[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me they normally happen, these career crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.00,0:00:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often, actually, on a Sunday evening,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.00,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as the sun is starting to set,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gap between my hopes for myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.00,0:00:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reality of my life, start to diverge so painfully
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I normally end up weeping into a pillow.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.00,0:00:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm mentioning all this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.00,0:00:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm mentioning all this because I think this is not merely a personal problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may think I'm wrong in this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.00,0:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think that we live in an age when our lives are regularly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.00,0:00:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,punctuated by career crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by moments when what we thought we knew,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about our lives, about our careers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes into contact with a threatening sort of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's perhaps easier now than ever before to make a good living.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's perhaps harder than ever before
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay calm, to be free of career anxiety.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to look now, if I may,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some of the reasons why
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might be feeling anxiety about our careers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why we might be victims of these career crises,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we're weeping softly into our pillows.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the reasons why we might be suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we are surrounded by snobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a way, I've got some bad news,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly to anybody who's come to Oxford from abroad.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a real problem with snobbery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because sometimes people from outside the U.K.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine that snobbery is a distinctively U.K. phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixated on country houses and titles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news is that's not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Snobbery is a global phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are a global organization. This is a global phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It exists. What is a snob?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.00,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A snob is anybody who takes a small part of you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and uses that to come to a complete vision of who you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is snobbery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.00,0:01:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dominant kind of snobbery
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.00,0:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exists nowadays is job snobbery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You encounter it within minutes at a party,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you get asked that famous iconic question
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the early 21st century, "What do you do?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And according to how you answer that question,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are either incredibly delighted to see you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or look at their watch and make their excuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.00,0:01:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the opposite of a snob is your mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not necessarily your mother, or indeed mine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, as it were, the ideal mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.00,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody who doesn't care about your achievements.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.00,0:02:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unfortunately, most people are not our mothers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people make a strict correlation between how much time,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you like, love -- not romantic love,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though that may be something --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but love in general, respect,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are willing to accord us, that will be strictly defined
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by our position in the social hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a lot of the reason why we care so much about our careers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed start caring so much about material goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we're often told that we live in very materialistic times,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're all greedy people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think we are particularly materialistic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we live in a society
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has simply pegged certain emotional rewards
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the acquisition of material goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not the material goods we want. It's the rewards we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a new way of looking at luxury goods.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next time you see somebody driving a Ferrari
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't think, "This is somebody who is greedy."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think, "This is somebody who is incredibly vulnerable and in need of love."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words -- (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel sympathy, rather than contempt.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other reasons --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are other reasons why it's perhaps harder now
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feel calm than ever before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.00,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these, and it's paradoxical because it's linked to something that's rather nice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the hope we all have for our careers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never before have expectations been so high
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.00,0:03:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what human beings can achieve with their lifespan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're told, from many sources, that anyone can achieve anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've done away with the caste system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now in a system where anyone can rise
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any position they please.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.00,0:03:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a beautiful idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.00,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Along with that is a kind of spirit of equality. We're all basically equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no strictly defined
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of hierarchies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is one really big problem with this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.00,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that problem is envy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Envy, it's a real taboo to mention envy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if there is one dominant emotion in modern society, that is envy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's linked to the spirit of equality. Let me explain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it would be very unusual for anyone here, or anyone watching,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be envious of the Queen of England.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.00,0:04:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though she is much richer than any of you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.00,0:04:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's got a very large house.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason why we don't envy her is because she's too weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's simply too strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't relate to her. She speaks in a funny way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.00,0:04:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She comes from an odd place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can't relate to her. And when you can't relate to somebody, you don't envy them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.00,0:04:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The closer two people are, in age, in background,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.00,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the process of identification, the more there is a danger of envy --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is incidentally why none of you should ever go to a school reunion --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.00,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there is no stronger reference point
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than people one was at school with.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the problem, generally, of modern society, is that it turns the whole world
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a school. Everybody is wearing jeans, everybody is the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, they're not.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there is a spirit of equality, combined with deep inequalities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which makes for a very -- can make for a very stressful situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's probably as unlikely that you would nowadays
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become as rich and famous as Bill Gates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was unlikely in the 17th century
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would accede to the ranks of the French aristocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the point is, it doesn't feel that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.00,0:04:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's made to feel, by magazines and other media outlets,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.00,0:05:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you've got energy, a few bright ideas about technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.00,0:05:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a garage, you too could start a major thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.00,0:05:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.00,0:05:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the consequences of this problem make themselves felt in bookshops.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.00,0:05:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you go to a large bookshop and look at the self-help sections,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I sometimes do,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you analyze self-help books that are produced
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world today, there are basically two kinds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.00,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first kind tells you, "You can do it! You can make it! Anything is possible!"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.00,0:05:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other kind tells you how to cope
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.00,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what we politely call "low self-esteem,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or impolitely call "feeling very bad about yourself."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.00,0:05:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a real correlationship,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.00,0:05:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a real correlation between a society that tells people that they can do anything
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.00,0:05:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the existence of low self-esteem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.00,0:05:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's another way in which something that is quite positive
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.00,0:05:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can have a nasty kickback.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.00,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is another reason why we might be feeling more anxious,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about our careers, about our status in the world today, than ever before.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.00,0:05:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is, again, linked to something nice,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.00,0:05:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that nice thing is called meritocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.00,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody, all politicians on Left and Right,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.00,0:05:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agree that meritocracy is a great thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.00,0:06:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we should all be trying to make our societies really, really meritocratic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.00,0:06:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, what is a meritocratic society?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.00,0:06:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A meritocratic society is one in which
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.00,0:06:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you've got talent and energy and skill,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.00,0:06:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will get to the top. Nothing should hold you back.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.00,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a beautiful idea. The problem is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you really believe in a society
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.00,0:06:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where those who merit to get to the top, get to the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.00,0:06:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll also, by implication, and in a far more nasty way,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.00,0:06:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe in a society where those who deserve to get to the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.00,0:06:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also get to the bottom and stay there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.00,0:06:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, your position in life comes to seem not accidental,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.00,0:06:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but merited and deserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.00,0:06:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that makes failure seem much more crushing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, in the Middle Ages, in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you met a very poor person,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.00,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that person would be described as an "unfortunate" --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.00,0:06:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally, somebody who had not been blessed by fortune, an unfortunate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.00,0:06:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, particularly in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.00,0:06:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you meet someone at the bottom of society,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may unkindly be described as a "loser."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.00,0:06:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a real difference between an unfortunate and a loser,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.00,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that shows 400 years of evolution in society
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.00,0:07:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our belief in who is responsible for our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.00,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's no longer the gods, it's us. We're in the driving seat.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.00,0:07:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's exhilarating if you're doing well,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.00,0:07:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very crushing if you're not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.00,0:07:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It leads, in the worst cases, in the analysis of a sociologist
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.00,0:07:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Emil Durkheim, it leads to increased rates of suicide.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.00,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are more suicides in developed individualistic countries
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.00,0:07:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in any other part of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.00,0:07:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of the reason for that is that people take what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.00,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to them extremely personally.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They own their success. But they also own their failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.00,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is there any relief from some of these pressures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.00,0:07:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've just been outlining?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.00,0:07:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there is. I just want to turn to a few of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.00,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take meritocracy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.00,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea that everybody deserves to get where they get to,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a crazy idea, completely crazy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will support any politician of Left and Right,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.00,0:07:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with any halfway decent meritocratic idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.00,0:07:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am a meritocrat in that sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.00,0:07:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think it's insane to believe that we will ever
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.00,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a society that is genuinely meritocratic. It's an impossible dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.00,0:07:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that we will make a society
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where literally everybody is graded,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.00,0:08:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the good at the top, and the bad at the bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.00,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's exactly done as it should be, is impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.00,0:08:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are simply too many random factors:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.00,0:08:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accidents, accidents of birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accidents of things dropping on people's heads, illnesses, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.00,0:08:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will never get to grade them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.00,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never get to grade people as they should.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.00,0:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm drawn to a lovely quote by St. Augustine in "The City of God,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.00,0:08:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he says, "It's a sin to judge any man by his post."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.00,0:08:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In modern English that would mean
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.00,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a sin to come to any view of who you should talk to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dependent on their business card.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.00,0:08:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not the post that should count.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.00,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to St. Augustine,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's only God who can really put everybody in their place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's going to do that on the Day of Judgment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.00,0:08:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with angels and trumpets, and the skies will open.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.00,0:08:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Insane idea, if you're a secularist person, like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.00,0:08:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But something very valuable in that idea, nevertheless.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.00,0:08:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, hold your horses when you're coming to judge people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't necessarily know what someone's true value is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is an unknown part of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.00,0:08:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we shouldn't behave as though it is known.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is another source of solace and comfort for all this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.00,0:09:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we think about failing in life, when we think about failure,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.00,0:09:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the reasons why we fear failing is not just
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.00,0:09:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a loss of income, a loss of status.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.00,0:09:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we fear is the judgment and ridicule of others. And it exists.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.00,0:09:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, the number one organ of ridicule
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nowadays, is the newspaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.00,0:09:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you open the newspaper any day of the week,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.00,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's full of people who've messed up their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've slept with the wrong person. They've taken the wrong substance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.00,0:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've passed the wrong piece of legislation. Whatever it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.00,0:09:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then are fit for ridicule.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.00,0:09:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, they have failed. And they are described as "losers."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.00,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now is there any alternative to this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the Western tradition shows us one glorious alternative,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.00,0:09:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is tragedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.00,0:09:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tragic art, as it developed in the theaters of ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.00,0:09:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the fifth century B.C., was essentially an art form
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.00,0:09:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devoted to tracing how people fail,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.00,0:09:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also according them a level of sympathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.00,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ordinary life would not necessarily accord them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember a few years ago, I was thinking about all this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I went to see "The Sunday Sport,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.00,0:09:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tabloid newspaper that I don't recommend you to start reading
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.00,0:09:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're not familiar with it already.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.00,0:10:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to talk to them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.00,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about certain of the great tragedies of Western art.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.00,0:10:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to see how they would seize the bare bones
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.00,0:10:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of certain stories if they came in as a news item
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the news desk on a Saturday afternoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.00,0:10:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I told them about Othello. They had not heard of it but were fascinated by it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.00,0:10:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.00,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I asked them to write the headline for the story of Othello.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.00,0:10:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came up with "Love-Crazed Immigrant Kills Senator's Daughter"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.00,0:10:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,splashed across the headline.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.00,0:10:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I gave them the plotline of Madame Bovary.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.00,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, a book they were enchanted to discover.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they wrote "Shopaholic Adulteress Swallows Arsenic After Credit Fraud."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.00,0:10:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.00,0:10:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then my favorite.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.00,0:10:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They really do have a kind of genius all of their own, these guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My favorite is Sophocles' Oedipus the King:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.00,0:10:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sex With Mum Was Blinding"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.00,0:10:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.00,0:10:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.00,0:10:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a way, if you like, at one end of the spectrum of sympathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.00,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got the tabloid newspaper.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.00,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the other end of the spectrum you've got tragedy and tragic art,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.00,0:10:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I suppose I'm arguing that we should learn a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.00,0:10:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what's happening in tragic art.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.00,0:11:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be insane to call Hamlet a loser.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.00,0:11:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is not a loser, though he has lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.00,0:11:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that is the message of tragedy to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.00,0:11:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why it's so very, very important, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.00,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing about modern society
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why it causes this anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.00,0:11:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we have nothing at its center that is non-human.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the first society to be living in a world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.00,0:11:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we don't worship anything other than ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.00,0:11:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think very highly of ourselves, and so we should.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.00,0:11:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've put people on the moon. We've done all sorts of extraordinary things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.00,0:11:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we tend to worship ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.00,0:11:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our heroes are human heroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.00,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a very new situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most other societies have had, right at their center,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.00,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the worship of something transcendent: a god,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.00,0:11:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a spirit, a natural force, the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever it is, something else that is being worshiped.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've slightly lost the habit of doing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.00,0:11:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, I think, why we're particularly drawn to nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.00,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not for the sake of our health, though it's often presented that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it's an escape from the human anthill.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an escape from our own competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.00,0:11:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our own dramas.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:11:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why we enjoy looking at glaciers and oceans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.00,0:12:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and contemplating the Earth from outside its perimeters, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.00,0:12:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like to feel in contact with something that is non-human,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.00,0:12:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is so deeply important to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.00,0:12:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I think I've been talking about really is success and failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.00,0:12:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the interesting things about success
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.00,0:12:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we think we know what it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.00,0:12:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I said to you that there is somebody behind the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.00,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is very very successful, certain ideas would immediately come to mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would think that person might have made a lot of money,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.00,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved renown in some field.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My own theory of success -- and I'm somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.00,0:12:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is very interested in success. I really want to be successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.00,0:12:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm always thinking, "How could I be more successful?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.00,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as I get older, I'm also very nuanced
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what that word "success" might mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.00,0:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an insight that I've had about success.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.00,0:12:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't be successful at everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.00,0:12:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hear a lot of talk about work-life balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.00,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nonsense. You can't have it all. You can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any vision of success
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.00,0:12:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to admit what it's losing out on,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.00,0:12:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the element of loss is.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.00,0:12:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think any wise life will accept,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.00,0:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I say, that there is going to be an element where we are not succeeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thing about a successful life
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.00,0:13:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, a lot of the time, our ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.00,0:13:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it would mean to live successfully are not our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.00,0:13:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are sucked in from other people:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.00,0:13:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chiefly, if you're a man, your father,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.00,0:13:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you're a woman, your mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.00,0:13:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychoanalysis has been drumming home this message for about 80 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.00,0:13:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one is quite listening hard enough, but I very much believe that that's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also suck in messages
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.00,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from everything from the television, to advertising,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to marketing, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.00,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are hugely powerful forces
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that define what we want and how we view ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.00,0:13:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we're told that banking is a very respectable profession
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.00,0:13:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of us want to go into banking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.00,0:13:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When banking is no longer so respectable, we lose interest in banking.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.00,0:13:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are highly open to suggestion.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.00,0:13:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what I want to argue for is not that we should give up
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.00,0:13:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our ideas of success,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.00,0:13:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we should make sure that they are our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.00,0:13:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should focus in on our ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.00,0:13:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make sure that we own them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are truly the authors of our own ambitions.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.00,0:14:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's bad enough, not getting what you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.00,0:14:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's even worse to have an idea
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it is you want and find out at the end of a journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.00,0:14:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it isn't, in fact, what you wanted all along.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.00,0:14:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to end it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.00,0:14:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I really want to stress is
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.00,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by all means, success, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's accept the strangeness of some of our ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's probe away at our notions of success.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make sure our ideas of success are truly our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.00,0:14:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.00,0:14:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.00,0:14:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: That was fascinating. How do you reconcile
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.00,0:14:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this idea of someone being --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.00,0:14:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it being bad to think of someone as a loser
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.00,0:14:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the idea, that a lot of people like, of seizing control of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:15:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that a society that encourages that
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps has to have some winners and losers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.00,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alain de Botton: Yes. I think it's merely the randomness
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the winning and losing process that I wanted to stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.00,0:15:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the emphasis nowadays is so much
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.00,0:15:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the justice of everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.00,0:15:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and politicians always talk about justice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.00,0:15:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I am a firm believer in justice, I just think that it is impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we should do everything we can,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.00,0:15:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should do everything we can to pursue it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the end of the day we should always remember
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.00,0:15:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that whoever is facing us, whatever has happened in their lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.00,0:15:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be a strong element of the haphazard.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.00,0:15:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's that that I'm trying to leave room for.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.00,0:15:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because otherwise it can get quite claustrophobic.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: I mean, do you believe that you can combine
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your kind of kinder, gentler philosophy of work
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a successful economy?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.00,0:15:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you think that you can't?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.00,0:15:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it doesn't matter that much that we're putting too much emphasis on that?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.00,0:15:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AB: The nightmare thought
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.00,0:15:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that frightening people is the best way to get work out of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.00,0:15:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that somehow the crueler the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.00,0:15:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more people will rise to the challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.00,0:16:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want to think, who would you like as your ideal dad?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.00,0:16:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your ideal dad is somebody who is tough but gentle.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.00,0:16:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a very hard line to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.00,0:16:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need fathers, as it were, the exemplary father figures in society,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.00,0:16:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoiding the two extremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.00,0:16:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the authoritarian, disciplinarian, on the one hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.00,0:16:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the other, the lax, no rules option.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.00,0:16:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Alain de Botton.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.00,0:16:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AB: Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.00,0:16:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)