0:00:00.719,0:00:02.577
There are times when I feel

0:00:02.577,0:00:04.434
really quite ashamed

0:00:04.434,0:00:06.315
to be a European.

0:00:06.315,0:00:08.056
In the last year,

0:00:08.056,0:00:12.723
more than a million people[br]arrived in Europe in need of our help,

0:00:12.723,0:00:16.880
and our response, frankly,[br]has been pathetic.

0:00:16.880,0:00:19.921
There are just so many contradictions.

0:00:19.921,0:00:22.986
We mourn the tragic death

0:00:22.986,0:00:25.401
of two-year old Alan Kurdi,

0:00:25.401,0:00:29.906
and yet since then, more than 200 children

0:00:29.906,0:00:32.476
have subsequently drowned[br]in the Mediterranean.

0:00:33.845,0:00:36.585
We have international treaties[br]that recognize that refugees

0:00:36.585,0:00:38.861
are a shared responsibility,

0:00:38.861,0:00:41.995
and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon

0:00:41.995,0:00:46.082
hosts more Syrians[br]than the whole of Europe combined.

0:00:46.569,0:00:50.192
We lament the existence[br]of human smugglers,

0:00:50.192,0:00:54.000
and yet we make that the only viable route

0:00:54.000,0:00:57.064
to seek asylum in Europe.

0:00:57.064,0:01:01.778
We have labor shortages,[br]and yet we exclude people who fit

0:01:01.778,0:01:04.355
our economic and demographic needs

0:01:04.355,0:01:06.956
from coming to Europe.

0:01:06.956,0:01:13.178
We proclaim our liberal values[br]in opposition to fundamentalist Islam,

0:01:13.178,0:01:18.496
and yet we have repressive policies

0:01:18.496,0:01:21.026
that detain child asylum seekers,

0:01:21.026,0:01:24.788
that separate children[br]from their families,

0:01:24.788,0:01:28.317
and that seize property from refugees.

0:01:29.269,0:01:30.895
What are we doing?

0:01:30.895,0:01:33.263
How has the situation come to this,

0:01:33.263,0:01:38.023
that we've adopted such an inhumane[br]response to a humanitarian crisis?

0:01:39.509,0:01:41.948
I don't believe it's because[br]people don't care,

0:01:41.948,0:01:45.058
or at least I don't want to believe[br]it's because people don't care.

0:01:45.058,0:01:48.704
I believe it's because[br]our politicians lack a vision,

0:01:48.704,0:01:52.488
a vision for how to adapt[br]an international refugee system

0:01:52.488,0:01:54.508
created over 50 years ago

0:01:54.508,0:01:57.659
for a changing and globalized world.

0:01:57.659,0:02:00.004
And so what I want to do[br]is take a step back

0:02:00.004,0:02:03.905
and ask two really fundamental questions,

0:02:03.905,0:02:06.459
the two questions we all need to ask.

0:02:06.459,0:02:09.733
First, why is the current system[br]not working?

0:02:09.733,0:02:13.819
And second, what can we do to fix it?

0:02:15.003,0:02:16.930
So the modern refugee regime

0:02:16.930,0:02:19.879
was created in the aftermath[br]of the Second World War by these guys.

0:02:19.879,0:02:25.196
Its basic aim is to ensure

0:02:25.196,0:02:27.077
that when a state fails,[br]or worse, turns against its own people,

0:02:27.077,0:02:31.199
people have somewhere to go,

0:02:31.199,0:02:34.868
to live in safety and dignity[br]until they can go home.

0:02:34.868,0:02:40.765
It was created precisely for situations[br]like the situation we see in Syria today.

0:02:40.765,0:02:45.781
Through an international convention[br]signed by 147 governments,

0:02:45.781,0:02:48.729
the 1951 Convention[br]on the Status of Refugees,

0:02:48.729,0:02:51.864
and an international organization, UNHCR,

0:02:51.864,0:02:56.693
states committed to reciprocally[br]admit people onto their territory

0:02:56.693,0:02:59.596
who flee conflict and persecution.

0:02:59.596,0:03:03.079
But today, that system is failing.

0:03:03.079,0:03:06.887
In theory, refugees have a right[br]to seek asylum.

0:03:06.887,0:03:11.484
In practice, our immigration policies[br]block the path to safety.

0:03:11.484,0:03:15.733
In theory, refugees have a right[br]to a pathway to integration,

0:03:15.733,0:03:18.148
or return to the country[br]they've come from.

0:03:18.148,0:03:22.443
But in practice, they get stuck[br]in almost indefinite limbo.

0:03:22.443,0:03:25.833
In theory, refugees[br]are a shared global responsibility.

0:03:25.833,0:03:30.407
In practice, geography means[br]that countries proximate the conflict

0:03:30.407,0:03:34.958
take the overwhelming majority[br]of the world's refugees.

0:03:34.958,0:03:37.605
The system isn't broken[br]because the rules are wrong.

0:03:37.605,0:03:42.110
It's that we're not applying them[br]adequately to a changing world,

0:03:42.110,0:03:44.664
and that's what we need to reconsider.

0:03:44.664,0:03:49.215
So I want to explain to you a little bit[br]about how the current system works.

0:03:49.215,0:03:49.465
How does the refugee regime actually work?

0:03:51.815,0:03:54.393
But not from a top-down[br]institutional perspective,

0:03:54.393,0:03:58.456
rather from the perspective of a refugee.

0:03:58.456,0:04:00.917
So imagine a Syrian woman.

0:04:00.917,0:04:03.030
Let's call her Amira.

0:04:03.030,0:04:07.767
And Amira to me represents[br]many of the people I've met in the region.

0:04:07.767,0:04:11.180
Amira, like around 25 percent[br]of the world's refugees,

0:04:11.180,0:04:13.061
is a woman with children,

0:04:13.061,0:04:16.126
and she can't go home[br]because she comes from this city

0:04:16.126,0:04:18.099
that you see before you, Homs,

0:04:18.099,0:04:20.909
a once beautiful and historic city

0:04:20.909,0:04:22.581
now under rubble.

0:04:22.581,0:04:24.879
And so Amira can't go back there.

0:04:24.879,0:04:29.477
But Amira also has no hope[br]of resettlement to a third country,

0:04:29.477,0:04:32.727
because that's a lottery ticket[br]only available to less than one percent

0:04:32.727,0:04:35.026
of the world's refugees.

0:04:35.026,0:04:37.046
So Amira and her family

0:04:37.046,0:04:39.507
face an almost impossible choice.

0:04:39.507,0:04:42.522
They have three basic options.

0:04:42.522,0:04:48.002
The first option is that Amira[br]can take her family to a camp.

0:04:48.002,0:04:51.020
In the camp, she might get assistance,

0:04:51.020,0:04:55.107
but there are very few prospects[br]for Amira and her family.

0:04:55.107,0:04:58.241
Camps are in bleak, arid locations,

0:04:58.241,0:05:00.076
often in the desert.

0:05:00.076,0:05:02.746
In the Zaatari Refugee Camp in Jordan,

0:05:02.746,0:05:08.179
you can hear the shells[br]across the border in Syria at nighttime.

0:05:08.179,0:05:11.360
There's restricted economic activity.

0:05:11.360,0:05:13.775
Education is often of poor quality.

0:05:13.775,0:05:15.516
And around the world,

0:05:15.516,0:05:18.581
some 80 percent of refugees[br]who are in camps

0:05:18.581,0:05:21.228
have to stay for at least five years.

0:05:21.228,0:05:23.155
It's a miserable existence,

0:05:23.155,0:05:25.454
and that's probably why, in reality,

0:05:25.454,0:05:29.169
only nine percent of Syrians[br]choose that option.

0:05:29.169,0:05:33.302
Alternatively, Amira can head[br]to an urban area

0:05:33.302,0:05:36.692
in a neighboring country,[br]like Amman or Beirut.

0:05:36.692,0:05:41.847
That's an option that about 75 percent[br]of Syrian refugees have taken.

0:05:41.847,0:05:45.771
But there, there's[br]great difficulty as well.

0:05:45.771,0:05:50.252
Refugees in such urban areas[br]don't usually have the right to work.

0:05:50.252,0:05:53.503
They don't usually get[br]significant access to assistance,

0:05:53.503,0:05:57.334
and so when Amira and her family[br]have used up their basic savings,

0:05:57.334,0:06:01.629
they're left with very little[br]and likely to face urban destitution.

0:06:01.629,0:06:04.601
So there's a third alternative,

0:06:04.601,0:06:09.826
and it's one that increasing[br]numbers of Syrians are taking.

0:06:09.826,0:06:14.111
Amira can seek some hope for her family

0:06:14.111,0:06:18.011
by risking their lives[br]on a dangerous and perilous journey

0:06:18.011,0:06:19.521
to another country,

0:06:19.521,0:06:23.607
and it's that which we're seeing[br]in Europe today.

0:06:23.607,0:06:28.878
Around the world, we present refugees[br]with an almost impossible choice

0:06:28.878,0:06:30.712
between three options:

0:06:30.712,0:06:35.449
encampment, urban destitution,[br]and dangerous journeys.

0:06:35.449,0:06:40.743
For refugees, that choice is[br]the global refugee regime today.

0:06:40.743,0:06:42.949
But I think it's a false choice.

0:06:42.949,0:06:45.410
I think we can reconsider that choice.

0:06:45.410,0:06:49.032
The reason why we limit those options

0:06:49.032,0:06:52.631
is because we think

0:06:52.631,0:06:55.626
that those are the only options

0:06:55.626,0:06:59.016
that are available to refugees,[br]and they're not.

0:06:59.016,0:07:02.824
Politicians frame the issue[br]as a zero-sum issue,

0:07:02.824,0:07:06.864
that if we benefit refugees,[br]we're imposing costs on citizens.

0:07:06.864,0:07:08.815
We tend to have a collective assumption

0:07:08.815,0:07:12.333
that refugees are an inevitable cost[br]or burden to society.

0:07:12.333,0:07:15.072
But they don't have to.[br]They can contribute.

0:07:15.072,0:07:17.557
So what I want to argue[br]is are there are ways

0:07:17.557,0:07:19.414
in which we can expand that choice set

0:07:19.414,0:07:21.779
and still benefit everyone else:

0:07:21.779,0:07:23.497
the host states and communities,

0:07:23.497,0:07:27.351
our societies, and refugees themselves.

0:07:27.351,0:07:29.139
And I want to suggest four ways

0:07:29.139,0:07:33.234
we can transform the paradigm[br]of how we think about refugees.

0:07:33.234,0:07:36.578
All four ways have one thing in common:

0:07:36.578,0:07:40.270
they're all ways in which we take[br]the opportunities of globalization,

0:07:40.270,0:07:42.290
mobility, and markets,

0:07:42.290,0:07:46.562
and update the way we think[br]about the refugee issue.

0:07:46.562,0:07:48.002
The first one I want to think about

0:07:48.002,0:07:50.486
is the idea of enabling environments,

0:07:50.486,0:07:53.574
and it starts from[br]a very basic recognition

0:07:53.574,0:07:56.500
that refugees are human beings[br]like everyone else,

0:07:56.500,0:07:59.472
but they're just in[br]extraordinary circumstances.

0:07:59.472,0:08:01.515
Together with my colleagues in Oxford,

0:08:01.515,0:08:04.000
we've embarked on[br]a research project in Uganda

0:08:04.000,0:08:07.924
looking at the economic lives of refugees.

0:08:07.924,0:08:12.103
We chose Uganda not because[br]it's representative of all host countries.

0:08:12.103,0:08:14.169
It's not. It's exceptional.

0:08:14.169,0:08:16.491
Unlike most host countries[br]around the world,

0:08:16.491,0:08:17.977
what Uganda has done

0:08:17.977,0:08:20.415
is give refugees economic opportunity.

0:08:20.415,0:08:23.945
It gives them the right to work.[br]It gives them freedom of movement.

0:08:23.945,0:08:27.358
And the results of that are extraordinary

0:08:27.358,0:08:30.585
both for refugees and the host community.

0:08:30.585,0:08:32.582
In the capital city Kampala,

0:08:32.582,0:08:37.876
we found that 21 percent of refugees[br]own a business that employs other people,

0:08:37.876,0:08:40.500
and 40 percent of those employees

0:08:40.500,0:08:42.473
are nationals of the host country.

0:08:42.473,0:08:44.702
In other words, refugees are making jobs

0:08:44.702,0:08:48.000
for citizens of the host country.

0:08:48.000,0:08:51.297
Even in the camps, we found[br]extraordinary examples

0:08:51.297,0:08:55.290
of vibrant, flourishing,[br]and entrepreneurial businesses.

0:08:55.290,0:08:59.029
For example,[br]in a settlement called Nakivale,

0:08:59.029,0:09:02.237
we found examples of Congolese refugees

0:09:02.237,0:09:04.815
running digital music exchange businesses.

0:09:04.815,0:09:08.298
We found a Rwandan[br]who runs a business that's available

0:09:08.298,0:09:11.362
to allow the youth to play computer games

0:09:11.362,0:09:15.348
on recycled game consoles[br]and recycled televisions.

0:09:16.439,0:09:19.388
Against the odds of extreme constraint,

0:09:19.388,0:09:21.153
refugees are innovating,

0:09:21.153,0:09:25.216
and the gentlemen you see before you[br]is a Congolese guy called Demuke.

0:09:25.216,0:09:28.768
Demuke arrived in the settlement[br]with very little,

0:09:28.768,0:09:30.998
but he wanted to be a filmmaker,

0:09:30.998,0:09:35.316
so with friends and colleagues,[br]he started a community radio station,

0:09:35.316,0:09:37.034
he rented a video camera,

0:09:37.034,0:09:38.660
and he's now making films.

0:09:38.660,0:09:40.560
He made two documentary films

0:09:40.560,0:09:42.650
with and for our team,

0:09:42.650,0:09:46.760
and he's making a successful business[br]out of very little.

0:09:46.760,0:09:49.059
It's those kinds of examples

0:09:49.059,0:09:51.589
that should guide[br]our response to refugees.

0:09:51.589,0:09:54.097
Rather than seeing refugees[br]as inevitably dependent

0:09:54.097,0:09:56.280
upon humanitarian assistance,

0:09:56.280,0:10:00.064
we need to provide them with opportunities[br]for human flourishing.

0:10:00.064,0:10:07.239
Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food[br]are all important in the emergency phase,

0:10:07.239,0:10:10.443
but we need to also look beyond that.

0:10:10.443,0:10:14.623
We need to provide opportunities[br]to connectivity, electricity,

0:10:14.623,0:10:16.968
education, the right to work,

0:10:16.968,0:10:19.359
access to capital and banking.

0:10:19.359,0:10:22.633
All the ways in which we take for granted[br]that we are plugged in

0:10:22.633,0:10:24.073
to the global economy

0:10:24.073,0:10:27.556
can and should apply to refugees.

0:10:27.556,0:10:31.224
The second idea I want to discuss[br]is economic zones.

0:10:31.224,0:10:34.011
Unfortunately, not every[br]host country in the world

0:10:34.011,0:10:36.681
takes the approach Uganda has taken.

0:10:36.681,0:10:41.487
Most host countries don't open up their[br]economies to refugees in the same way.

0:10:41.487,0:10:46.526
But there are still pragmatic[br]alternative options that we can use.

0:10:46.526,0:10:50.171
Last April, I traveled to Jordan[br]with my colleague,

0:10:50.171,0:10:52.655
the development economist Paul Collier,

0:10:52.655,0:10:55.511
and we brainstormed an idea[br]while we were there

0:10:55.511,0:10:57.764
with the international community[br]and the government,

0:10:57.764,0:11:00.109
an idea to bring jobs to Syrians

0:11:00.109,0:11:03.986
while supporting Jordan's[br]national development strategy.

0:11:03.986,0:11:07.260
The idea is for an economic zone,

0:11:07.260,0:11:10.743
one in which we could potentially[br]integrate the employment of refugees

0:11:10.743,0:11:14.806
alongside the employment[br]of Jordanian host nationals.

0:11:14.806,0:11:18.452
And just 15 minutes away[br]from the Zaatari Refugee Camp,

0:11:18.452,0:11:20.518
home to 83,000 refugees,

0:11:20.518,0:11:22.515
is an existing economic zone

0:11:22.515,0:11:26.044
called the King Hussein[br]Bin Talal Development Area.

0:11:26.044,0:11:28.854
The government has spent[br]over a hundred million dollars

0:11:28.854,0:11:32.662
connecting it to the electricity grid,[br]connecting it to the road network,

0:11:32.662,0:11:34.357
but it lacked two things:

0:11:34.357,0:11:37.166
access to labor and inward investment.

0:11:37.166,0:11:40.022
So what if refugees[br]were able to work there

0:11:40.022,0:11:41.787
rather than being stuck in camps,

0:11:41.787,0:11:45.897
able to support their families and develop[br]skills through vocational training

0:11:45.897,0:11:48.056
before they go back to Syria?

0:11:48.056,0:11:50.076
We recognized that[br]that could benefit Jordan,

0:11:50.076,0:11:53.048
whose development strategy[br]requires it to make the leap

0:11:53.048,0:11:55.834
as a middle income country[br]to manufacturing.

0:11:55.834,0:11:59.665
It could benefit refugees,[br]but it could also contribute

0:11:59.665,0:12:01.987
to the post-conflict[br]reconstruction of Syria

0:12:01.987,0:12:04.797
by recognizing that we need[br]to incubate refugees

0:12:04.797,0:12:08.999
as the best source[br]of eventually rebuilding Syria.

0:12:08.999,0:12:11.832
We published the idea[br]in the journal Foreign Affairs.

0:12:11.832,0:12:14.084
King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.

0:12:14.084,0:12:17.242
It was announced at the London[br]Syria conference two weeks ago,

0:12:17.242,0:12:20.214
and a pilot will begin in the summer.

0:12:20.214,0:12:24.092
(Applause)

0:12:25.369,0:12:27.969
The third idea that I want to put to you

0:12:27.969,0:12:31.684
is preference matching[br]between states and refugees

0:12:31.684,0:12:34.726
to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes[br]you see here in the selfie

0:12:34.726,0:12:38.581
featuring Angela Merkel[br]and a Syrian refugee.

0:12:38.581,0:12:43.248
What we rarely do is ask refugees[br]what they want, where they want to go,

0:12:43.248,0:12:45.175
but I'd argue we can do that

0:12:45.175,0:12:47.450
and still make everyone better off.

0:12:47.450,0:12:51.421
The economist Alvin Roth has developed[br]the idea of matching markets,

0:12:51.421,0:12:57.597
ways in which the preference ranking[br]of the parties shapes an eventual match.

0:12:57.597,0:13:00.894
My colleagues Will Jones[br]and Alex Teytelboym

0:13:00.894,0:13:05.120
have explored ways in which that idea[br]could be applied to refugees,

0:13:05.120,0:13:08.719
to ask refugees to rank[br]their preferred destinations,

0:13:08.719,0:13:12.480
but also allow states to rank[br]the types of refugees they want

0:13:12.480,0:13:15.243
on skills criteria or language criteria

0:13:15.243,0:13:17.054
and allow those to match.

0:13:17.054,0:13:20.769
Now, of course you'd need to build in[br]quotas on things like diversity

0:13:20.769,0:13:22.302
and vulnerability,

0:13:22.302,0:13:25.669
but it's a way of increasing[br]the possibilities of matching.

0:13:25.669,0:13:28.223
The matching idea[br]has been successfully used

0:13:28.223,0:13:33.656
to match, for instance, students[br]with university places,

0:13:33.656,0:13:36.187
to match kidney donors with patients,

0:13:36.187,0:13:40.366
and it underlines the kind of algorithms[br]that exist on dating websites.

0:13:40.366,0:13:43.454
So why not apply that[br]to give refugees greater choice?

0:13:43.454,0:13:45.382
It could also be used[br]at the national level,

0:13:45.382,0:13:47.355
where one of the great challenges we face

0:13:47.355,0:13:51.233
is to persuade local communities[br]to accept refugees.

0:13:51.233,0:13:53.717
And at the moment,[br]in my country, for instance,

0:13:53.717,0:13:57.920
we often send engineers to rural areas[br]and farmers to the cities,

0:13:57.920,0:13:59.963
which makes no sense at all.

0:13:59.963,0:14:04.375
So matching markets offer a potential way[br]to bring those preferences together

0:14:04.375,0:14:08.252
and listen to the needs and demands[br]of the populations that host

0:14:08.252,0:14:11.062
and the refugees themselves.

0:14:11.062,0:14:15.172
The fourth idea I want to put to you[br]is of humanitarian visas.

0:14:15.172,0:14:18.027
Much of the tragedy and chaos[br]we've seen in Europe

0:14:18.027,0:14:20.233
was entirely avoidable.

0:14:20.233,0:14:24.738
It stems from a fundamental contradiction[br]in Europe's asylum policy,

0:14:24.738,0:14:26.108
which is the following:

0:14:26.108,0:14:27.687
that in order to seek asylum in Europe,

0:14:27.687,0:14:33.491
you have to arrive spontaneously[br]by embarking on those dangerous journeys

0:14:33.491,0:14:35.326
that I described.

0:14:35.326,0:14:40.109
But why should those journeys be necessary[br]in an era of the budget airline

0:14:40.109,0:14:42.849
and modern consular capabilities?

0:14:42.849,0:14:45.054
They're completely unnecessary journeys,

0:14:45.054,0:14:48.955
and last year, they led to the deaths[br]of over 3,000 people

0:14:48.955,0:14:53.367
on Europe's borders[br]and within European territory.

0:14:53.367,0:14:56.246
If refugees were simply allowed[br]to travel directly

0:14:56.246,0:14:59.241
and seek asylum in Europe,[br]we would avoid that,

0:14:59.241,0:15:00.867
and there's a way of doing that

0:15:00.867,0:15:02.910
through something called[br]a humanitarian visa,

0:15:02.910,0:15:06.625
that allows people to collect a visa[br]at an embassy

0:15:06.625,0:15:08.761
or a consulate in a neighboring country

0:15:08.761,0:15:10.572
and then simply pay their own way

0:15:10.572,0:15:13.962
through a ferry or a flight to Europe.

0:15:13.962,0:15:17.236
It costs around a thousand Euros[br]to take a smuggler

0:15:17.236,0:15:19.604
from Turkey to the Greek islands.

0:15:19.604,0:15:25.084
It costs 200 Euros to take a budget[br]airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.

0:15:25.084,0:15:28.799
If we allowed refugees to do that,[br]it would have major advantages.

0:15:28.799,0:15:30.355
It would save lives,

0:15:30.355,0:15:34.604
it would undercut[br]the entire market for smugglers,

0:15:34.604,0:15:38.156
and it would remove the chaos[br]we see from Europe's front line

0:15:38.156,0:15:40.385
in areas like the Greek islands.

0:15:40.385,0:15:45.052
It's politics that prevents us doing that[br]rather than a rational solution.

0:15:45.052,0:15:47.142
And this is an idea that has been applied.

0:15:47.142,0:15:51.763
Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach[br]where over 2,000 Syrians

0:15:51.763,0:15:54.177
have been able to get humanitarian visas,

0:15:54.177,0:15:58.543
enter Brazil, and claim refugee status[br]on arrival in Brazil,

0:15:58.543,0:16:01.515
and in that scheme, every Syrian[br]who has gone through it

0:16:01.515,0:16:05.926
has received refugee status[br]and been recognized as a genuine refugee.

0:16:05.926,0:16:08.736
There is a historical precedent[br]for it as well.

0:16:08.736,0:16:12.265
Between 1922 and 1942,

0:16:12.265,0:16:16.143
these Nansen passports were used[br]as travel documents

0:16:16.143,0:16:21.645
to allow 450,000 Assyrians,[br]Turks, and Chechens

0:16:21.645,0:16:24.966
to travel across Europe[br]and claim refugee status

0:16:24.966,0:16:26.614
elsewhere in Europe,

0:16:26.614,0:16:29.284
and the Nansen[br]International Refugee Office

0:16:29.284,0:16:31.165
received the Nobel Peace Prize

0:16:31.165,0:16:34.811
in recognition of this[br]being a viable strategy.

0:16:34.811,0:16:38.340
So all four of these ideas[br]that I've presented you

0:16:38.340,0:16:42.032
are ways in which we can expand[br]Amira's choice set.

0:16:42.032,0:16:45.143
They're ways in which we can have[br]greater choice for refugees

0:16:45.143,0:16:49.137
beyond those basic[br]impossible three options

0:16:49.137,0:16:50.507
I explained to you,

0:16:50.507,0:16:51.459
and still leave others better off.

0:16:51.459,0:16:56.288
In conclusion, we really need[br]a new vision,

0:16:56.288,0:16:59.191
a vision that enlarges[br]the choices of refugees

0:16:59.191,0:17:01.861
but recognizes that they don't[br]have to be a burden.

0:17:01.861,0:17:05.367
There's nothing inevitable[br]about refugees being a cost.

0:17:05.367,0:17:08.664
Yes, they are[br]a humanitarian responsibility,

0:17:08.664,0:17:12.124
but they're human beings with skills,[br]talents, aspirations,

0:17:12.124,0:17:15.258
with the ability to make contributions[br]if we let them.

0:17:15.258,0:17:18.369
In the new world,

0:17:18.369,0:17:20.761
migration is not going to go away.

0:17:20.761,0:17:23.826
What we've seen in Europe[br]will be with us for many years.

0:17:23.826,0:17:25.521
People will continue to travel,

0:17:25.521,0:17:27.378
they'll continue to be displaced,

0:17:27.378,0:17:30.884
and we need to find rational,[br]realistic ways of managing this,

0:17:30.884,0:17:33.903
not based on the old logics[br]of humanitarian assistance,

0:17:33.903,0:17:35.969
not based on logics of charity,

0:17:35.969,0:17:38.872
but building on the opportunities[br]offered by globalization,

0:17:38.872,0:17:41.194
markets, and mobility.

0:17:41.194,0:17:44.491
I'd urge you all to wake up[br]and urge our politicians

0:17:44.491,0:17:46.581
to wake up to this challenge.

0:17:46.581,0:17:48.577
Thank you very much.

0:17:48.577,0:17:52.617
(Applause)