[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.61,0:00:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me they normally happen,\Nthese career crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.01,0:00:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often, actually, on a Sunday evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.58,0:00:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as the sun is starting to set,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.48,0:00:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gap between my hopes for myself\Nand the reality of my life
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.16,0:00:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts to diverge so painfully
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I normally end up\Nweeping into a pillow.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm mentioning all this --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.53,0:00:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm mentioning all this because I think\Nthis is not merely a personal problem;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.24,0:00:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may think I'm wrong in this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.80,0:00:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think we live in an age\Nwhen our lives are regularly punctuated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.40,0:00:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by career crises, by moments\Nwhen what we thought we knew --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.57,0:00:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about our lives, about our careers --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.40,0:00:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes into contact\Nwith a threatening sort of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.86,0:00:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's perhaps easier now than ever before\Nto make a good living.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.63,0:00:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's perhaps harder than ever before
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay calm, to be free\Nof career anxiety.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to look now, if I may,\Nat some of the reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.41,0:00:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why we might be feeling\Nanxiety about our careers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why we might be victims\Nof these career crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.26,0:00:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we're weeping softly into our pillows.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.23,0:01:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the reasons\Nwhy we might be suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we are surrounded by snobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.58,0:01:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a way, I've got some bad news,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly to anybody\Nwho's come to Oxford from abroad.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.79,0:01:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a real problem with snobbery,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.59,0:01:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because sometimes people\Nfrom outside the U.K.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.78,0:01:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine that snobbery\Nis a distinctively U.K. phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.51,0:01:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixated on country houses and titles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news is that's not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.69,0:01:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Snobbery is a global phenomenon;\Nwe are a global organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.69,0:01:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a global phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.07,0:01:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a snob?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.73,0:01:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A snob is anybody who takes\Na small part of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.06,0:01:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and uses that to come\Nto a complete vision of who you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.45,0:01:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is snobbery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dominant kind of snobbery\Nthat exists nowadays is job snobbery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.35,0:01:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You encounter it within minutes\Nat a party, when you get asked
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.62,0:01:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that famous iconic question\Nof the early 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.81,0:01:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What do you do?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.01,0:01:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to how you answer that question,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.03,0:01:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are either incredibly\Ndelighted to see you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.39,0:01:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or look at their watch\Nand make their excuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.60,0:01:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.64,0:01:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the opposite of a snob\Nis your mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not necessarily your mother,\Nor indeed mine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, as it were, the ideal mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.66,0:02:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody who doesn't care\Nabout your achievements.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.03,0:02:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, most people\Nare not our mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.25,0:02:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people make a strict correlation\Nbetween how much time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.10,0:02:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you like, love --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.51,0:02:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not romantic love,\Nthough that may be something --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but love in general, respect --\Nthey are willing to accord us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.32,0:02:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be strictly defined\Nby our position in the social hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a lot of the reason\Nwhy we care so much about our careers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.26,0:02:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed start caring\Nso much about material goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we're often told\Nthat we live in very materialistic times,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.26,0:02:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're all greedy people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think we are\Nparticularly materialistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.31,0:02:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we live in a society which has\Nsimply pegged certain emotional rewards
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.76,0:02:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the acquisition of material goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.100,0:02:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not the material goods we want;\Nit's the rewards we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.95,0:02:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a new way of looking at luxury goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.98,0:02:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next time you see somebody\Ndriving a Ferrari, don't think,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.97,0:02:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is somebody who's greedy."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.82,0:02:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think, "This is somebody who is incredibly\Nvulnerable and in need of love."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.56,0:02:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feel sympathy, rather than contempt.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.43,0:03:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other reasons --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.96,0:03:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other reasons why it's perhaps\Nharder now to feel calm than ever before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.95,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these, and it's paradoxical,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.65,0:03:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's linked to something\Nthat's rather nice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.18,0:03:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the hope we all have for our careers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.25,0:03:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never before have\Nexpectations been so high
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.37,0:03:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what human beings can\Nachieve with their lifespan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.12,0:03:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're told, from many sources,\Nthat anyone can achieve anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.17,0:03:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done away with the caste system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.08,0:03:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are now in a system where anyone\Ncan rise to any position they please.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.79,0:03:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a beautiful idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along with that is a kind\Nof spirit of equality;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.48,0:03:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're all basically equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.86,0:03:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no strictly-defined hierarchies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is one really big problem with this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.49,0:03:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that problem is envy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.52,0:03:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Envy, it's a real taboo to mention envy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.81,0:03:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if there's one dominant emotion\Nin modern society, that is envy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.31,0:03:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's linked to the spirit of equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.00,0:03:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me explain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.18,0:03:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it would be very unusual\Nfor anyone here, or anyone watching,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.46,0:03:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be envious of the Queen of England.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.36,0:04:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though she is much richer\Nthan any of you are,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.62,0:04:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's got a very large house,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.90,0:04:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason why we don't envy her\Nis because she's too weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.59,0:04:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.62,0:04:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's simply too strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.100,0:04:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't relate to her,\Nshe speaks in a funny way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.40,0:04:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she comes from an odd place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.80,0:04:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can't relate to her,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.20,0:04:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you can't relate\Nto somebody, you don't envy them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.12,0:04:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The closer two people are --\Nin age, in background,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the process of identification --\Nthe more there's a danger of envy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.34,0:04:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is incidentally why none of you\Nshould ever go to a school reunion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.84,0:04:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there is no stronger reference\Npoint than people one was at school with.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.96,0:04:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem of modern society is\Nit turns the whole world into a school.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.53,0:04:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody's wearing jeans,\Neverybody's the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.82,0:04:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, they're not.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.100,0:04:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a spirit of equality\Ncombined with deep inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can make for\Na very stressful situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.72,0:04:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably as unlikely\Nthat you would nowadays
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.06,0:04:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become as rich and famous as Bill Gates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was unlikely in the 17th century
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would accede to the ranks\Nof the French aristocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.27,0:04:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the point is,\Nit doesn't feel that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.34,0:04:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's made to feel, by magazines\Nand other media outlets,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.43,0:05:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you've got energy, a few bright\Nideas about technology, a garage --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.31,0:05:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you, too, could start a major thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.76,0:05:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.14,0:05:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consequences of this problem\Nmake themselves felt in bookshops.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.40,0:05:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you go to a large bookshop\Nand look at the self-help sections,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.62,0:05:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I sometimes do --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.82,0:05:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you analyze self-help books\Nproduced in the world today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.93,0:05:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are basically two kinds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.40,0:05:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first kind tells you, "You can do it!\NYou can make it! Anything's possible!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.22,0:05:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other kind tells you how to cope with\Nwhat we politely call "low self-esteem,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.84,0:05:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or impolitely call,\N"feeling very bad about yourself."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.49,0:05:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a real correlation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between a society that tells people\Nthat they can do anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the existence of low self-esteem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's another way in which something\Nquite positive can have a nasty kickback.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is another reason why\Nwe might be feeling more anxious --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.35,0:05:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about our careers, about our status\Nin the world today, than ever before.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's, again, linked to something nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.07,0:05:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that nice thing is called meritocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.79,0:05:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody, all politicians\Non Left and Right,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.12,0:05:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agree that meritocracy is a great thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.36,0:06:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we should all be trying to make\Nour societies really, really meritocratic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.53,0:06:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words --\Nwhat is a meritocratic society?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.87,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A meritocratic society is one in which,\Nif you've got talent and energy and skill,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.02,0:06:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will get to the top,\Nnothing should hold you back.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.62,0:06:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a beautiful idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.81,0:06:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is, if you\Nreally believe in a society
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.15,0:06:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where those who merit to get\Nto the top, get to the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.85,0:06:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll also, by implication,\Nand in a far more nasty way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.88,0:06:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe in a society where those\Nwho deserve to get to the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.60,0:06:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also get to the bottom and stay there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.84,0:06:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, your position in life\Ncomes to seem not accidental,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.22,0:06:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but merited and deserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that makes failure\Nseem much more crushing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, in the Middle Ages, in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.40,0:06:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you met a very poor person,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.30,0:06:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that person would be described\Nas an "unfortunate" --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.19,0:06:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally, somebody who had not\Nbeen blessed by fortune, an unfortunate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, particularly\Nin the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.12,0:06:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you meet someone\Nat the bottom of society,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.29,0:06:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may unkindly be\Ndescribed as a "loser."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a real difference\Nbetween an unfortunate and a loser,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:06:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that shows 400 years\Nof evolution in society
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our belief in who\Nis responsible for our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.12,0:07:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no longer the gods, it's us.\NWe're in the driving seat.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's exhilarating if you're doing well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very crushing if you're not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.88,0:07:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It leads, in the worst cases --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.44,0:07:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the analysis of a sociologist\Nlike Emil Durkheim --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.43,0:07:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it leads to increased rates of suicide.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.76,0:07:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are more suicides\Nin developed, individualistic countries
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in any other part of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.76,0:07:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of the reason for that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.36,0:07:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that people take what happens to them\Nextremely personally --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.46,0:07:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they own their success,\Nbut they also own their failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.100,0:07:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there any relief\Nfrom some of these pressures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.31,0:07:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been outlining?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.67,0:07:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there is.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.85,0:07:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just want to turn to a few of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.64,0:07:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take meritocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea that everybody deserves\Nto get where they get to,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a crazy idea,\Ncompletely crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.83,0:07:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will support any politician\Nof Left and Right,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.11,0:07:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with any halfway-decent meritocratic idea;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.43,0:07:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a meritocrat in that sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it's insane to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.70,0:07:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we will ever make a society\Nthat is genuinely meritocratic;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.18,0:07:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an impossible dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.44,0:07:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that we will make a society\Nwhere literally everybody is graded,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.92,0:08:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the good at the top, bad at the bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.84,0:08:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly done as it\Nshould be, is impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are simply too many random factors:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accidents, accidents of birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accidents of things dropping\Non people's heads, illnesses, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.02,0:08:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will never get to grade them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never get to grade people as they should.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm drawn to a lovely quote\Nby St. Augustine in "The City of God,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.17,0:08:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he says, "It's a sin\Nto judge any man by his post."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.60,0:08:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In modern English that would mean
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.27,0:08:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a sin to come to any view\Nof who you should talk to,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.02,0:08:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dependent on their business card.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.62,0:08:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not the post that should count.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.40,0:08:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to St. Augustine, only God\Ncan really put everybody in their place;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.20,0:08:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's going to do that\Non the Day of Judgment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.36,0:08:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with angels and trumpets,\Nand the skies will open.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.77,0:08:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insane idea, if you're\Na secularist person, like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.30,0:08:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But something very valuable\Nin that idea, nevertheless.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.94,0:08:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, hold your horses\Nwhen you're coming to judge people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.30,0:08:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't necessarily know\Nwhat someone's true value is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is an unknown part of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we shouldn't behave\Nas though it is known.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.22,0:08:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is another source of solace\Nand comfort for all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.04,0:09:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we think about failing in life,\Nwhen we think about failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.19,0:09:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the reasons why we fear failing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.06,0:09:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not just a loss of income,\Na loss of status.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.36,0:09:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we fear is the judgment\Nand ridicule of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.12,0:09:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.30,0:09:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number one organ of ridicule,\Nnowadays, is the newspaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.88,0:09:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you open the newspaper\Nany day of the week,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.10,0:09:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's full of people\Nwho've messed up their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.44,0:09:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've slept with the wrong person,\Ntaken the wrong substance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.45,0:09:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passed the wrong piece of legislation --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.50,0:09:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever it is, and then\Nare fit for ridicule.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.69,0:09:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, they have failed.\NAnd they are described as "losers."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.100,0:09:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, is there any alternative to this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.85,0:09:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the Western tradition shows us one\Nglorious alternative, which is tragedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.47,0:09:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tragic art, as it developed\Nin the theaters of ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.72,0:09:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the fifth century B.C.,\Nwas essentially an art form
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.51,0:09:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devoted to tracing how people fail,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also according them\Na level of sympathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.41,0:09:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ordinary life would not\Nnecessarily accord them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.71,0:09:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago,\NI was thinking about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.77,0:09:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I went to "The Sunday Sport,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.39,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tabloid newspaper I don't\Nrecommend you start reading
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.02,0:09:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're not familiar with it already.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.94,0:09:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.98,0:10:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I went to talk to them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.24,0:10:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about certain of the great\Ntragedies of Western art.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.01,0:10:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to see how they would seize\Nthe bare bones of certain stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.62,0:10:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they came in as a news item\Nat the news desk on a Saturday afternoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.60,0:10:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mentioned Othello; they'd not\Nheard of it but were fascinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.75,0:10:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.78,0:10:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked them to write\Na headline for the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.11,0:10:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came up with "Love-Crazed\NImmigrant Kills Senator's Daughter."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.57,0:10:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Splashed across the headline.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave them the plotline of Madame Bovary.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.02,0:10:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, a book they were\Nenchanted to discover.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.24,0:10:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they wrote "Shopaholic Adulteress\NSwallows Arsenic After Credit Fraud."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.04,0:10:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then my favorite --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.25,0:10:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they really do have a kind of genius\Nof their own, these guys --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.35,0:10:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my favorite is Sophocles'\NOedipus the King:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.47,0:10:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sex With Mum Was Blinding."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a way, if you like, at one end\Nof the spectrum of sympathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got the tabloid newspaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.82,0:10:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the other end of the spectrum,\Nyou've got tragedy and tragic art.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.03,0:10:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I suppose I'm arguing\Nthat we should learn a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.83,0:10:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what's happening in tragic art.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.64,0:11:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be insane to call Hamlet a loser.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.36,0:11:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is not a loser, though he has lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.70,0:11:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that is the message\Nof tragedy to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.36,0:11:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why it's so very,\Nvery important, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing about modern society\Nand why it causes this anxiety,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we have nothing at its center\Nthat is non-human.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the first society\Nto be living in a world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.61,0:11:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we don't worship\Nanything other than ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.13,0:11:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think very highly of ourselves,\Nand so we should;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.60,0:11:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've put people on the Moon,\Ndone all sorts of extraordinary things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.91,0:11:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we tend to worship ourselves.\NOur heroes are human heroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.23,0:11:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a very new situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.82,0:11:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most other societies have had,\Nright at their center,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.35,0:11:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worship of something transcendent:\Na god, a spirit, a natural force,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.79,0:11:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the universe, whatever it is --\Nsomething else that is being worshiped.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.17,0:11:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've slightly lost\Nthe habit of doing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.26,0:11:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, I think, why we're\Nparticularly drawn to nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.06,0:11:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not for the sake of our health,\Nthough it's often presented that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.34,0:11:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it's an escape\Nfrom the human anthill.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an escape from our own competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.00,0:11:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our own dramas.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:11:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why we enjoy looking\Nat glaciers and oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.64,0:12:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and contemplating the Earth\Nfrom outside its perimeters, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.62,0:12:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like to feel in contact\Nwith something that is non-human,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.22,0:12:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is so deeply important to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I think I've been talking\Nabout really is success and failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.22,0:12:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the interesting\Nthings about success
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.67,0:12:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we think we know what it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.68,0:12:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I said that there's somebody\Nbehind the screen who's very successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.10,0:12:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain ideas would\Nimmediately come to mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.50,0:12:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd think that person\Nmight have made a lot of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.17,0:12:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved renown in some field.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.10,0:12:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My own theory of success --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.46,0:12:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm somebody who's\Nvery interested in success,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.64,0:12:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really want to be successful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.14,0:12:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always thinking,\Nhow can I be more successful?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.35,0:12:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as I get older, I'm also very nuanced\Nabout what that word "success" might mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.70,0:12:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an insight\Nthat I've had about success:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.94,0:12:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't be successful at everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.85,0:12:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hear a lot of talk\Nabout work-life balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.14,0:12:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nonsense.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.31,0:12:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't have it all. You can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any vision of success\Nhas to admit what it's losing out on,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.50,0:12:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the element of loss is.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.20,0:12:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think any wise life will accept,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.75,0:13:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I say, that there is going to be\Nan element where we're not succeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.55,0:13:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing about a successful life\Nis that a lot of the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.58,0:13:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ideas of what it would mean\Nto live successfully are not our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.49,0:13:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're sucked in from other people;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.23,0:13:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chiefly, if you're a man, your father,\Nand if you're a woman, your mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.86,0:13:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychoanalysis has been drumming home\Nthis message for about 80 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.25,0:13:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one's quite listening hard enough,\Nbut I very much believe it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.78,0:13:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also suck in messages\Nfrom everything from the television,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.92,0:13:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to advertising, to marketing, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.73,0:13:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are hugely powerful forces
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that define what we want\Nand how we view ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we're told that banking\Nis a very respectable profession,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of us want to go into banking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When banking is no longer so respectable,\Nwe lose interest in banking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.36,0:13:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are highly open to suggestion.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.44,0:13:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to argue for\Nis not that we should give up
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.36,0:13:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our ideas of success,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we should make sure\Nthat they are our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.22,0:13:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should focus in on our ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sure that we own them;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.76,0:13:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are truly the authors\Nof our own ambitions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.20,0:14:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's bad enough\Nnot getting what you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.02,0:14:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's even worse to have\Nan idea of what it is you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.14,0:14:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find out, at the end of the journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.20,0:14:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it isn't, in fact,\Nwhat you wanted all along.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.39,0:14:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm going to end it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I really want to stress is:\Nby all means, success, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's accept the strangeness\Nof some of our ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.60,0:14:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's probe away\Nat our notions of success.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.36,0:14:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make sure our ideas of success\Nare truly our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.70,0:14:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: That was fascinating.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.54,0:14:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do you reconcile this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of it being bad to think\Nof someone as a "loser,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.79,0:14:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the idea that a lot of people like,\Nof seizing control of your life,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.66,0:15:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that a society that encourages that,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.58,0:15:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps has to have\Nsome winners and losers?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alain De Botton: Yes, I think\Nit's merely the randomness
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.68,0:15:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the winning and losing process\Nthat I want to stress,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.36,0:15:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the emphasis nowadays is so much\Non the justice of everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:15:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and politicians always talk about justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.02,0:15:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm a firm believer in justice,\NI just think that it's impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.46,0:15:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we should do everything\Nwe can to pursue it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.08,0:15:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we should always remember\Nthat whoever is facing us,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.54,0:15:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever has happened in their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.71,0:15:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be a strong\Nelement of the haphazard.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.00,0:15:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what I'm trying to leave room for;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.24,0:15:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise, it can get\Nquite claustrophobic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.33,0:15:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, do you believe\Nthat you can combine
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.58,0:15:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your kind of kinder,\Ngentler philosophy of work
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.89,0:15:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a successful economy?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.00,0:15:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you think that you can't,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.81,0:15:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn't matter that much that we're\Nputting too much emphasis on that?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.50,0:15:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AB: The nightmare thought
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.00,0:15:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that frightening people\Nis the best way to get work out of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that somehow\Nthe crueler the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.44,0:15:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more people will rise\Nto the challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.82,0:16:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want to think, who would you like\Nas your ideal dad?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.79,0:16:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your ideal dad is somebody\Nwho is tough but gentle.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a very hard line to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.24,0:16:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need fathers, as it were,\Nthe exemplary father figures in society,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.00,0:16:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoiding the two extremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.45,0:16:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the authoritarian\Ndisciplinarian on the one hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:16:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the other,\Nthe lax, no-rules option.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.82,0:16:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Alain De Botton.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.22,0:16:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AB: Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)