WEBVTT

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Ajoyib ob-havo!

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Ajoyib ish!

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Sen zo'r sportchisan!

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Komplimentlar, shunday emasmi?

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Balki shundaydir.

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Ifodasiga va

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ohangiga qaraganda

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bular kompliment.

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Lekin aynan shu iboralar, boshqa

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tomondan haqoratli va zaharhanda 
bo'lishi mumkin.

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Ohangda oddiy ifodaviy o'zgarishlar

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bizni aynan og'zaki kinoyaga olib 
kelishi mumkin.

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Va kimdir "ajoyib ob-havo!" deganida,

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inson rostan ham aynan yaxshi ob-havoni 
nazarda tutishi mumkin.

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Agar quyosh charaqlab,

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qushlar sayrayotgan

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va deyarli shamol yo'q bo'lsa.

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Agar ob-havo yomon bo'lsa,

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bulutlar yaqinlasha-

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yotgan va bo'ron boshlanayotgan bo'lsa,

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va kimdir "ajoyib ob-havo!" desa,

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ma'lumki, u aynan teskarisini 
nazarda tutadi.

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Aslida bu inson yomon ob-havoni 
nazarda tutayotib,

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lekin teskarisini aytadi.

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Xa, og'zaki kinoya — qachonki inson

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biror narsani nazarda tutayotib, aslida 
teskarisini aytsa.

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Nimalarni

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o'ylaganingizni bilaman.

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Bu sarkazm emasmi? 
Bu sarkazmga xos emasmi?

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Xa.

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Gapirilayotgan gapning aksi 
nazarda tutilsa,

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bu og'zaki kinoya.

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Agar gapiruvchi ushbu

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qarama-qarshi iboraga biroz

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zaharhandalik qo'shsa va kimgadir 
tegadigan yoki

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uning ustidan kuladigan qilib aytsa,

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bu unda sarkazm hisoblanadi.

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Mana yana bir misol:

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"Ajoyib ish!"

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Kimdir o'z orzusiga erishdi:

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zo'r!

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Kimdir chempionatda g'olib bo'ldi:

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ajoyib!

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Kimdir mashinaga urildi:

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yaxshi emas.

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Shuning uchun, yo'lovchi "ajoyib ish!" 
deganida, aslida

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u teskarisini nazarda tutib,

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biroz hazil ohangini beradi.

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Bu og'zaki kinoya va sarkazm.

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"Sen qobiliyatli sportsmensan" deb 
olimpiadachiga aytilsa,

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bu to'g'ri eshitiladi, va bu yerda 
kinoya yo'q.

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Lekin aynan shu ibora darsda kitobi va 
qurollari

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har joyda yoyilib yotgan o'quvchiga 
aytilsa,

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bu qo'polroq, va shuningdek kinoyali.

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Chunki siz aynan nazarda tutgan gapingizni
aytmadingiz.

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Bu og'zaki kinoya.

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Nazarda tutganingizning teskarisini

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gapirdingiz.
Undan tashqari, bu orqali

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siz bu inson ustidan kulishga

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qaror qildingiz, 
bu nafaqat kinoya bo'ldi,

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balki sarkazm ham.

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Ammo, bitta "lekini" bor.

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Sarkazm doimo og'zaki kinoya birga 
kelishiga qaramay,

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og'zaki kinoya doim ham sarkastik 
bo'lavermaydi.

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Og'zaki kinoya shundayki, unda 
aytilgan gap

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nazarda tutilayotgan gapning aksi 
bo'lsa bo'ldi.

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Sarkazmda esa biroz zaharhandalik bo'ladi.

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Lekin ba'zida,

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shunday ham bo'ladiki, aytilgan gapda 
yana bitta

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ma'no bo'ladi — hech qanday sarkazmsiz.

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Hammasi shu.

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Endi esa og'zaki kinoya va sarkazmni 
qidirishda yo'lga otlaning.

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Omad!

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Yo'q, chindan ham, omad!

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Yo'q-yo'q, rosti.

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Men rostdan ham sizga bu qiyin ishda 
omad tilashni xohlayman.

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Chin dildan — omad!

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Siz uddalaysiz!

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Hech qanday kinoyasiz.