[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm here today to share with you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an extraordinary journey -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraordinarily rewarding journey,\Nactually -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which brought me into
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,training rats
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save human lives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by detecting landmines
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tuberculosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a child, I had two passions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One was a passion for rodents.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had all kinds of rats,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mice, hamsters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gerbils, squirrels.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You name it, I bred it, and I sold them to pet shops.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.00,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also had a passion for Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.00,0:00:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Growing up in a multicultural environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had African students in the house,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I learned about their stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so different backgrounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dependency on imported know-how,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goods, services,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exuberant cultural diversity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa was truly fascinating for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I became an industrial engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engineer in product development,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I focused on appropriate detection technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually the first appropriate technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.00,0:01:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for developing countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.00,0:01:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started working in the industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.00,0:01:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I wasn't really happy to contribute
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a material consumer society
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a linear, extracting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and manufacturing mode.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I quit my job to focus on the real world problem:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,landmines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking '95 now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Princess Diana is announcing on TV
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that landmines form a structural barrier
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any development, which is really true.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As long as these devices are there,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or there is suspicion of landmines,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can't really enter into the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.00,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, there was an appeal worldwide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for new detectors
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.00,0:01:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sustainable in the environments
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.00,0:01:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they're needed to produce,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is mainly in the developing world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We chose rats.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would you choose rats?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because, aren't they vermin?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually rats are,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contrary to what most people think about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rats are highly sociable creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, our product -- what you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a target somewhere here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see an operator, a trained African
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his rats in front
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who actually are left and right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There, the animal finds a mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It scratches on the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the animal comes back for a food reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very, very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very sustainable in this environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the animal gets its food reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very, very simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now why would you use rats?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rats have been used since the '50s last century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all kinds of experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rats have more genetic material
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allocated to olfaction
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other mammal species.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're extremely sensitive to smell.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, they have the mechanisms to map all these smells
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.00,0:03:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to communicate about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now how do we communicate with rats?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well don't talk rat,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we have a clicker,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a standard method for animal training,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you see there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A clicker, which makes a particular sound
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with which you can reinforce particular behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.00,0:03:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we associate the click sound with a food reward,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.00,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is smashed banana and peanuts together in a syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the animal knows click, food,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,click, food, click, food --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so click is food --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we bring it in a cage with a hole,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually the animal learns
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stick the nose in the hole
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under which a target scent is placed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to do that for five seconds --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five seconds, which is long for a rat.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the animal knows this, we make the task a bit more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It learns how to find the target smell
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a cage with several holes, up to 10 holes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the animal learns
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to walk on a leash in the open
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find targets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next step, animals learn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find real mines in real minefields.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are tested and accredited
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to International Mine Action Standards,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like dogs have to pass a test.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This consists of 400 square meters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a number of mines
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,placed blindly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the team of trainer and their rat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to find all the targets.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the animal does that, it gets a license
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an accredited animal
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be operational in the field --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like dogs, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe one slight difference:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can train rats at a fifth of the price
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of training the mining dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.00,0:04:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our team in Mozambique:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one Tanzanian trainer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who transfers the skills
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these three Mozambican fellows.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you should see the pride in the eyes of these people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a skill,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes them much less dependent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on foreign aid.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:05:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moreover, this small team
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.00,0:05:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with, of course, you need the heavy vehicles
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the manual de-miners to follow-up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with this small investment in a rat capacity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have demonstrated in Mozambique
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can reduce the cost-price per square meter
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.00,0:05:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to 60 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.00,0:05:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what is currently normal --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two dollars per square meter, we do it at $1.18,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can still bring that price down.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.00,0:05:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Question of scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can bring in more rats,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can actually make the output even bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a demonstration site in Mozambique.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eleven African governments
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have seen that they can become less dependent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.00,0:05:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using this technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.00,0:05:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have signed the pact for peace
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and treaty in the Great Lakes region,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they endorse hero rats
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clear their common borders of landmines.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let me bring you to a very different problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's about 6,000 people last year
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.00,0:05:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that walked on a landmine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.00,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but worldwide last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.00,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost 1.9 million died from tuberculosis
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a first cause of infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where T.B. and HIV are strongly linked,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a huge common problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microscopy, the standard WHO procedure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaches from 40 to 60 percent reliability.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.00,0:06:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Tanzania -- the numbers don't lie --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.00,0:06:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,45 percent of people -- T.B. patients --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.00,0:06:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get diagnosed with T.B. before they die.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that, if you have T.B.,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have more chance that you won't be detected,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will just die from T.B. secondary infections and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are detected very early, diagnosed early,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treatment can start,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even in HIV-positives, it makes sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can actually cure T.B.,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.00,0:06:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even in HIV-positives.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.00,0:07:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in our common language, Dutch,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.00,0:07:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the name for T.B.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is "tering,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, etymologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refers to the smell of tar.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.00,0:07:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already the old Chinese
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Greek, Hippocrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have actually published,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.00,0:07:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,documented, that T.B. can be diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.00,0:07:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the volatiles
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exuding from patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is we collected some samples --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.00,0:07:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as a way of testing --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from hospitals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trained rats on them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.00,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see if this works,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wonder, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can reach 89 percent sensitivity,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,86 percent specificity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.00,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using multiple rats in a row.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.00,0:07:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how it works,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really, this is a generic technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.00,0:07:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking now explosives, tuberculosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can you imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can actually put anything under there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a cassette with 10 samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You put these 10 samples at once in the cage.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An animal only needs two hundredths of a second
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.00,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discriminate the scent, so it goes extremely fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it's already at the third sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a positive sample.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.00,0:08:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gets a click sound and comes for the food reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by doing so, very fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can have like a second-line opinion
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.00,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see which patients are positive,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are negative.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as an indication,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas a microscopist can process
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 samples in a day,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a rat can process
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same amount of samples
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.00,0:08:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in seven minutes only.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.00,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A cage like this --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.00,0:08:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A cage like this -- provided that you have rats,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.00,0:08:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have now currently
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 tuberculosis rats --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cage like this, operating throughout the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can process 1,680 samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.00,0:09:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine the potential offspring applications --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,environmental detection
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pollutants in soils,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,customs applications,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,detection of illicit goods in containers and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.00,0:09:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's stick first to tuberculosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.00,0:09:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just want to briefly highlight,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the blue rods
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.00,0:09:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the scores of microscopy only
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.00,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the five clinics in Dar es Salaam
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a population of 500,000 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where 15,000 reported to get a test done.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Microscopy for 1,800 patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by just presenting the samples once more to the rats
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.00,0:09:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looping those results back,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were able to increase case detection rates
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by over 30 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Throughout last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been -- depending on which intervals you take --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.00,0:09:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been consistently
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasing case detection rates
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in five hospitals in Dar es Salaam
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 30 and 40 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really considerable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knowing that a missed patient by microscopy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infects up to 15 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.00,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,healthy people, per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can be sure
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have saved lots of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least our hero rats have saved lots of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.00,0:10:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way forward for us
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is now to standardize this technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are simple things
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, for instance, we have a small laser in the sniffer hole
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the animal has to stick for five seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.00,0:10:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, to standardize this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.00,0:10:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, to standardize the pellets,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.00,0:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the food rewards,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:10:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to semi-automate this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to replicate this on a much larger scale
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.00,0:10:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and affect the lives of many more people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To conclude, there are also other applications at the horizon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.00,0:10:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is a first prototype
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our camera rat,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a rat with a rat backpack
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a camera that can go under rubble
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.00,0:10:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect for victims
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.00,0:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after earthquake and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.00,0:11:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in a prototype stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.00,0:11:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have a working system here yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.00,0:11:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To conclude, I would actually like to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.00,0:11:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may think this is about rats, these projects,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the end it is about people.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is about empowering vulnerable communities
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle difficult, expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dangerous humanitarian detection tasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.00,0:11:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing that with a local resource,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.00,0:11:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plenty available.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.00,0:11:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So something completely different
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to keep on challenging your perception
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the resources surrounding you,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they are environmental,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technological, animal, or human.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.00,0:11:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to respectfully harmonize with them
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to foster a sustainable world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)