[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.01,0:00:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have historical records that allow us\Nto know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.18,0:00:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they lived,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.46,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they fought ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.00,0:00:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how did they think?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.43,0:00:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One natural idea is that the deepest\Naspects of human thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.90,0:00:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ability to imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.79,0:00:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be conscious,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.21,0:00:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dream --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.47,0:00:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have always been the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.87,0:00:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.40,0:00:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the social transformations\Nthat have shaped our culture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.14,0:00:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have also changed\Nthe structural columns of human thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.91,0:00:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may all have different\Nopinions about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.46,0:00:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, it's a long-standing\Nphilosophical debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.64,0:00:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is this question\Neven amenable to science?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.83,0:00:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here I'd like to propose
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.36,0:00:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the same way we can reconstruct\Nhow the ancient Greek cities looked
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.16,0:00:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just based on a few bricks,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.57,0:00:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the writings of a culture\Nare the archaeological records,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.72,0:00:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fossils, of human thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.90,0:01:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.10,0:01:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing some form of psychological analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.33,0:01:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some of the most ancient\Nbooks of human culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.90,0:01:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s\Nwith a very wild and radical hypothesis:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.88,0:01:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only 3,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.32,0:01:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans were what today\Nwe would call schizophrenics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.75,0:01:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he made this claim
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.28,0:01:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on the fact that the first\Nhumans described in these books
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.61,0:01:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behaved consistently,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.54,0:01:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in different traditions\Nand in different places of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.58,0:01:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as if they were hearing and obeying voices
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.13,0:01:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they perceived\Nas coming from the Gods,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.20,0:01:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or from the muses ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.06,0:01:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what today we would call hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.89,0:01:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only then, as time went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.54,0:01:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they began to recognize\Nthat they were the creators,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.21,0:01:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the owners of these inner voices.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.32,0:01:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with this, they gained introspection:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.06,0:01:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability to think\Nabout their own thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.78,0:02:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.21,0:02:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in the way we perceive it today,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.40,0:02:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we feel that we are the pilots\Nof our own existence --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.96,0:02:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a quite recent cultural development.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.46,0:02:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this theory is quite spectacular,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.27,0:02:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has an obvious problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.72,0:02:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that it's built on just a few\Nand very specific examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.08,0:02:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question is whether the theory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.87,0:02:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that introspection built up in human\Nhistory only about 3,000 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.65,0:02:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be examined in a quantitative\Nand objective manner.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.54,0:02:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the problem of how\Nto go about this is quite obvious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.13,0:02:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like Plato woke up one day\Nand then he wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.61,0:02:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hello, I'm Plato,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.30,0:02:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as of today, I have\Na fully introspective consciousness."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.21,0:02:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.53,0:02:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this tells us actually\Nwhat is the essence of the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.47,0:02:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to find the emergence\Nof a concept that's never said.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.43,0:02:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word introspection\Ndoes not appear a single time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.77,0:03:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the books we want to analyze.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.73,0:03:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our way to solve this\Nis to build the space of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.57,0:03:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge space\Nthat contains all words
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.88,0:03:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in such a way that the distance\Nbetween any two of them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.71,0:03:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is indicative of how\Nclosely related they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.46,0:03:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.64,0:03:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you want the words "dog" and "cat"\Nto be very close together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.56,0:03:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm"\Nto be very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.81,0:03:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this has to be true\Nfor any two words within the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.63,0:03:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are different ways\Nthat we can construct the space of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.99,0:03:34.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is just asking the experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.66,0:03:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like we do with dictionaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.90,0:03:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.35,0:03:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is following the simple assumption\Nthat when two words are related,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.09,0:03:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they tend to appear in the same sentences,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.46,0:03:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same paragraphs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.94,0:03:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.73,0:03:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more often than would be expected\Njust by pure chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.23,0:03:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this simple hypothesis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.30,0:03:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this simple method,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.64,0:03:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some computational tricks
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.27,0:03:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have to do with the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.68,0:04:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is a very complex\Nand high-dimensional space,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.77,0:04:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be quite effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.16,0:04:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to give you a flavor\Nof how well this works,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.98,0:04:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the result we get when\Nwe analyze this for some familiar words.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.61,0:04:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see first
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.82,0:04:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that words automatically organize\Ninto semantic neighborhoods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.12,0:04:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you get the fruits, the body parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.36,0:04:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer parts,\Nthe scientific terms and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.12,0:04:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The algorithm also identifies\Nthat we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.85,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.03,0:04:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see that the scientific terms\Nbreak down into two subcategories
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.65,0:04:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the astronomic and the physics terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.34,0:04:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there are very fine things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.61,0:04:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, the word astronomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.54,0:04:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.38,0:04:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually exactly where it should be,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.45,0:04:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.07,0:04:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an actual science,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.36,0:04:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and between what it describes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.92,0:04:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the astronomical terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.18,0:04:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could go on and on with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.10,0:04:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, if you stare\Nat this for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.18,0:04:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you just build random trajectories,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.06,0:04:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will see that it actually feels\Na bit like doing poetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.02,0:04:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is because, in a way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.92,0:05:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walking in this space\Nis like walking in the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.03,0:05:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the last thing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.67,0:05:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this algorithm also identifies\Nwhat are our intuitions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.73,0:05:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which words should lead\Nin the neighborhood of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.65,0:05:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.90,0:05:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words such as "self," "guilt,"\N"reason," "emotion,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.90,0:05:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very close to "introspection,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.82,0:05:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.99,0:05:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as "red," "football,"\N"candle," "banana,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.18,0:05:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.05,0:05:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so once we've built the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.84,0:05:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question of the history\Nof introspection,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.69,0:05:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of the history of any concept
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.05,0:05:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which before could seem abstract\Nand somehow vague,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.85,0:05:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes concrete --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.48,0:05:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes amenable to quantitative science.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.22,0:05:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that we have to do is take the books,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we digitize them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.41,0:05:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we take this stream\Nof words as a trajectory
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.24,0:05:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and project them into the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.23,0:05:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ask whether this trajectory\Nspends significant time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.01,0:06:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circling closely to the concept\Nof introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.76,0:06:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.98,0:06:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could analyze\Nthe history of introspection
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.12,0:06:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ancient Greek tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.06,0:06:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for which we have the best\Navailable written record.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.63,0:06:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is we took all the books --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.91,0:06:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just ordered them by time --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.22,0:06:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for each book we take the words
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.99,0:06:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we project them to the space,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.98,0:06:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we ask for each word\Nhow close it is to introspection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.04,0:06:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we just average that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.59,0:06:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we ask whether,\Nas time goes on and on,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.81,0:06:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these books get closer,\Nand closer and closer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.09,0:06:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the concept of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.87,0:06:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is exactly what happens\Nin the ancient Greek tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.70,0:06:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see that for the oldest books\Nin the Homeric tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.85,0:06:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a small increase with books\Ngetting closer to introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.28,0:06:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But about four centuries before Christ,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.52,0:06:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this starts ramping up very rapidly\Nto an almost five-fold increase
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.25,0:06:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of books getting closer,\Nand closer and closer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.77,0:06:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the concept of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.16,0:06:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the nice things about this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.61,0:06:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that now we can ask
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.83,0:07:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether this is also true\Nin a different, independent tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.96,0:07:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we just ran this same analysis\Non the Judeo-Christian tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.16,0:07:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we got virtually the same pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.55,0:07:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, you see a small increase\Nfor the oldest books in the Old Testament,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.21,0:07:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it increases much more rapidly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.14,0:07:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the new books of the New Testament.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.01,0:07:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we get the peak of introspection
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.06,0:07:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.22,0:07:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about four centuries after Christ.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.90,0:07:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was very important,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.86,0:07:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because Saint Augustine\Nhad been recognized by scholars,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.26,0:07:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philologists, historians,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.46,0:07:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of the founders of introspection.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.06,0:07:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, some believe him to be\Nthe father of modern psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.01,0:07:40.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our algorithm,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.88,0:07:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has the virtue\Nof being quantitative,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.74,0:07:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of being objective,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.03,0:07:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course of being extremely fast --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.07,0:07:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just runs in a fraction of a second --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.49,0:07:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can capture some of the most\Nimportant conclusions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.02,0:07:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this long tradition of investigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.32,0:07:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is in a way\None of the beauties of science,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.99,0:08:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that now this idea\Ncan be translated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.49,0:08:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and generalized to a whole lot\Nof different domains.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.77,0:08:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the same way that we asked\Nabout the past of human consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.56,0:08:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the most challenging question\Nwe can pose to ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.99,0:08:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is whether this can tell us something\Nabout the future of our own consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.55,0:08:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To put it more precisely,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.04,0:08:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the words we say today
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.48,0:08:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us something\Nof where our minds will be in a few days,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.70,0:08:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a few months
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.88,0:08:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a few years from now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.60,0:08:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the same way many of us\Nare now wearing sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.64,0:08:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detect our heart rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.45,0:08:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our respiration,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.74,0:08:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.44,0:08:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the hopes that this may\Nhelp us prevent diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.11,0:08:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can ask whether monitoring\Nand analyzing the words we speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.66,0:08:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tweet, we email, we write,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.36,0:08:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can tell us ahead of time whether\Nsomething may go wrong with our minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.09,0:08:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with Guillermo Cecchi,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.64,0:08:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has been my brother in this adventure,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.67,0:09:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we took on this task.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.23,0:09:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did so by analyzing\Nthe recorded speech of 34 young people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.78,0:09:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were at a high risk\Nof developing schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.43,0:09:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we did is,\Nwe measured speech at day one,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.34,0:09:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we asked whether the properties\Nof the speech could predict,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.60,0:09:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a window of almost three years,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.12,0:09:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the future development of psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.43,0:09:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite our hopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.82,0:09:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got failure after failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.79,0:09:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was just not enough\Ninformation in semantics
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.70,0:09:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to predict the future\Norganization of the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.52,0:09:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was good enough
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.35,0:09:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish between a group\Nof schizophrenics and a control group,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.55,0:09:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like we had done\Nfor the ancient texts,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.28,0:09:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not to predict the future\Nonset of psychosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.16,0:09:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then we realized
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.89,0:09:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe the most important thing\Nwas not so much what they were saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.01,0:09:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how they were saying it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.68,0:09:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More specifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.92,0:10:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was not in which semantic\Nneighborhoods the words were,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.77,0:10:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how far and fast they jumped
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.40,0:10:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one semantic neighborhood\Nto the other one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.25,0:10:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we came up with this measure,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we termed semantic coherence,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.42,0:10:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially measures the persistence\Nof speech within one semantic topic,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.24,0:10:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within one semantic category.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.29,0:10:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turned out to be\Nthat for this group of 34 people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.36,0:10:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the algorithm based on semantic\Ncoherence could predict,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.05,0:10:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 100 percent accuracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.57,0:10:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who developed psychosis and who will not.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.98,0:10:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was something\Nthat could not be achieved --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.94,0:10:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not even close --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.47,0:10:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all the other\Nexisting clinical measures.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.52,0:10:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember vividly,\Nwhile I was working on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.13,0:10:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting at my computer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.47,0:10:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.13,0:10:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polo had been my first student\Nback in Buenos Aires,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.32,0:10:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the time\Nhe was living in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.41,0:10:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was something in this tweets --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.52,0:11:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could not tell exactly what\Nbecause nothing was said explicitly --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.05,0:11:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I got this strong hunch,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.10,0:11:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this strong intuition,\Nthat something was going wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.35,0:11:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I picked up the phone,\Nand I called Polo,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.09,0:11:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact he was not feeling well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.36,0:11:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this simple fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.32,0:11:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reading in between the lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.84,0:11:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could sense,\Nthrough words, his feelings,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.12,0:11:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a simple, but very\Neffective way to help.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.99,0:11:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I tell you today
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.65,0:11:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we're getting\Nclose to understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.18,0:11:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we can convert this intuition\Nthat we all have,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.49,0:11:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we all share,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.88,0:11:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an algorithm.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.10,0:11:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in doing so,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.59,0:11:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may be seeing in the future\Na very different form of mental health,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.26,0:11:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on objective, quantitative\Nand automated analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.91,0:11:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the words we write,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.64,0:11:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the words we say.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.20,0:11:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gracias.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.38,0:12:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)