[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.10,0:00:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have historical records that allow us\Nto know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.18,0:00:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they lived,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.46,0:00:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they fought ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.16,0:00:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how did they think?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.54,0:00:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One natural idea is that the deepest\Naspects of human thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.09,0:00:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ability to imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.98,0:00:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be conscious,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.31,0:00:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dream --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.68,0:00:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have always been the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.09,0:00:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.60,0:00:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the social transformations\Nthat have shaped our culture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.35,0:00:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have also changed the structural\Ncolumns of human thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.10,0:00:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may all have different\Nopinions about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.63,0:00:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it's a long-standing\Nphilosophical debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.72,0:00:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is this question\Neven amenable to science?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.12,0:00:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here I'd like to propose
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.56,0:00:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the same way we can reconstruct\Nhow the ancient Greek cities looked like
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.16,0:00:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just based on a few bricks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.78,0:00:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the writings of a culture\Nare the archeological records --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.84,0:00:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fossils of human thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.20,0:01:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.39,0:01:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing some form of psychological analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.57,0:01:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some of the most ancient\Nbooks of human culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.18,0:01:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julian Jaynes came in the '70s with\Na very wild and radical hypothesis ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.03,0:01:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only 3,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.44,0:01:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans were what today\Nwe would call schizophrenics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.88,0:01:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he made this claim
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.58,0:01:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the fact that the first\Nhumans [inscribing] these books
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.75,0:01:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behaved consistently,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.79,0:01:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different traditions\Nand in different places of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.71,0:01:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if they were hearing and obeying voices
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.44,0:01:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they perceived\Nas coming from the Gods,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.39,0:01:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from the muses --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.41,0:01:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what today we would call hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.01,0:01:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only then,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.48,0:01:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as time went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.78,0:01:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they began to recognize\Nthat they were the creators --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.36,0:01:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the owners of these inner voices.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.51,0:01:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with this they gained introspection:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.27,0:01:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to think\Nabout their own thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.96,0:02:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Jaynes' theory is that consciousness --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.38,0:02:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in the way we perceive it today,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.54,0:02:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we feel that we are the pilots\Nof our own existence --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.22,0:02:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a quite recent cultural development.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.54,0:02:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this theory is quite spectacular,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.34,0:02:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has an obvious problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.77,0:02:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that it's built on just a few\Nand very specific examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.08,0:02:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is whether the theory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.87,0:02:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that introspection built up in human\Nhistory only about 3,000 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.91,0:02:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be examined in a quantitative\Nand objective manner.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.78,0:02:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem on how\Nto go about this is quite obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.34,0:02:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like Plato woke up one day
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.72,0:02:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.91,0:02:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hello, I'm Plato
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.60,0:02:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as of today I have a fully\Nintrospective consciousness."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.49,0:02:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.64,0:02:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this still is actually\Nwhat is the essence of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.62,0:02:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to find the emergence\Nof a concept that's never said.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.68,0:02:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word introspection\Ndoes not appear a single time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.94,0:03:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the books we want to analyze.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.97,0:03:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our way to solve this\Nis to build the space of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.79,0:03:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge space\Nthat contains all words
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.100,0:03:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such a way that they distance\Nbetween any two of them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.96,0:03:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is indicative of how\Nclosely related they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.46,0:03:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.46,0:03:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want the words dog and cat\Nto be very close together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.86,0:03:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the words grapefruit and logarithm\Nto be very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.01,0:03:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this has to be true for any\Ntwo words within the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.75,0:03:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are different ways that we\Ncan construct the space of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.11,0:03:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is just asking the experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.80,0:03:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like we do with dictionaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.20,0:03:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.62,0:03:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is following the simple assumption
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.69,0:03:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when two words are related\Nthey tend to appear in the same sentences,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.64,0:03:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same paragraphs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.21,0:03:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.05,0:03:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more often than would be expected\Njust by pure chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.45,0:03:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this simple hypothesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.30,0:03:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this simple method,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.79,0:03:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some computational tricks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.27,0:03:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have to do with the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.68,0:04:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is a very complex\Nand highly dimensional space,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.100,0:04:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be quite effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.46,0:04:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to give you a flavor\Nof how well this works,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.13,0:04:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the result we get when\Nwe analyze this for some familiar words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.61,0:04:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see first
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.82,0:04:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that words automatically organize\Ninto semantic neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.28,0:04:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you get the fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.36,0:04:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.36,0:04:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.36,0:04:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientific terms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.36,0:04:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.36,0:04:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The algorithm also identifies\Nthe reorganized concepts in a hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.03,0:04:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.03,0:04:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that the scientific terms\Nbreak down into two subcategories
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.65,0:04:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the astronomic and the physic terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.61,0:04:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there are very fine things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.88,0:04:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.88,0:04:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word astronomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.06,0:04:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.87,0:04:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually exactly where it should be,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.77,0:04:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what it is --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.22,0:04:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an actual science --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.63,0:04:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and between what it describes --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.16,0:04:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the astronomical terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.37,0:04:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could go on and on with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.10,0:04:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually if you stare at this for a while
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.18,0:04:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you just build random trajectories,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.03,0:04:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see that is feels well --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.72,0:04:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually it feels a bit like doing poetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.29,0:04:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is because,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.29,0:05:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.29,0:05:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking in this space\Nis like walking in the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.90,0:05:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the last thing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.78,0:05:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this algorithm identifies\Nwhat are our intuitions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.94,0:05:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which words should lead\Nin the neighborhood of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.00,0:05:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.07,0:05:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words such as self, guilt,\Nreason, emotion,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.98,0:05:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very close to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.10,0:05:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.10,0:05:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as red, football, candle, banana,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.43,0:05:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.26,0:05:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so once we've built the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.88,0:05:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question of the history\Nof introspection,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.94,0:05:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of the history of any concept
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.28,0:05:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which before could seem abstract\Nand somehow vague,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.06,0:05:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes concrete --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.75,0:05:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes amenable to quantitative science.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.48,0:05:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that we have to do is take the books,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.14,0:05:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we digitize them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.61,0:05:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we take this stream\Nof words as a trajectory
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.42,0:05:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and project them into the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.45,0:05:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ask whether this trajectory\Nspends significant time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.09,0:06:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circling closely to the concept\Nof introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.91,0:06:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.15,0:06:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could analyze\Nthe history of introspection
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.26,0:06:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ancient Greek tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.18,0:06:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for which we have the best\Navailable written record.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.71,0:06:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is we took all the books --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.13,0:06:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just ordered them by time --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.52,0:06:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for each book we take the words
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.99,0:06:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we project them to the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.19,0:06:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ask for each word\Nhow close it is to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.16,0:06:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just average that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.73,0:06:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we understand\Nthat as time goes on and on,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.99,0:06:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these books get closer,\Nand closer and closer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.09,0:06:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the concept of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.06,0:06:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is exactly what happens\Nin the ancient Greek tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.97,0:06:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see that for the oldest books\Nin the Homeric tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.15,0:06:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a small increase with books\Ngetting closer to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.54,0:06:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about four centuries before Christ,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.82,0:06:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this starts ramping-up very rapidly\Nto an almost five-fold increase
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.38,0:06:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of books getting closer,\Nand closer and closer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.94,0:06:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the concept of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.32,0:06:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the nice things about this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.68,0:06:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that now we can ask
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.83,0:07:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether this is also true\Nin a different independent tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.03,0:07:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we just ran this same analysis\Non the Judeo-Christian tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.25,0:07:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we got virtually the same pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.74,0:07:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again you see a small increase\Nfor the oldest books in the Old Testament,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.44,0:07:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it increases much more rapidly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.33,0:07:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new books of the New Testament,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.17,0:07:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we get the peak of introspection
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.52,0:07:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the work Confessions\Nof Saint Augustine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.52,0:07:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about four centuries after Christ.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.05,0:07:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was very important,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.98,0:07:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Saint Augustine\Nhad been recognized by scholars --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.35,0:07:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.48,0:07:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,historians --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.63,0:07:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of the founders of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.30,0:07:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, some believe him to be\Nthe father of modern psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.16,0:07:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our algorithm,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.16,0:07:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has the virtue\Nof being quantitative,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.80,0:07:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being objective,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.07,0:07:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course of being extremely fast --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.33,0:07:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just runs in a fraction of a second --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.64,0:07:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can capture some of the most\Nimportant conclusions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.14,0:07:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this long tradition of investigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.55,0:08:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is in a way\None of the beauties of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.14,0:08:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that now this idea\Ncan be translated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.62,0:08:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and generalized to a whole\Nlot of different domains.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.92,0:08:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the same way that we asked\Nabout the past of human conciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.81,0:08:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the most challenging question\Nwe can pose to ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.13,0:08:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is whether this can tell us something\Nabout the future of our own consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.72,0:08:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put it more precisely,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.19,0:08:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the words we say today
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.60,0:08:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us something of where\Nour minds will be in a few days,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.80,0:08:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a few months,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.96,0:08:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a few years from now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.91,0:08:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the same way many of us\Nare now wearing censors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.81,0:08:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detect our heart rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.52,0:08:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our respiration,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.94,0:08:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.71,0:08:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the hopes that this may\Nhelp us prevent diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.27,0:08:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can ask whether monitoring\Nand analyzing the words we speak --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.79,0:08:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tweet,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.79,0:08:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we email,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.79,0:08:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we write --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.79,0:08:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us ahead of time whether\Nsomething may go wrong with our minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.30,0:08:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with Guillermo Cecci,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.83,0:08:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has been my brother\Nin this adventure,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.96,0:09:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took on this task.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.49,0:09:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did so by analyzing the recorded\Nspeech of 34 young people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.05,0:09:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were at a high risk\Nof developing schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.57,0:09:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did is we\Nmeasured speech at day one
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.50,0:09:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we asked whether the properties\Nof the speech could predict,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.74,0:09:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a window of almost three years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.24,0:09:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the future development of psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.57,0:09:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite our hopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.04,0:09:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got failure after failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.93,0:09:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was just not enough\Ninformation in semantics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.80,0:09:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to predict the future\Norganization of the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.84,0:09:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was good enough
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.56,0:09:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish between a group\Nof schizophrenics and a control group,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.88,0:09:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like we had done\Nfor the ancient texts,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.56,0:09:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not to predict the future\Nonto the psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.32,0:09:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then we realized
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.11,0:09:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe the most important thing\Nwas not so much what they were saying
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.14,0:09:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how they were saying it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.78,0:09:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More specifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.14,0:10:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was not in which semantic\Nneighborhoods the words were,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.01,0:10:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how far and fast they jumped
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.61,0:10:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one semantic neighborhood\Nto the other one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.34,0:10:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we came up with this measure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.06,0:10:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we termed semantic coherence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.62,0:10:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially measures the persistence\Nof speech within one semantic topic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.43,0:10:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within one semantic category.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.44,0:10:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turned out to be\Nthat for this group of 34 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.50,0:10:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the algorithm based on semantic\Ncoherence could predict,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.46,0:10:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 100 percent accuracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.63,0:10:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who developed psychosis and who will not.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.18,0:10:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was something\Nthat could not be achieved --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.15,0:10:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not even close --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.73,0:10:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all the other\Nexisting clinical measures.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.78,0:10:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember vividly\Nwhile I was working on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.40,0:10:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting on my computer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.75,0:10:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.22,0:10:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polo had been my first student\Nback in Buenos Aires
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.38,0:10:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the time he was living in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.41,0:10:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was something in this tweets --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.61,0:11:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could not tell exactly what\Nbecause nothing was said explicitly --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.27,0:11:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I got this strong hunch,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.29,0:11:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this strong intuition\Nthat something was going wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.51,0:11:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I picked up the phone\Nand I called Polo,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.09,0:11:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact he was not feeling well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.58,0:11:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this simple fact
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.54,0:11:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reading in between the lines\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.00,0:11:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could sense through words his feelings,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.22,0:11:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a simple but very\Neffective way to help.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.15,0:11:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I tell you today
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.90,0:11:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we're getting\Nclose to understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.59,0:11:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we can convert this intuition\Nthat we all have,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.61,0:11:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all share,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.12,0:11:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an algorithm.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.26,0:11:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in doing so,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.84,0:11:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may be seeing in the future\Na very different form of mental health,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.49,0:11:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on objective, quantitative\Nand automated analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.07,0:11:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the words we write,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.93,0:11:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the words we say.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.47,0:11:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gracias.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.74,0:11:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)