[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have historical records that allow us\Nto know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they lived,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they fought.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how did they think?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One natural idea is that the deepest\Naspects of human thought,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out ability to imagine,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be concious,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dream,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have always been the same.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possibility
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the social transformations\Nthat have shaped our culture
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make us also change the structural\Ncolumns of human thought.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may all have different\Nopinions about this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it's a longstanding\Nphilosophical debate.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is this question\Neven amenable to science?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here I'd like to propose that in the same way
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the same way\Nthat we can reconstruct
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the ancient Greek cities looked like,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just based on a few bricks,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the writings of a culture\Nare the archealogical records --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fossils --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human thought.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing some form of psychological analysis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some of the most ancient\Nbooks of human culture,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julian James came in the '70s\Nwith a very wild and radical hypothesis,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only 3,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans were today\Nwhat we'd call, schizophrenics.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he made this claim
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the fact that the first humans\Nwriting these books behaved consistently
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different traditions and in different\Nplaces of the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if they were hearing and obeying voices
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they perceived\Nas coming from the Gods,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from the muses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What today we'd call hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only then,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as time went on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they began to recognize\Nthat they were the creators --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the owners of these inner voices.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with this they gained introspection:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to think\Nabout their own thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Jaynes' theory is that conciousness,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in the way we perceive it today,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we feel that we are the pilots\Nof our own existence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a quite recent cultural development.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this theory is quite spectacular,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because an obvious problem,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that it's built on just a few\Nand very specific examples.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the theory that introspection\Nbuilt up only about 3,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be examined in a quantitative\Nand objective way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem on how\Nto go about this is quite obvious.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like Plato woke up one day
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he wrote,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hello, I'm Plato
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as of today I have a fully\Nintrospective consciousness."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this still is actually\Nwhat is the essence of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to find the emergence\Nof a concept that's never said.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word introspection\Ndoes not appear a single time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the books we want to analyze.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our way to solve this\Nis to build the space of words.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge space\Nthat contains all words
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such a way that they distance\Nbetween any two of them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is indicative of how\Nclosely related they are.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want the words dog and cat\Nto be very close together,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the words grapefruit and logarithm\Nto be very far away.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this has to be true for any\Ntwo words within the space.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are different ways that we\Ncan construct the space of words.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is just asking the experts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like we do with dictionaries.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possibility
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is following the simple assumption
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when two words are related\Nthey tend to appear in the same sentences,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same paragraphs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same documents,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more often than would be expected\Njust by pure chance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this simple hypothesis,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this simple method,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some computational tricks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have to do with the fact
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is a very complex\Nand highly dimensional space,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be quite effective.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to give you a flavor\Nof how well this works,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the result we get when\Nwe analyze this for some familiar words.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see first
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that words automatically organize\Ninto semantic neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you get the fruits,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body parts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer parts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientific terms
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The algorithm also identifies\Nthe reorganized concepts in a hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that the scientific terms\Nbreak down into two subcategories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the astronomic and the physic terms.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then their are very fine things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word astronomy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually exactly where it should be,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what it is --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an actual science --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and between what it describes --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the astronomical terms.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could go on and on with this.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually if you stare at this for awhile
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you just build random trajectories,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see that is feels well --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually it feels a bit like doing poetry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is because in way,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking in this space\Nis like walking in the mind.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And last thing is that this algorithm\Nalso identifies what are our intuitions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which words should lead\Nin the neighborhood of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words such as Self, Guilt,\NReason, Emotion,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very close to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but other words,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Red, Football, Candle, Banana,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just very far away.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so once we've built this space,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question of the history\Nof introspection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of the history of any concept,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which before could seem abstract\Nand somehow vague,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes concrete --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes amenable to quantitative science.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that we have to do is take the books,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we digitize them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we take this stream\Nof words as a trajectory
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and project them into this space,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ask whether this trajectory\Nspends significant time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circling closely to the concept\Nof introspection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can analyze\Nthe history of introspection
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ancient Greek tradition,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for which we have the best\Navailable written record.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is we took all the books --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just ordered them by time --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for each book we take the words
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we project them to the space,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ask for each word\Nhow close it is to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just average that.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we understand\Nthat as time goes on and on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these books get closer,\Nand closer and closer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the concept of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is exactly what happens\Nin the ancient Greek tradition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see that for the oldest books\Nin the Homeric tradition,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a small increase with books\Ngetting closer to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but about four centuries before Christ,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this starts ramping up very rapidly
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an almost five-fold increase
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of books getting closer,\Nand closer and closer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the concept of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the nice things about this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that now we can ask
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether this is also true\Nin a different independent tradition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we just ran this same analysis\Non the Judeo Christian tradition,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we got virtually the same pattern.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again you see a small increase\Nfor the oldest books in the old testament,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it increases much more rapidly
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new books of the new testament,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we get the peak of introspection
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the work Confessions\Nof Saint Augustine,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about four centuries after Christ.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was very important,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Saint Augustine\Nhad been recognized
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by scholars, philologists, historians,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of the founders of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, some believe him to be\Nthe father of modern psychology.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our algorithm --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has the virtue\Nof being quantitative,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being objective,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course of being extremely fast,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just runs in a fraction of a second --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can capture some of the most\Nimportant conclusions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this long tradition of investigation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is in a way,\None of the beauties of science,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that now this idea can translated
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and generalized to a whole\Nlot of different domains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the same way that we asked\Nabout the past of human conciousness,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the most challenging question\Nwe can pose to ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is whether this can tell us something\Nabout the future of our unconciousness.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put it more precisely,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the words we say today
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us something of where\Nour minds will be in a few days,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a few months,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a few years from now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the way many of us\Nare now wearing censors
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detect our heart rate,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our respiration,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our genes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the hopes that this may\Nhelp us prevent diseases,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can ask whether monitoring\Nand analyzing the words we speak --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tweet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we email,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we write --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us ahead of time whether\Nsomething will go wrong with our minds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with Guillermo Cecci,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has been my brother\Nin this adventure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took on this task.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did so by analyzing the recorded\Nspeech for 44 young people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were at a high risk\Nof developing schizophenia.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did is we\Nmeasured speech at day one
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we asked
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the properties\Nof the speech could predict --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a window of almost three years --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the future development of psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite our hopes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got failure after failure.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was just not enough\Ninformation in semantics
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to predict the future\Norganization of the mind.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was good enough
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish between a group\Nof schizophrenics and a control group,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like we had done\Nfor the ancient texts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not to predict the future\Nonto the psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then we realized
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe the most important thing\Nwas not so much what they were saying
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how they were saying it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More specifically,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was not in which semantic\Nneighborhoods the words were,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how far and fast they jumped\Nfrom one semantic neighborhood to another.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we came up with this measure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we termed Semantic Coherence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially measures
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the persistence of speech\Nwithin one semantic topic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within one semantic category.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turned out to be
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for this group of 44 people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the algorithm based on semantic cohernece
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could predict with 100 percent accuracy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who developed psychosis and who will not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was something\Nthat could not be achieved --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not even close --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all the other\Nexisting clinical measures.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember vividly\Nwhile I was working on this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting on my computer
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polo has been my first student\Nback in Buenos Aires
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the time he was living in New York.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was something in this tweet --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could not tell exactly what\Nbecause nothing was said explicitly --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I got this strong hunch,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this strong intuition\Nthat something was going wrong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I picked up the phone\Nand I called Polo,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was not feeling well.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this simple fact that reading\Nin between the lines
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could sense through words\Nhis feelings,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a simple but very\Neffective way to help.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I tell you today
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we're getting\Nclose to understanding
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we can convert this intuition\Nthat we all have,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all share,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an algorithm.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in doing so,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may be seeing in the future\Na very different form of mental health,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on objective, quantitative\Nand automated analysis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the words we write,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the words we say.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gracias.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)