[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.93,0:00:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ... we're in a real live war\Nat the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.02,0:00:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a war that we're truly losing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.97,0:00:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a war on superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.69,0:00:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you might wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.55,0:00:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I'm going to talk about superbugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.63,0:00:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why I'm showing you a photograph\Nof some soccer fans --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.88,0:00:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liverpool soccer fans\Ncelebrating a famous victory
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.13,0:00:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Istanbul, a decade ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.23,0:00:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the back, in the red shirt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.42,0:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, that's me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.03,0:00:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and next to me in the red hat,\Nthat's my friend Paul Rice.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.17,0:00:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a couple of years\Nafter this picture was taken,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.61,0:00:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paul went into hospital\Nfor some minor surgery,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he developed\Na superbug-related infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.77,0:00:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he died.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.42,0:00:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was truly shocked.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.20,0:00:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a healthy guy in the prime of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.54,0:00:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there and then,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.93,0:01:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually with a lot of encouragement\Nfrom a couple of TEDsters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.51,0:01:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I declared my own\Npersonal war on superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.36,0:01:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's talk about superbugs\Nfor a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.74,0:01:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story actually starts in the 1940s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.14,0:01:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the widespread\Nintroduction of antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.92,0:01:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And since then,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.35,0:01:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drug-resistant bacteria\Nhave continued to emerge,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.91,0:01:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we've been forced to develop\Nnewer and newer drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.35,0:01:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight these new bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.06,0:01:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this vicious cycle\Nactually is the origin of superbugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.98,0:01:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is simply bacteria\Nfor which we don't have effective drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure you'll recognize\Nat least some of these superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.05,0:01:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the more\Ncommon ones around today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.16,0:01:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, around 700,000 people died
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.63,0:01:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from superbug-related diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.98,0:01:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking to the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.32,0:02:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we carry on on the path we're going,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.48,0:02:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is basically a drugs-based\Napproach to the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.13,0:02:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best estimate\Nby the middle of this century
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.75,0:02:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the worldwide death toll\Nfrom superbugs will be 10 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.13,0:02:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.95,0:02:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to put that in context,\Nthat's actually more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.78,0:02:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the number of people\Nthat died of cancer worldwide last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.95,0:02:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it seems pretty clear\Nthat we're not on a good road,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.03,0:02:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the drugs-based approach\Nto this problem is not working.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.25,0:02:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a physicist,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.73,0:02:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I wondered, could we take\Na physics-based approach --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.69,0:02:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different approach to this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.59,0:02:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in that context,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.15,0:02:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing we know for sure,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.82,0:02:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we actually know how to kill\Nevery kind of microbe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.18,0:02:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every kind of virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.79,0:02:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every kind of bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.81,0:02:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's with ultraviolet light.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.50,0:02:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've actually known this\Nfor more than 100 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.93,0:02:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think you all know\Nwhat ultraviolet light is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.59,0:03:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's part of a spectrum\Nthat includes infrared,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.66,0:03:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it includes visible light,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.13,0:03:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the short-wavelength part\Nof this group is ultraviolet light.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.61,0:03:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key thing from our perspective here
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.72,0:03:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that ultraviolet light kills bacteria\Nby a completely different mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.93,0:03:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the way drugs kill bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.60,0:03:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ultraviolet light is just as capable\Nof killing a drug-resistant bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.42,0:03:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as any other bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.66,0:03:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because ultraviolet light\Nis so good at killing all bugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.17,0:03:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually used a lot these days\Nto sterilize rooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.33,0:03:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sterilize working surfaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.40,0:03:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is a surgical theater
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.25,0:03:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being sterilized with germicidal\Nultraviolet light.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.58,0:03:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what you don't see\Nin this picture, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.08,0:03:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is any people,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.77,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a very good reason for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.03,0:03:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ultraviolet light\Nis actually a health hazard,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.64,0:03:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it can damage cells in our skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.99,0:04:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause skin cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.44,0:04:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can damage cells in our eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.98,0:04:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause eye diseases like cataract.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.49,0:04:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can't use conventional,\Ngermicidal, ultraviolet light
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.97,0:04:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there are people are around.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.72,0:04:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.96,0:04:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want to sterilize mostly\Nwhen there are people around.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.93,0:04:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the ideal ultraviolet light
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.62,0:04:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would actually be able\Nto kill all bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.33,0:04:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including superbugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.89,0:04:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but would be safe for human exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.31,0:04:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually that's where my physics\Nbackground kicked into this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.30,0:04:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together with my physics colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.51,0:04:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized there actually is a particular\Nwavelength of ultraviolet light
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.61,0:04:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that should kill all bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.13,0:04:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but should be safe for human exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.93,0:04:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That wavelength is called far-UVC light,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.27,0:04:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's just the short-wavelength part\Nof the ultraviolet spectrum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.38,0:04:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's see how that would work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.43,0:05:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're seeing here\Nis the surface of our skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.26,0:05:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to superimpose on that\Nsome bacteria in the air above the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.54,0:05:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're going to see what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.23,0:05:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when conventional, germicidal,\Nultraviolet light impinges on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.63,0:05:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you see is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.80,0:05:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we know, germicidal light\Nis really good at killing bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.12,0:05:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what you also see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.45,0:05:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it penetrates\Ninto the upper layers of our skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.82,0:05:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can damage\Nthose key cells in our skin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.39,0:05:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ultimately, when damaged,\Ncan lead to skin cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.11,0:05:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's compare now with far-UVC light --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.98,0:05:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.16,0:05:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skin and some bacteria\Nin the air above them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.34,0:05:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're seeing now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.62,0:05:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that again, far-UVC light's\Nperfectly fine at killing bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.44,0:05:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what far-UVC light can't do\Nis penetrate into our skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.32,0:05:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's a good,\Nsolid physics reason for that:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.06,0:06:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far-UVC light is incredibly, strongly\Nabsorbed by all biological materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.44,0:06:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it simply can't go very far.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.68,0:06:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, viruses and bacteria\Nare really, really, really small,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.66,0:06:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the far-UVC light can certainly\Npenetrate them and kill them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.55,0:06:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what it can't do\Nis penetrate into skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.96,0:06:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can't even penetrate\Nthe dead-cell area
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.38,0:06:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right at the very surface of our skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.82,0:06:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far-UVC light\Nshould be able to kill bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.16,0:06:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but kill them safely.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.40,0:06:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.59,0:06:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should work, should be safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.92,0:06:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about in practice?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.54,0:06:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it really work?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.72,0:06:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it really safe?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.60,0:06:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's actually what our lab\Nhas been working on
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.03,0:06:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the past five or six years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.27,0:06:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm delighted to say the answer\Nto both these questions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.14,0:06:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an emphatic yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.35,0:06:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, it does work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.65,0:06:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but yes, it is safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.46,0:06:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm delighted to say that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.26,0:06:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually I'm not very\Nsurprised to say that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.52,0:06:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's purely the laws\Nof physics at work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.91,0:07:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's look to the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.07,0:07:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm thrilled that we now have\Na completely new weapon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.85,0:07:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I should say an inexpensive weapon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.34,0:07:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our fight against superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.45,0:07:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.72,0:07:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see far-UVC lights in surgical theaters.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.63,0:07:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see far-UVC lights\Nin food preparation areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.05,0:07:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in terms of preventing\Nthe spread of viruses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.93,0:07:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see far-UVC lights in schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.13,0:07:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preventing the spread of influenza,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.67,0:07:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preventing the spread of measles,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.66,0:07:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I see far-UVC lights\Nin airports or airplanes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.67,0:07:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preventing the global spread\Nof viruses like H1N1 virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.02,0:07:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So back to my friend Paul Rice.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.21,0:07:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was actually a well-known\Nand well-loved local politician
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.12,0:07:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his and my hometown of Liverpool,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.82,0:07:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they put up a statue in his memory\Nin the center of Liverpool,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.05,0:08:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.37,0:08:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.58,0:08:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want Paul's legacy to be a major advance\Nin this war against superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.00,0:08:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Armed with the power of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.09,0:08:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's actually within our grasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.30,0:08:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.47,0:08:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.39,0:08:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: Stay up here, David,\NI've got a question for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.54,0:08:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.34,0:08:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David, tell us where you're up to\Nin developing this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.95,0:08:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what are the remaining obstacles\Nto trying to roll out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.92,0:08:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realize this dream?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.68,0:08:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David Brenner: Well, I think we now know\Nthat it kills all bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.89,0:08:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we sort of knew\Nthat before we started,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.97,0:08:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we certainly tested that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.17,0:08:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to do lots and lots\Nof tests about safety,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.91,0:08:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it's more about safety\Nthan it is about efficacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.84,0:08:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to do short-term tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.27,0:08:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to do long-term tests
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.30,0:08:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure you can't develop\Nmelanoma many years on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.49,0:09:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So those studies\Nare pretty well done at this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.85,0:09:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The FDA of course is something\Nwe have to deal with,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.26,0:09:08.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rightly so,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.66,0:09:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we certainly can't use this\Nin the real world without FDA approval.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.77,0:09:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Are you trying\Nto launch first in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.99,0:09:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or somewhere else?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.77,0:09:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DB: Actually, in a couple of countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.95,0:09:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Japan and in the US, both.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.87,0:09:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Have you been able to persuade\Nbiologists, doctors,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.50,0:09:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is a safe approach?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.61,0:09:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DB: Well, as you can imagine,\Nthere is a certain skepticism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.73,0:09:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everybody knows\Nthat UV light is not safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.69,0:09:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when somebody comes along and says,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.70,0:09:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, this particular UV light is safe,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.06,0:09:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a barrier to be crossed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.73,0:09:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the data are there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.94,0:09:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that's what\Nwe're going to be standing on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.49,0:09:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Well, we wish you well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.20,0:09:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is potentially such important work.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.13,0:09:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much\Nfor sharing this with us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.19,0:09:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, David.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.36,0:10:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)