:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So matching markets offer a potential way\Nto bring those preferences together
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.38,0:14:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and listen to the needs and demands\Nof the populations that host
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.25,0:14:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the refugees themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.06,0:14:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fourth idea I want to put to you\Nis of humanitarian visas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.17,0:14:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of the tragedy and chaos\Nwe've seen in Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.03,0:14:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was entirely avoidable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.23,0:14:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It stems from a fundamental contradiction\Nin Europe's asylum policy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.74,0:14:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.11,0:14:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in order to seek asylum in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.69,0:14:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to arrive spontaneously\Nby embarking on those dangerous journeys
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.49,0:14:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I described.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.33,0:14:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why should those journeys be necessary\Nin an era of the budget airline
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.11,0:14:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and modern consular capabilities?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.85,0:14:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're completely unnecessary journeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.05,0:14:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and last year, they led to the deaths\Nof over 3,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.96,0:14:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Europe's borders\Nand within European territory.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.37,0:14:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If refugees were simply allowed\Nto travel directly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.25,0:14:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seek asylum in Europe,\Nwe would avoid that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.24,0:15:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a way of doing that
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.87,0:15:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through something called\Na humanitarian visa,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.91,0:15:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows people to collect a visa\Nat an embassy
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.62,0:15:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a consulate in a neighboring country
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.76,0:15:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then simply pay their own way
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.57,0:15:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a ferry or a flight to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.96,0:15:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It costs around a thousand Euros\Nto take a smuggler
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.24,0:15:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Turkey to the Greek islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.60,0:15:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It costs 200 Euros to take a budget\Nairline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.08,0:15:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we allowed refugees to do that,\Nit would have major advantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.80,0:15:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would save lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.36,0:15:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would undercut\Nthe entire market for smugglers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.60,0:15:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would remove the chaos\Nwe see from Europe's front line
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.16,0:15:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in areas like the Greek islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.38,0:15:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's politics that prevents us doing that\Nrather than a rational solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.05,0:15:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an idea that has been applied.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.14,0:15:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach\Nwhere over 2,000 Syrians
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.76,0:15:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been able to get humanitarian visas,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.18,0:15:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enter Brazil, and claim refugee status\Non arrival in Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.54,0:16:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that scheme, every Syrian\Nwho has gone through it
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.52,0:16:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has received refugee status\Nand been recognized as a genuine refugee.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.93,0:16:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a historical precedent\Nfor it as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.74,0:16:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 1922 and 1942,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.26,0:16:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these Nansen passports were used\Nas travel documents
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.14,0:16:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow 450,000 Assyrians,\NTurks, and Chechens
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.64,0:16:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to travel across Europe\Nand claim refugee status
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.97,0:16:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elsewhere in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.61,0:16:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Nansen\NInternational Refugee Office
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.28,0:16:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,received the Nobel Peace Prize
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.16,0:16:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in recognition of this\Nbeing a viable strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.81,0:16:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all four of these ideas\Nthat I've presented you
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.34,0:16:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are ways in which we can expand\NAmira's choice set.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.03,0:16:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're ways in which we can have\Ngreater choice for refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.14,0:16:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond those basic\Nimpossible three options
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.14,0:16:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I explained to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.51,0:16:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still leave others better off.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.46,0:16:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In conclusion, we really need\Na new vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.29,0:16:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vision that enlarges\Nthe choices of refugees
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.19,0:17:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but recognizes that they don't\Nhave to be a burden.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.86,0:17:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing inevitable\Nabout refugees being a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.37,0:17:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, they are\Na humanitarian responsibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.66,0:17:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're human beings with skills,\Ntalents, aspirations,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.12,0:17:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the ability to make contributions\Nif we let them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.26,0:17:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the new world,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.37,0:17:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,migration is not going to go away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.76,0:17:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've seen in Europe\Nwill be with us for many years.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.83,0:17:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People will continue to travel,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.52,0:17:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll continue to be displaced,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.38,0:17:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to find rational,\Nrealistic ways of managing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.88,0:17:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not based on the old logics\Nof humanitarian assistance,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.90,0:17:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not based on logics of charity,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.97,0:17:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but building on the opportunities\Noffered by globalization,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.87,0:17:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,markets, and mobility.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.19,0:17:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd urge you all to wake up\Nand urge our politicians
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.49,0:17:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wake up to this challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.58,0:17:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.58,0:17:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)