1
00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:03,919
Now the number of people fleeing wars,

2
00:00:03,919 --> 00:00:06,879
violence, or civil disorder rose again

3
00:00:06,879 --> 00:00:08,800
last year, even as the coronavirus

4
00:00:08,800 --> 00:00:10,559
pandemic brought much of the world

5
00:00:10,559 --> 00:00:12,340
to a standstill.

6
00:00:12,340 --> 00:00:14,679
By the end of 2020, there were

7
00:00:14,679 --> 00:00:17,279
82.4 million people who were forcibly

8
00:00:17,279 --> 00:00:18,720
displaced from their homes.

9
00:00:18,720 --> 00:00:21,520
That's according to the 
United Nations Refugee Agency

10
00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:23,370
and as you can see that is double

11
00:00:23,370 --> 00:00:25,350
the number that it was a decade ago.

12
00:00:25,350 --> 00:00:26,880
More than two-thirds of those

13
00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:29,039
officially recognized as refugees

14
00:00:29,039 --> 00:00:31,400
came from just five countries:

15
00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:33,430
Syria, Venezuela, Afghanistan,

16
00:00:33,430 --> 00:00:36,079
South Sudan and Myanmar.

17
00:00:36,079 --> 00:00:37,920
Our next report takes us to Pakistan

18
00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:39,840
which has hosted hundreds of thousands

19
00:00:39,840 --> 00:00:41,440
of Afghan refugees

20
00:00:41,440 --> 00:00:43,923
for four decades.

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00:00:45,020 --> 00:00:47,880
Bahauddin Khan runs a small grocery store

22
00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:50,719
in this refugee camp in Pakistan.

23
00:00:50,719 --> 00:00:52,596
Every day he checks his income

24
00:00:52,596 --> 00:00:54,100
and expenses.

25
00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:58,320
He was about the same age as this child

26
00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:00,490
when his family fled Afghanistan

27
00:01:00,490 --> 00:01:02,239
some 40 years ago.

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00:01:02,239 --> 00:01:05,774
Today it's a distant memory.

29
00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:11,680
We had to get out of Afghanistan.

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There was a war going on.

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00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:16,470
So when the situation became worse,

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00:01:16,470 --> 00:01:18,439
we fled.

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00:01:19,589 --> 00:01:21,389
Pakistan took us in.

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00:01:21,389 --> 00:01:23,040
We've been able to live here

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00:01:23,040 --> 00:01:26,190
ever since.

36
00:01:27,540 --> 00:01:30,090
Haji Bahadur also fled Afghanistan

37
00:01:30,090 --> 00:01:33,600
after the Soviet invasion in 1979.

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00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:36,410
He has lived in the camp ever since.

39
00:01:36,410 --> 00:01:37,600
It's one of 20

40
00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:39,079
in this province alone.

41
00:01:39,079 --> 00:01:40,079
More than a

42
00:01:40,079 --> 00:01:42,479
million Afghans live in Pakistan,

43
00:01:42,479 --> 00:01:44,600
they're largely on their own.

44
00:01:49,040 --> 00:01:50,720
I would be lying if I said we got

45
00:01:50,720 --> 00:01:52,320
financial support.

46
00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:54,172
The truth is we don't get any aid

47
00:01:54,172 --> 00:01:56,190
from the Pakistani government.

48
00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,600
Now, for the first time, Pakistan is

49
00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:06,159
registering the Afghan refugees residing

50
00:02:06,159 --> 00:02:07,792
in the country.

51
00:02:09,758 --> 00:02:12,219
Registered refugees are issued

52
00:02:12,219 --> 00:02:15,037
a biometric identity card.

53
00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:18,319
Many children born here have never been

54
00:02:18,319 --> 00:02:20,244
registered at all.

55
00:02:21,680 --> 00:02:23,120
It's hoped the data will give

56
00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:26,239
international aid agencies
a clearer picture

57
00:02:26,239 --> 00:02:29,851
of the needs in the refugee community.

58
00:02:32,640 --> 00:02:35,080
This exercise, we are collecting

59
00:02:35,080 --> 00:02:36,880
a most updated information

60
00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:39,360
of Afghan refugees such as

61
00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:42,400
education level, vocational

62
00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:45,519
skills, also maybe language,

63
00:02:45,519 --> 00:02:46,800
also vulnerability.

64
00:02:46,800 --> 00:02:49,200
And this updated information is also

65
00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:50,830
going to assist us

66
00:02:50,830 --> 00:02:54,000
to better design from our activities,

67
00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:57,040
not only in Pakistan but in Afghanistan

68
00:02:57,040 --> 00:03:00,601
when they return to Afghanistan.

69
00:03:01,360 --> 00:03:03,440
Pakistani authorities have tried to

70
00:03:03,440 --> 00:03:06,080
encourage refugees to return home.

71
00:03:06,080 --> 00:03:08,800
Nadeen Ejaz is interviewing families to

72
00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:10,879
see if they're ready to make the move

73
00:03:10,879 --> 00:03:13,760
after NATO troops leave Afghanistan.

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00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:15,621
Their new ID cards are only valid

75
00:03:15,621 --> 00:03:17,480
until 2023.

76
00:03:19,904 --> 00:03:22,159
In a questionnaire, they're asked if the

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00:03:22,159 --> 00:03:25,148
situation in Afghanistan normalizes,

78
00:03:25,148 --> 00:03:27,040
then do they want to leave?

79
00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:29,716
Ninety percent of the refugees answer with a no

80
00:03:29,716 --> 00:03:31,120
They do not want to go back to

81
00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:32,830
their home country.

82
00:03:34,159 --> 00:03:37,200
For Bahauddin Khan, one thing is clear:

83
00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:38,960
he will only return home

84
00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:40,090
if there's peace.

85
00:03:41,280 --> 00:03:44,400
They are the caminantes or walkers.

86
00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:46,720
Millions of them have left Venezuela,

87
00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:49,760
fleeing the country's 
humanitarian crisis.

88
00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:52,400
Now some of them are going back.

89
00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:54,319
The pandemic and political turmoil in

90
00:03:54,319 --> 00:03:56,120
neighboring Colombia has prompted

91
00:03:56,120 --> 00:03:57,680
a wave of Venezuelans

92
00:03:57,680 --> 00:03:59,920
worn down by economic hardship to make

93
00:03:59,920 --> 00:04:02,179
the journey home.

94
00:04:04,239 --> 00:04:06,000
I left with the goal of succeeding

95
00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:07,680
and helping my family, but now

96
00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:09,920
prices are too high in Colombia.

97
00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:12,019
I could not make ends meet.

98
00:04:12,799 --> 00:04:14,640
Luis Arias just made it back to

99
00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:16,798
Venezuela after walking for two weeks

100
00:04:16,798 --> 00:04:19,750
with his family from the Colombian capital Bogota.

101
00:04:19,759 --> 00:04:22,160
They survived on goodwill along the way

102
00:04:22,160 --> 00:04:23,199
but that dried up

103
00:04:23,199 --> 00:04:25,094
when they crossed the border.

104
00:04:26,320 --> 00:04:28,842
The situation at home is dire.

105
00:04:28,842 --> 00:04:31,199
NGOs say that the country needs much more

106
00:04:31,199 --> 00:04:32,320
international aid

107
00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:34,430
to stave off crippling hunger.

108
00:04:34,430 --> 00:04:35,919
Financing has been

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00:04:35,919 --> 00:04:39,040
way below what is necessary in regards

110
00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:41,759
to the dimensions of the crisis
in the country.

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00:04:41,759 --> 00:04:45,759
The numbers are shameful.

112
00:04:45,759 --> 00:04:48,160
Even the aid that does reach Venezuela

113
00:04:48,160 --> 00:04:49,919
is hard to distribute.

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00:04:49,919 --> 00:04:52,240
Activist efforts are often hampered by

115
00:04:52,240 --> 00:04:53,680
fuel shortages,

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00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:57,876
violence, corruption,
and political meddling.

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00:05:00,320 --> 00:05:02,560
According to the World Food Program,

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00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:04,479
Venezuela is among the four

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00:05:04,479 --> 00:05:08,080
worst countries in the world 
with food insecurity.

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00:05:08,080 --> 00:05:10,758
And the UN predicts that by the end of this year

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00:05:10,758 --> 00:05:13,520
seven million people could have left Venezuela,

122
00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:15,520
making it the second largest migration

123
00:05:15,520 --> 00:05:19,507
after Syria, yet humanitarian aid for Venezuela

124
00:05:19,507 --> 00:05:20,997
is at its minimum.

125
00:05:21,432 --> 00:05:24,674
Andreina Bermudez thought about joining the exodus

126
00:05:24,674 --> 00:05:27,379
but says the risk was and is too high

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00:05:27,379 --> 00:05:29,148
with young children.

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Through her eldest daughter's school,

129
00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:33,520
her family received food and educational

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00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:36,080
supplies from UNICEF until December.

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00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:39,604
Now they're hoping more aid can restart the program.

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I noticed that when we received the aid,

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00:05:44,250 --> 00:05:46,080
many parents were happy and thankful,

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00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:48,197
mostly for the food because we could give the

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00:05:48,197 --> 00:05:51,920
children in our school a balanced meal.

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00:05:54,400 --> 00:05:56,639
To make ends meet, this stay-at-home mom

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00:05:56,639 --> 00:05:58,960
relies on what she can't find.

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00:05:58,960 --> 00:06:01,440
Today a neighbor has extra eggs for sale

139
00:06:01,440 --> 00:06:04,534
but the supply of cheap food is sporadic.

140
00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:07,360
We cannot buy imported products in

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00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:09,680
regular supermarkets at dollar prices,

142
00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:11,680
so we have to settle for small markets

143
00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:12,720
near home,

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00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,039
vegetable merchants and places that sell

145
00:06:15,039 --> 00:06:17,919
at better prices.

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00:06:19,840 --> 00:06:21,900
That is the Venezuela the caminantes

147
00:06:21,900 --> 00:06:23,680
are walking home to,

148
00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:26,960
a country still ravaged
by economic decline.

149
00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:28,720
Its people still struggling to feed

150
00:06:28,720 --> 00:06:30,720
themselves, still waiting for

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00:06:30,720 --> 00:06:32,615
international help.

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00:06:33,970 --> 00:06:35,831
We can speak now to Chris Melser,

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00:06:35,831 --> 00:06:38,960
he's a spokesperson for the UN's refugee agency.

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00:06:38,960 --> 00:06:41,028
Good morning, Chris, thank you
for joining us.

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00:06:41,028 --> 00:06:42,400
We just saw a report

156
00:06:42,400 --> 00:06:45,600
there with Afghans who fled conflict.

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00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,078
And your report shows 
there's been mentioning again

158
00:06:48,078 --> 00:06:49,732
that the number of people

159
00:06:49,732 --> 00:06:52,250
who have been forced
to flee their homes rose again

160
00:06:52,250 --> 00:06:53,843
despite the pandemic, so

161
00:06:53,843 --> 00:06:56,587
what are the biggest drivers behind this rise?

162
00:06:57,680 --> 00:07:00,680
Yes, this is indeed, these were
very, very depressing numbers

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00:07:00,680 --> 00:07:03,759
and you already mentioned that more than

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00:07:03,759 --> 00:07:05,919
two-thirds of the refugees are only from

165
00:07:05,919 --> 00:07:07,520
from five countries and

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00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:10,080
the most of the refugees are

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00:07:10,080 --> 00:07:13,543
still from Syria, 6.7 million.

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00:07:13,720 --> 00:07:17,199
Another hotspot is for example is Venezuela where

169
00:07:17,199 --> 00:07:20,240
also millions of people flew that country

170
00:07:20,240 --> 00:07:22,240
Afghanistan, South Sudan, these are all

171
00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:24,720
these drivers of the development.

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00:07:24,720 --> 00:07:27,680
The plus is this year is not

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00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:29,599
that big like in other years but

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00:07:29,599 --> 00:07:33,199
yes, 82.4 million, this is the

175
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complete, all the inhabitants of Germany

176
00:07:35,440 --> 00:07:39,599
or one percent of the human kind is

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00:07:39,599 --> 00:07:43,520
now refugee or internal displaced person.

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00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:45,680
And Chris, where are the majority of

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00:07:45,680 --> 00:07:47,199
these refugees ending up

180
00:07:47,199 --> 00:07:48,700
and are they able to stay

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where they end up?

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00:07:50,830 --> 00:07:53,433
Well the last question is a very important question.

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00:07:53,433 --> 00:07:56,027
Still the biggest host country for refugees is Turkey

184
00:07:56,027 --> 00:07:58,960
with 3.7 million refugees who found

185
00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:02,280
protection there, most of them from Syria.

186
00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:04,319
Colombia is another country

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00:08:04,319 --> 00:08:06,660
who accepted millions of people.

188
00:08:06,660 --> 00:08:10,800
Pakistan, as you mentioned 
in the report.

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00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:12,080
Uganda and Germany is

190
00:08:12,080 --> 00:08:15,280
number five with 1.2 million refugees

191
00:08:15,280 --> 00:08:16,720
finding protection in Germany.

192
00:08:16,720 --> 00:08:18,050
But don't make a mistake.

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00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:21,039
86% of all the refugees,

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00:08:21,039 --> 00:08:24,000
86% are in developing countries

195
00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:25,919
and these are very often also countries

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00:08:25,919 --> 00:08:28,649
who also suffer of problems with

197
00:08:28,649 --> 00:08:30,472
malnutrition and other things.

198
00:08:30,472 --> 00:08:32,200
But anyway, they are hosting

199
00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:34,840
almost 9 out of 10 refugees.

200
00:08:34,840 --> 00:08:37,039
Another staggering number, Chris, is that

201
00:08:37,039 --> 00:08:38,958
more than 40 percent of those who are

202
00:08:38,958 --> 00:08:40,080
fleeing are children.

203
00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:41,760
Many are born as refugees,

204
00:08:41,760 --> 00:08:43,200
many are stateless.

205
00:08:43,200 --> 00:08:45,440
What kind of impact does that have on

206
00:08:45,440 --> 00:08:47,152
these children's futures?

207
00:08:48,399 --> 00:08:50,560
This is also depressing and I was in many

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00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:52,640
refugee camps in Bangladesh.

209
00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:54,240
I'm just returned from Ethiopia

210
00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:56,000
and I've heard from several

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00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:58,880
refugees around the world actually,

212
00:08:58,880 --> 00:09:00,160
parents telling me,

213
00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:02,080
forget us, we are a lost generation,

214
00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:03,455
but do something for our children.

215
00:09:03,455 --> 00:09:05,720
Give them education, then they have a chance.

216
00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:07,300
Well we don't want to give up the

217
00:09:07,300 --> 00:09:09,519
parents' generation as well, but indeed,

218
00:09:09,519 --> 00:09:12,640
education is the key factor for

219
00:09:12,640 --> 00:09:14,240
the children so these refugees

220
00:09:14,240 --> 00:09:15,626
will not stay refugees though,

221
00:09:15,626 --> 00:09:18,000
they become engineers, pilots,

222
00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:20,639
doctors, whatever. Handyman.

223
00:09:20,639 --> 00:09:22,554
But at least that they have a future,

224
00:09:22,554 --> 00:09:24,860
and that's why this is also priority for us.

225
00:09:24,860 --> 00:09:26,370
Unfortunately, quite often,

226
00:09:26,370 --> 00:09:27,690
we do not have enough money

227
00:09:27,690 --> 00:09:30,160
to give more than just basic education.

228
00:09:30,160 --> 00:09:32,160
Yeah, that is indeed troubling, and Chris,

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00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,110
I want to ask you about something we saw

230
00:09:34,110 --> 00:09:36,560
in a report, the prospect 
of refugees returning

231
00:09:36,560 --> 00:09:38,110
back to their home countries.

232
00:09:38,110 --> 00:09:40,480
We've also seen Denmark, for example,

233
00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:42,640
declare parts of Syria safe for refugees

234
00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:45,279
to return so they're canceling
residency permits.

235
00:09:45,279 --> 00:09:48,137
So what happens to refugees
who do return?

236
00:09:48,137 --> 00:09:50,627
So what are conditions like for them?

237
00:09:51,279 --> 00:09:53,200
Well this is very very different from

238
00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:54,374
from country to country.

239
00:09:54,374 --> 00:09:55,500
When it comes to Syria,

240
00:09:55,500 --> 00:09:57,680
we don't think that Syria is in any way

241
00:09:57,680 --> 00:10:00,160
a safe place again that you can

242
00:10:00,160 --> 00:10:03,380
return refugees against their will to Syria

243
00:10:03,839 --> 00:10:05,839
In other places, it might be possible, for

244
00:10:05,839 --> 00:10:07,600
example, about a quarter million of

245
00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:09,540
refugees returned last year

246
00:10:09,540 --> 00:10:11,360
and this is of course a glimmer of hope.

247
00:10:11,360 --> 00:10:13,189
But unfortunately for

248
00:10:13,189 --> 00:10:14,959
most of the refugees,

249
00:10:14,959 --> 00:10:17,970
and about three quarters of all refugees

250
00:10:17,970 --> 00:10:20,476
stay in the neighboring countries 
always and hope to

251
00:10:20,476 --> 00:10:22,160
go back where they come from

252
00:10:22,160 --> 00:10:23,279
very soon.

253
00:10:23,279 --> 00:10:25,919
For many of them, this is unfortunately

254
00:10:25,919 --> 00:10:28,360
not a near-time solution.

255
00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:29,360
And I do want to

256
00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:31,200
come back to Germany because you

257
00:10:31,200 --> 00:10:33,620
mentioned that this is a country 
that also hosts

258
00:10:33,620 --> 00:10:35,106
millions of asylum seekers.

259
00:10:35,106 --> 00:10:37,831
It did register fewer 
asylum seekers last year

260
00:10:37,831 --> 00:10:39,908
but the UN High Commissioner for Refugees

261
00:10:39,908 --> 00:10:42,311
Philippa Grandia said inclusion is key

262
00:10:42,311 --> 00:10:44,640
so just briefly if you can, Chris,

263
00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:46,800
what is needed here to, these tools that

264
00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:48,480
are needed to make refugees in

265
00:10:48,480 --> 00:10:50,079
Germany feel at home?

266
00:10:50,880 --> 00:10:52,344
We just talked to Paul Landfield,

267
00:10:52,344 --> 00:10:54,037
he's a refugee in Austria,

268
00:10:54,037 --> 00:10:56,330
but I think it's the same thing,

269
00:10:56,330 --> 00:10:59,200
who came from Hungary 
more than 60 years ago

270
00:10:59,200 --> 00:11:01,660
and he's now a well-known journalist

271
00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:03,120
in Austria and he said,

272
00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:04,350
integration is a key

273
00:11:04,350 --> 00:11:06,160
because refugees are a treasure.

274
00:11:06,160 --> 00:11:09,200
So that's why refugees learn the language,

275
00:11:09,200 --> 00:11:12,240
try to use your chances that also

276
00:11:12,240 --> 00:11:14,247
the host community, Germany,

277
00:11:14,247 --> 00:11:16,320
or that case, Austria

278
00:11:16,320 --> 00:11:20,000
use this treasure, integrate the people,

279
00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:23,315
teach refugees language and so on and then

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this is the best you can do because

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integration is one part of the solution

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for the worldwide refugee problem.

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Chris Melzer from the UNHCR, thank you for

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sharing your insights with us today.