[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.65,0:00:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Antibiotics were the wonder drugs\Nof the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.90,0:00:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, amazingly antibiotics are responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.16,0:00:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for extending the average human life\Nabout ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.91,0:00:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are currently in the middle\Nof a global crisis where
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.96,0:00:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antibiotics are loosing their effectiveness
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.64,0:00:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against infectious diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.53,0:00:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The headlines, if you can see them,\Nare very alarming.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.78,0:00:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria are rapidly becoming resistant
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.08,0:00:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all of the antibiotics that we currently use.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.96,0:00:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in order to understand\Nthe nature of this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.32,0:00:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to understand bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.79,0:01:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a world filled with bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.43,0:01:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bacteria are everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.56,0:01:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything that you look at,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.06,0:01:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything you touch,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.19,0:01:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything you put in your mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.08,0:01:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything you sit on
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.23,0:01:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is covered with millions and millions of bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.69,0:01:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so small
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.01,0:01:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can't see them\Nwithout a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.76,0:01:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're there.\NAnd they are literally everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.65,0:01:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can find them at the bottom\Nof the deepest part of the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.89,0:01:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can find them\Nat the top of the tallest mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.01,0:01:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even find them\Nin the polar ice caps.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.67,0:01:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can live in places\Nwhere there is no sunlight,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.04,0:01:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no oxygen, no food.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.93,0:01:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can grow in radioactive waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.13,0:01:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in toxic chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.74,0:01:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in boiling hot springs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.61,0:01:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When bacteria find a place\Nwhere they can survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.87,0:01:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll multiply fast to very high numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.21,0:01:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one of the places\Nthat bacteria like to call home
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.42,0:02:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.48,0:02:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent survey by microbiologists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.95,0:02:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identified over ten thousand different microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.48,0:02:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that live on, or in the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.32,0:02:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there are more bacterial cells in you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.26,0:02:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than there are human cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.66,0:02:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are more bacteria genes in you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.93,0:02:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than human genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.30,0:02:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can argue that each one of you
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.100,0:02:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually more bacterium\Nthan you are human.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.38,0:02:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.50,0:02:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now we have established that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.33,0:02:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am talking to a room full of bacteria --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.20,0:02:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.23,0:02:34.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- I'm going to flatter the audience\Nhere a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.15,0:02:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell you that bacteria\Nare amazing organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.52,0:02:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things\Nthat makes them so amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.80,0:02:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is their ability to share genes\Nwith each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.32,0:02:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I need to describe this a little bit more.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.56,0:02:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this lies at the heart of how
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.25,0:02:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.01,0:02:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't have any slides,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.40,0:02:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'll have to describe it to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.24,0:03:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you probably know:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.10,0:03:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who you are lies in your genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.85,0:03:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example,\Nif you're tall or you have blue eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.69,0:03:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because you have genes\Nthat make you tall
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.69,0:03:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that give you blue eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.53,0:03:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And likewise bacteria that can live\Nin Antarctica
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.93,0:03:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have genes that make them resistant\Nto the cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.80,0:03:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And bacteria that are not killed by penicillin
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.97,0:03:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have genes that make them resistant\Nto penicillin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.42,0:03:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So where did these genes come from?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.05,0:03:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you are familiar with humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.58,0:03:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are born with a set of genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.22,0:03:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they inherit from their parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.82,0:03:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they keep the same genes\Nuntil the day that they die.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.98,0:03:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, if you're born\Nwith brown eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.69,0:03:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you wish that you have blue eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.22,0:03:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your eyes will remain brown\Nuntil the day that you die.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.16,0:03:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these were the genes\Nthat you born with.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.40,0:03:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not true for bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.41,0:03:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are in a habit of sharing\Ngenes with each other
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.09,0:03:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some pretty incredible ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.72,0:03:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the ways
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.50,0:03:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bacteria will share genes\Nwith each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.44,0:04:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is through picking genes up\Nfrom their surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.39,0:04:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they usually do this after\None of their neighbors has died.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.98,0:04:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going to refer to this technique\Nas the funeral grab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.04,0:04:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, bacteria Number 1 dies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.79,0:04:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and releases it's genes\Ninto the surroundings,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.52,0:04:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now bacteria Number 2\Nwill pick up some of these genes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.55,0:04:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pull them in.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.06,0:04:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now bacteria Number 2\Ncan do something
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.80,0:04:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that previously\Nonly bacteria Number 1 could do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.33,0:04:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is equivalent\Nof you going to the funeral
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.18,0:04:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who had blue eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.71,0:04:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking a piece of their body out of the casket
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.91,0:04:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eating it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.32,0:04:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hey! You have blue eyes too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.69,0:04:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now imagine that instead of blue eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.87,0:04:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you now are resistant to tetracycline.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.71,0:04:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way that bacteria have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share genes is through viruses.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.47,0:04:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, yes, bacteria get\Ntheir version of the flu too.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.79,0:04:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are a lot of viruses\Nthat will infect bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.75,0:04:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're going to call this technique:\Nthe viral pass.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.95,0:05:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A virus will infect bacteria Number 1
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.37,0:05:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pick up some of its genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.13,0:05:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then inject these genes\Ninto bacteria Number 2.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.100,0:05:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now bacteria Number 2\Ncan do something
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.73,0:05:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that previously only bacteria Number 1\Ncould do.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.43,0:05:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the equivalent\Nof you catching the flu
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.87,0:05:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from someone who has blue eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.46,0:05:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after catch the flu,\Nyour eyes turn blue too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.05,0:05:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, now imagine that instead of blue eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.12,0:05:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're now resistant to methacycline.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.52,0:05:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third way that bacteria share genes\Nis through sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.22,0:05:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, yes, bacteria have sex too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.13,0:05:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're actually pretty promiscuous.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.99,0:05:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're going to refer to this technique
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.95,0:05:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as makin' whoopee.\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.51,0:05:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So bacteria Number 1, the donor,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.80,0:05:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,builds a bridge to bacteria Number 2,\Nthe recipient,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.27,0:05:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through which genes are passed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.73,0:05:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the donor to the recipient -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.68,0:05:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much like sexual activity you're familiar with.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.30,0:05:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the end of this sexual activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.62,0:05:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria Number 2\Ncan now do something,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.85,0:05:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that previously only bacteria Number 1\Ncould do before sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.59,0:05:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is the equivalent of having sex\Nwith the blue-eyed partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.50,0:06:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after sex, you eyes turn blue too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.31,0:06:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.72,0:06:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now imagine instead of blue eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.04,0:06:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now you are resistant to vancomycin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.79,0:06:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.78,0:06:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you see bacteria have lots of ways
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.89,0:06:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to share genes among each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.36,0:06:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with over ten thousand\Ndifferent types of bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.96,0:06:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the human body alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.58,0:06:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to mention the millions\Nof bacteria everywhere that you look,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.01,0:06:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a huge community
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.07,0:06:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's sharing antibiotic-resistant genes\Nwith each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.12,0:06:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now in order to understand\Nantibiotic resistence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.34,0:06:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to understand\Nhow antibiotics actually work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.67,0:06:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in many ways bacteria\Nare very different than humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.92,0:06:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this means is they have\Na lot of components
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.55,0:06:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be target by specific chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.63,0:06:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So antibiotics are fantastic drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.38,0:06:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they can kill bacterium\Nwithout harming the human
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.11,0:06:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by recognizing something very specific\Nin the bacterium
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.52,0:06:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not the human.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.14,0:06:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They work like a key and a lock,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.25,0:07:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very specifically finding and binding their target
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.15,0:07:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which leads to inactivation of the bacterium.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.82,0:07:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But bacteria have evolved a number
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.34,0:07:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different defensive maneuvers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.34,0:07:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid being killed by antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.28,0:07:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going to talk about three ways
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.09,0:07:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that bacteria can become resistant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.00,0:07:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the first way\Nwe are going to call the "up-chuck".
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.01,0:07:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The antibiotic targets something specific
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.04,0:07:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the bacterial cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.16,0:07:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as soon as the antibiotic gets inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.41,0:07:27.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bacterium barfs it right back out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.24,0:07:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Preventing it from finding its target.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.51,0:07:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a technique that bacteria use
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.94,0:07:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be resistant to tetracycline.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.38,0:07:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another way we're going to call\Nthe "stealth mode".
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.02,0:07:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the antibiotic recognizes something\Nspecifically again in the bacterial cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.36,0:07:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the bacterium changes\Nthe target just enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.82,0:07:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the antibiotic no longer recognizes it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.49,0:07:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The target is in stealth mode.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.03,0:07:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The antibiotic has no effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.93,0:07:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bacterium is resistant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.25,0:07:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a technique that bacteria use
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.97,0:07:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be resistant to streptomycin.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.77,0:08:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third way we're going to call\N"the ballistic missile defense".
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.91,0:08:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bacteria makes a type of weapon
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.84,0:08:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes out and finds the antibiotic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.77,0:08:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the antibiotic can find its target.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.76,0:08:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bacterium sends out waves of this missiles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.55,0:08:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that breakdown the antibiotic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.88,0:08:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow the bacterium to survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.46,0:08:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a technique that bacteria actually use
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.02,0:08:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be resistant to penicillin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.57,0:08:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see that the bacteria have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.20,0:08:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of simple and effective ways
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.64,0:08:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid being killed by antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.03,0:08:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that include things like:\Nupchucks, stealth modes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.77,0:08:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ballistic missiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.44,0:08:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the genes for these\Nantibiotic resistant mechanisms
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.80,0:08:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are shared among the bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.94,0:08:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through funeral grabs, viral passes,\Nand makin' whoopee.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.03,0:08:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So remember the important atributes\Nof bacteria:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.69,0:08:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are small,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.04,0:08:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they multiply fast,\Nand they share genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.31,0:08:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your body is chock-full
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.02,0:08:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of millions of good, innocent bacteria,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.14,0:08:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cause you no harm,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.63,0:09:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they live in a peaceful\Ngated community inside of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.85,0:09:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.14,0:09:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now let's imagine that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.08,0:09:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some bad bugs\Nmove into this neighborhood,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.06,0:09:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start causing trouble,\Nbeing obnoxious,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.80,0:09:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,playing loud music,\Ntrashing the neighborhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.49,0:09:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You feel sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.99,0:09:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go to the doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.29,0:09:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get some antibiotics,\Nand you take them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.66,0:09:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The antibiotics kill off\Nmost of the bad bugs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.46,0:09:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of good bugs as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.91,0:09:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you're feeling better,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.66,0:09:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you stop taking the antibiotics\Nbefore the doctor prescribed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.63,0:09:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happens next?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.46,0:09:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's say that one of the good bacteria\Nwas already resistant.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.33,0:09:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when half of the neighborhood dies off
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.94,0:09:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this antibiotic armageddon,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.97,0:09:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it multiplies fast to occupy\Nall the empty houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.08,0:09:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As in any war, in order to win,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.47,0:09:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to develop new\Nand more powerful weapons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.52,0:09:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight and defeat them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.22,0:09:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the time to invest\Nin new antibiotic is now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.81,0:09:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we're completely out of weapons.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.34,0:09:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This needs to be a continuous,\Nsustained effort.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.10,0:10:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One that really should be considered
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.36,0:10:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a global health arms race.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.57,0:10:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With funding support,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.41,0:10:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new antibiotic\Ncan be developed continuously,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.81,0:10:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and released continuously into the market.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.01,0:10:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can now appreciate,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.55,0:10:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is inevitable bacteria will eventually\Nbecome resistant to the next antibiotic.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.04,0:10:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by this time,\Nthe next antibiotic will be ready.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.54,0:10:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A sobering thought is that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.22,0:10:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a number of people in this room
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.06,0:10:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are only here today,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.47,0:10:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because antibiotics saved your lives
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.50,0:10:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.49,0:10:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to avoid returning\Nto the pre-antibiotic era,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.33,0:10:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where common bacterial infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.47,0:10:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting from things like a cut,\Nor a scratch,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.86,0:10:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a struck throat,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.40,0:10:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could sometimes be a death sentence.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.04,0:10:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this manner, with new antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.26,0:10:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can maintain the upper hand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.38,0:10:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the rise of the superbugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.11,0:10:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.36,0:10:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)