[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.29,0:00:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People say that a long, long time ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.49,0:00:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody on Earth spoke the same language
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.81,0:00:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and belonged to the same tribe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.95,0:00:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I guess people had\Na little too much time on their hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.55,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they decided they\Nwere going to work together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.08,0:00:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become as great as God.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.48,0:00:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they started to build\Na tower up into the heavens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.35,0:00:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God saw this and was angry,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.65,0:00:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to punish the people\Nfor their arrogance,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.54,0:00:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God destroyed the tower
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.39,0:00:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scattered the people\Nto the ends of the earth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.77,0:00:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made them all\Nspeak different languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.02,0:00:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the story of the Tower of Babel,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.87,0:00:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's probably not\Na literal historical truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.92,0:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it does tell us something\Nabout the way that we understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.68,0:00:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,languages and speakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.95,0:00:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for one thing, we often think\Nabout speaking different languages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.49,0:00:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as meaning that we don't get along\Nor maybe we're in conflict,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.83,0:00:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and speaking the same language as meaning\Nthat we belong to the same group
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.28,0:00:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we can work together.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.06,0:00:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Modern linguists know\Nthat the relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.41,0:01:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between language and social categories\Nis intricate and complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.85,0:01:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we bring a lot of baggage\Nto the way that we understand language,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.73,0:01:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point that even\Na seemingly simple question,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.59,0:01:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "What makes a person\Na speaker of a language?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.54,0:01:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can turn out to be really,\Nreally complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.38,0:01:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a Spanish professor at Ohio State.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.95,0:01:22.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I teach mostly upper level courses\Nwhere the students have taken
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.79,0:01:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four to five years\Nof university-level Spanish courses.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.05,0:01:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So students who are in my class\Nspeak Spanish with me all semester long.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.92,0:01:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They listen to me speak in Spanish.\NThey turn in written work in Spanish.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.48,0:01:38.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, when I asked my students\Nat the beginning of the semester,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.09,0:01:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who considers themselves\Na Spanish speaker?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.02,0:01:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not very many of them raised their hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.14,0:01:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can be a really,\Nreally good speaker of a language
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.88,0:01:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still not consider yourself\Na language speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.96,0:01:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it's not just about\Nhow well you speak a language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.24,0:01:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it's also about what age\Nyou start learning that language?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.96,0:02:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we look at kids\Nwho speak Spanish at home
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.69,0:02:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mostly English at work or in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.11,0:02:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they often feel like they don't\Nspeak either language really well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.13,0:02:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They sometimes feel like they exist\Nin a state of languagelessness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.29,0:02:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they don't feel fully comfortable\Nin Spanish at school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.68,0:02:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they don't feel fully comfortable\Nin English at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have this really strong idea\Nthat in order to be a good bilingual,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.78,0:02:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to be two\Nmonolinguals in one body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.30,0:02:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But linguists know that's not really\Nhow bilingualism works.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.61,0:02:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually much more common
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.74,0:02:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to specialize,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.16,0:02:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use one language in one place\Nand another language in another place.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.22,0:02:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's not always only about\Nhow we see ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.29,0:02:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can also be about\Nhow other people see us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.76,0:02:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do my research in Bolivia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.95,0:02:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a country in South America,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.86,0:02:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in Bolivia, as in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.44,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are different social groups\Nand different ethnic categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.34,0:03:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those ethnic categories\Nis a group known as Quechua,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.91,0:03:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are Indigenous people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.81,0:03:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people who are Quechua\Nspeak Spanish a little bit differently
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.48,0:03:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than your run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.27,0:03:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, there are some sounds\Nthat sound a little bit more alike
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.29,0:03:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when many Quechua speakers use them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.83,0:03:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a colleague and I designed a study
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.60,0:03:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we took a series\Nof very similar-sounding word pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.39,0:03:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were similar-sounding\Nin exactly the same sorts of ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.62,0:03:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Quechua-speakers often sound similar\Nwhen they speak Spanish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.67,0:03:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We played those similar-sounding\Nword pairs to a group of listeners,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.70,0:03:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we told half of the listeners\Nthat they were going to listen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.82,0:03:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to just your normal\Nrun-of-the-mill Spanish speaker,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.33,0:03:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other half of the listeners that\Nthey were going to hear a Quechua speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.06,0:03:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody heard the same recording,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.24,0:03:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what we found was that people\Nwho thought they were listening
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.05,0:03:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a run-of-the-mill Spanish speaker
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.70,0:04:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made clear differences\Nbetween the word pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.31,0:04:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people who thought they were\Nlistening to a Quechua speaker
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.26,0:04:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really didn't seem to make\Nclear differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.62,0:04:08.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if a visual would help,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.77,0:04:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here are the results of our study.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.21,0:04:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here in the top line
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.68,0:04:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a little bit of an arch.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.63,0:04:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what you would expect\Nfrom people who are making
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.20,0:04:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clear differences between the word pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.29,0:04:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what you see for people\Nwho though they were listening
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.06,0:04:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a Spanish speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.66,0:04:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see on the bottom\Nis a little bit more of a flat line,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.06,0:04:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we expect to see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.12,0:04:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people are not\Nmaking clear differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.19,0:04:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that came from the group that thought\Nthey were listening to a Quechua speaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.99,0:04:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, since nothing\Nabout the recording changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.84,0:04:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means that it was the social\Ncategories that we gave the listeners
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.29,0:04:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that changed the way\Nthat they perceived language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.59,0:04:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't just some funny thing\Nthat only happens in Bolivia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.37,0:04:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research has been carried out\Nin the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.04,0:04:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Canada, in New Zealand,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.57,0:04:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing exactly the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.77,0:04:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We incorporate social categories\Ninto our understanding of language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.29,0:05:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have even been studies\Ncarried out with American college students
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.22,0:05:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who listen to a university lecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.35,0:05:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the students were shown\Na picture of a Caucasian face
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.16,0:05:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the instructor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.46,0:05:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the students were shown\Na picture of an Asian face
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.64,0:05:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the instructor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.50,0:05:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And students who saw the Asian face
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.06,0:05:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported that the lecture was less clear\Nand harder to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.02,0:05:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though everybody listened\Nto the same recording.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.67,0:05:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So social categories really influence\Nthe way that we understand language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.85,0:05:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an issue that became\Nespecially personal to me
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.13,0:05:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when my children started school.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.44,0:05:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My children are Latino,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.64,0:05:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we speak Spanish at home,\Nbut they speak mostly English
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.93,0:05:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their friends out in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.82,0:05:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their grandparents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.26,0:05:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they started school,\NI was told that the district requires
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.29,0:05:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that any household that has a member\Nwho speaks a language other than English,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.19,0:05:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children have to be tested\Nto see if they need
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.89,0:06:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English-as-a-second-language services.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.07,0:06:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was like, "Yes, my kids\Nare going to ace this test."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.49,0:06:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.72,0:06:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see behind me the results\Nfrom my daughter's ESL placement exam.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She got a perfect five out of five\Nfor comprehension,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reading and listening.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she only got three out of five\Nfor speaking and writing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was like, "This is really weird,\Nbecause this kid talks my ear off
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the time."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I figured it's just one test\Non one day and it's not a big deal.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until, several years later,\Nmy son started school,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my son also scored\Nas a non-native speaker of English
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the exam.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was like, this is really weird,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't seem like a coincidence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I sent a note in to the teacher,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she was very kind.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She sent me a long message explaining\Nwhy he had been placed in this way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the things that she said\Nreally caught my attention.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one thing, she said that\Neven a native speaker of English
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might not score at advanced level
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this test,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on what kinds of resource\Nand enrichment they were getting at home.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this tells me that the test
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn't doing a great job\Nof measuring English proficiency,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it may have been measuring
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like how much resources\Nkids are exposed to at home.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In which case, those kids need\Ndifferent types of support at school.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really don't need\NEnglish language assistance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing that she mentioned\Ncaught my attention as a linguist.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said that she had asked\Nmy son to repeat the sentence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who has Jane's pencil?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he repeated, "Who has Jane pencil?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She said this is a typical error made\Nby a non-native English speaking student
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose native language does not contain\Na similar structure for possessives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason this caught my attention\Nis because I know that there is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a systematic, rule-governed\Nvariety of English
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which this possessive construction\Nis completely grammatical.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That variety is known to linguists\Nas "African-American English,"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and African-American English\Nis actually group of dialects
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's spoken across the United States,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mostly in African-American communities.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it just so happens\Nthat my son's school
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about 60 percent African-American.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know that at this age,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children are picking things up\Nfrom their friends,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're experimenting with language,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're using it in different contexts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think when the teacher saw my son,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she didn't see a child
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who she expected to speak\NAfrican-American English.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so instead of evaluating him\Nas a child who was natively acquiring
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple dialects of English,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she evaluated him as a child
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose standard English was deficient.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Language and social categories\Nare intricately connected,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we bring so much baggage\Nto the way that we understand language.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you ask me a question like,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Who counts as a speaker of a language?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't really have\Na simple answer to that question,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what I can tell you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that people are pattern-seekers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're always looking for ways\Nto connect the dots
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between different types of information.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be a problem
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when our underlying biases\Nare projected onto language.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I look at children like my own
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I see them in the gentlest\Nand most well-meaning of ways
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being racially profiled\Nas non-native speakers of English,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes me wonder,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going to happen
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they move from elementary school
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto high school and college\Nand onto their first jobs?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they walk into an interview,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will the person sitting\Nacross the table from them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at their color or their last name
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hear them as speaking\Nwith a Spanish accent,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as speaking bad English?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the kinds of judgments\Nthat can have long-reaching effects
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on people's lives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I hope that that person, just like you,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will have reflected\Non the naturalized links
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between language and social categories,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will have questioned their assumptions\Nabout what it really means
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a speaker of a language.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)