[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.38,0:00:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People say that a long, long time ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.25,0:00:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody on earth spoke the same language
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.56,0:00:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and belonged to the same tribe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.98,0:00:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I guess people had\Na little too much time on their hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.97,0:00:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they decided\Nthey were going to work together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.54,0:00:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become as great as God.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.30,0:00:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they started to build a tower\Nup into the heavens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.29,0:00:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God saw this and was angry,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.22,0:00:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to punish the people\Nfor their arrogance,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.38,0:00:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God destroyed the tower
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.81,0:00:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scattered the people\Nto the ends of the earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.55,0:00:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made them all\Nspeak different languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.90,0:00:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the story of the Tower of Babel,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.70,0:00:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's probably not\Na literal historical truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.92,0:00:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it does tell us something
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.41,0:00:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the way that we understand\Nlanguages and speakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.95,0:00:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for one thing, we often think\Nabout speaking different languages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.27,0:00:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as meaning that we don't get along\Nor maybe we're in conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.39,0:00:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and speaking the same language as meaning\Nthat we belong to the same group
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.92,0:00:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we can work together.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.77,0:00:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Modern linguists know
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.22,0:01:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the relationship between\Nlanguage and social categories
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.34,0:01:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is intricate and complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.53,0:01:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we bring a lot of baggage\Nto the way that we understand language,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.59,0:01:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point that even\Na seemingly simple question,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.07,0:01:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "What makes a person\Na speaker of a language?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.26,0:01:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can turn out to be really,\Nreally complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.72,0:01:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a Spanish professor at Ohio State.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.62,0:01:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I teach mostly upper-level courses,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.67,0:01:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the students have taken\Nfour to five years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.96,0:01:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of university-level Spanish courses.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.49,0:01:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So students who are in my class\Nspeak Spanish with me all semester long.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.76,0:01:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They listen to me speak in Spanish.\NThey turn in written work in Spanish.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.48,0:01:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, when I asked my students\Nat the beginning of the semester,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.76,0:01:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who considers themselves\Na Spanish speaker?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.88,0:01:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not very many of them raised their hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.87,0:01:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can be a really,\Nreally good speaker of a language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.61,0:01:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still not consider yourself\Na language speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.75,0:01:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it's not just about\Nhow well you speak a language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.16,0:01:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it's also about what age\Nyou start learning that language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.76,0:02:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we look at kids\Nwho speak Spanish at home
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.06,0:02:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mostly English at work or in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.79,0:02:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they often feel like they don't\Nspeak either language really well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.34,0:02:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sometimes feel like they exist\Nin a state of languagelessness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.10,0:02:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they don't feel fully comfortable\Nin Spanish at school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.00,0:02:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they don't feel fully comfortable\Nin English at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.85,0:02:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have this really strong idea\Nthat in order to be a good bilingual,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.82,0:02:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to be two\Nmonolinguals in one body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.24,0:02:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But linguists know that's not really\Nhow bilingualism works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.84,0:02:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually much more common\Nfor people to specialize,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.33,0:02:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use one language in one place\Nand another language in another place.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.45,0:02:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's not always only about\Nhow we see ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.13,0:02:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can also be about\Nhow other people see us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.18,0:02:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do my research in Bolivia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.38,0:02:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a country in South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.86,0:02:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Bolivia, as in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.07,0:03:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are different social groups\Nand different ethnic categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.23,0:03:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those ethnic categories\Nis a group known as Quechua,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.29,0:03:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are Indigenous people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.44,0:03:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people who are Quechua\Nspeak Spanish a little bit differently
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.64,0:03:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.91,0:03:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, there are some sounds\Nthat sound a little bit more alike
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.40,0:03:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when many Quechua speakers use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.74,0:03:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a colleague and I designed a study
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.52,0:03:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we took a series\Nof very similar-sounding word pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.39,0:03:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were similar-sounding\Nin exactly the same sorts of ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.93,0:03:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Quechua speakers often sound similar\Nwhen they speak Spanish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.63,0:03:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We played those similar-sounding\Nword pairs to a group of listeners,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.50,0:03:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we told half of the listeners\Nthat they were going to listen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.60,0:03:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just your normal\Nrun-of-the-mill Spanish speaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.13,0:03:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other half of the listeners that\Nthey were going to hear a Quechua speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.51,0:03:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody heard the same recording,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.80,0:03:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we found was that people\Nwho thought they were listening
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.98,0:03:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.77,0:04:00.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made clear differences\Nbetween the word pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.10,0:04:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who thought they were\Nlistening to a Quechua speaker
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.28,0:04:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really didn't seem to make\Nclear differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.44,0:04:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if a visual would help,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.60,0:04:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here are the results of our study.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.65,0:04:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here in the top line\Nis a little bit of an arch.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.72,0:04:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what you would expect
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.47,0:04:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from people who are making\Nclear differences between the word pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.76,0:04:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what you see for people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.44,0:04:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who though they were\Nlistening to a Spanish speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.92,0:04:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see on the bottom\Nis a little bit more of a flat line,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.92,0:04:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we expect to see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.50,0:04:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people are not\Nmaking clear differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.64,0:04:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that came from the group that thought\Nthey were listening to a Quechua speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.58,0:04:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, since nothing\Nabout the recording changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.81,0:04:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means that it was the social\Ncategories that we gave the listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.21,0:04:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that changed the way\Nthey perceived language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.59,0:04:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't just some funny thing\Nthat only happens in Bolivia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.14,0:04:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research has been carried out\Nin the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.94,0:04:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Canada, in New Zealand,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.31,0:04:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing exactly the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.31,0:04:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We incorporate social categories\Ninto our understanding of language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.10,0:05:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have even been studies\Ncarried out with American college students
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.03,0:05:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who listen to a university lecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.77,0:05:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the students were shown\Na picture of a Caucasian face
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.91,0:05:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the instructor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.29,0:05:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the students were shown\Na picture of an Asian face
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.42,0:05:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the instructor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.24,0:05:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And students who saw the Asian face
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.57,0:05:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported that the lecture was less clear\Nand harder to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.61,0:05:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though everybody listened\Nto the same recording.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.62,0:05:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So social categories really influence\Nthe way that we understand language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.80,0:05:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an issue that became\Nespecially personal to me
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.60,0:05:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my children started school.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.13,0:05:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My children are Latino,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.34,0:05:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we speak Spanish at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.98,0:05:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they speak mostly English\Nwith their friends out in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.17,0:05:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their grandparents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.13,0:05:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they started school,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.38,0:05:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was told that the district requires
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.20,0:05:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that any household that has a member\Nwho speaks a language other than English,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.39,0:05:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children have to be tested
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.01,0:05:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if they need\NEnglish as a second language services.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.68,0:06:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was like, "Yes! My kids\Nare going to ace this test."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.56,0:06:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.94,0:06:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see behind me the results\Nfrom my daughter's ESL placement exam.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.41,0:06:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She got a perfect five out of five\Nfor comprehension,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.16,0:06:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reading and listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.92,0:06:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she only got three out of five\Nfor speaking and writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.21,0:06:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was like, "This is really weird,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.21,0:06:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this kid\Ntalks my ear off all the time."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.04,0:06:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.52,0:06:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I figured it's just one test\Non one day, and it's not a big deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.70,0:06:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until, several years later,\Nmy son started school,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.88,0:06:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my son also scored\Nas a non-native speaker of English
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.80,0:06:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the exam.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.16,0:06:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was like, "This is really weird,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.51,0:06:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't seem like a coincidence."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.58,0:06:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I sent a note in to the teacher,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.28,0:06:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she was very kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.57,0:06:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She sent me a long message explaining\Nwhy he had been placed in this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.35,0:07:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the things that she said\Nreally caught my attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.17,0:07:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one thing, she said that\Neven a native speaker of English
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.69,0:07:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might not score at advanced level
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.55,0:07:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this test,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.01,0:07:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on what kinds of resource\Nand enrichment they were getting at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.80,0:07:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this tells me that the test\Nwasn't doing a great job
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.04,0:07:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of measuring English proficiency,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.26,0:07:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it may have been measuring\Nsomething like how much resources
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.48,0:07:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kids are exposed to at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.05,0:07:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which case, those kids need\Ndifferent types of support at school.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.29,0:07:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really don't need\NEnglish language assistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.17,0:07:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing that she mentioned\Ncaught my attention as a linguist.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.70,0:07:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said that she had asked my son\Nto repeat the sentence,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.82,0:07:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who has Jane's pencil?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.48,0:07:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he repeated, "Who has Jane pencil?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.72,0:07:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said this is a typical error made\Nby a non-native English-speaking student
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.75,0:07:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose native language does not contain\Na similar structure for possessives.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.28,0:08:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason this caught my attention
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.13,0:08:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because I know
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.09,0:08:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is a systematic,\Nrule-governed variety of English
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.20,0:08:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which this possessive construction\Nis completely grammatical.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.41,0:08:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That variety is known to linguists\Nas "African-American English."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.28,0:08:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And African-American English\Nis actually group of dialects
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.14,0:08:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's spoken across the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.18,0:08:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly in African-American communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.65,0:08:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it just so happens\Nthat my son's school
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.71,0:08:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about 60 percent African-American.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.84,0:08:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know that at this age,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.13,0:08:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children are picking things up\Nfrom their friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.65,0:08:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're experimenting with language,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.52,0:08:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're using it in different contexts.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.39,0:08:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think when the teacher saw my son,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.26,0:08:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she didn't see a child who she expected\Nto speak African-American English.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.16,0:08:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so instead of evaluating him\Nas a child who was natively acquiring
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.36,0:08:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple dialects of English,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.96,0:09:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she evaluated him as a child\Nwhose standard English was deficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.76,0:09:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Language and social categories\Nare intricately connected,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.56,0:09:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we bring so much baggage\Nto the way that we understand language.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.42,0:09:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you ask me a question like,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who counts as a speaker of a language?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.80,0:09:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't really have\Na simple answer to that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.88,0:09:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I can tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.15,0:09:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that people are pattern seekers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.60,0:09:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're always looking for ways\Nto connect the dots
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.73,0:09:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between different types of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.89,0:09:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.19,0:09:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our underlying biases\Nare projected onto language.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.93,0:09:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look at children like my own,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.75,0:09:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I see them in the gentlest\Nand most well-meaning of ways
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.64,0:09:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being racially profiled\Nas non-native speakers of English,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.22,0:09:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes me wonder:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.88,0:09:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.16,0:09:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they move from elementary school
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.38,0:10:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto high school and college\Nand onto their first jobs?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.84,0:10:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they walk into an interview,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.02,0:10:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will the person sitting\Nacross the table from them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.20,0:10:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at their color or their last name
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.34,0:10:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hear them as speaking\Nwith a Spanish accent
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.21,0:10:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as speaking bad English?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.58,0:10:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the kinds of judgments\Nthat can have long-reaching effects
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.90,0:10:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on people's lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.09,0:10:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope that that person, just like you,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.36,0:10:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will have reflected\Non the naturalized links
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.20,0:10:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between language and social categories
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.89,0:10:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will have questioned their assumptions\Nabout what it really means
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.33,0:10:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a speaker of a language.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.12,0:10:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.47,0:10:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)