0:00:07.584,0:00:09.614
Hey Manuel, why did we start in Santiago?

0:00:09.614,0:00:11.804
Because this is where Pedro de Valdivia[br]settles

0:00:11.804,0:00:14.034
After more than one year of travel[br]from Peru.

0:00:14.034,0:00:16.594
And here is where what we know today as[br]Chile starts.

0:00:16.594,0:00:18.964
So this centralism starts early!

0:00:19.034,0:00:22.664
Not really. Valdivia never planned to stay[br]in the centro for long

0:00:22.664,0:00:25.074
His obsession was to make his way to the[br]South.

0:00:25.534,0:00:27.634
But various circumstances kept him here.

0:00:28.374,0:00:30.514
Did you notice that he's missing [br]his reins?

0:00:30.996,0:00:31.996
They stole them?

0:00:33.788,0:00:37.788
That's how the sculptor chose to portray[br]a country that governs itself.

0:00:37.788,0:00:39.578
Without Spanish authority.

0:00:45.606,0:00:46.846
What's going on?

0:00:47.329,0:00:48.349
What we came for.

0:00:48.349,0:00:49.049
For what?

0:00:49.049,0:00:50.619
To the first battle of Santiago.

0:00:58.285,0:01:01.155
Little over 7 months after its founding,[br]Santiago is attacked

0:01:01.155,0:01:03.035
By more than 8 thousand indigenous.

0:01:03.363,0:01:05.383
8 thousand? And how many Spaniards?

0:01:05.383,0:01:07.193
Spaniards? Little more than 50.

0:01:09.133,0:01:12.163
The attackers are liberated by that man,[br]Michimalonco.

0:01:13.307,0:01:15.187
We have to burn everything!

0:01:15.360,0:01:16.850
Where is Pedro de Valdivia?

0:01:17.553,0:01:19.723
Valdivia is not here, he's left Santiago

0:01:19.723,0:01:21.953
Precisely in search for indigenous rebels.

0:01:22.288,0:01:24.838
Well someone must tell him that there's[br]a bunch here!

0:01:41.947,0:01:43.477
How did they get here?

0:01:45.417,0:01:47.667
To understand that we have to go back[br]a bit.

0:01:53.494,0:01:57.794
In January of the year before, Pedro de[br]Valdivia's expedition leaves Cuzco,

0:01:57.794,0:02:01.384
The old capital of the Incan empire, which[br]was then under Spanish rule.

0:02:01.799,0:02:05.339
Valdivia makes his way to Chile with only[br]12 Spaniards.

0:02:05.670,0:02:08.770
On his way, others join until they [br]are 150.

0:02:08.770,0:02:11.880
Another 1,500 indigenous also make the[br]trip, brought from towns

0:02:11.880,0:02:13.500
Already under Spanish rule.

0:02:13.500,0:02:15.870
They are called "Indios of service," [br]or yanaconas.

0:02:16.185,0:02:18.515
Hundreds of them lose their lives during[br]the trip.

0:02:18.832,0:02:21.532
Some of them battling against the[br]indigenous resistance.

0:02:22.167,0:02:25.157
The majority due to thirst, hunger, and[br]exhaustion.

0:02:25.434,0:02:29.434
Although they are not considered slaves[br]like Africans, in practice they are.

0:02:49.407,0:02:53.877
When the news reach the valleys that[br]Valdivia and his men are on the way

0:02:54.870,0:02:56.650
Worry fills the indigenous.

0:02:56.650,0:02:59.720
But how do they find out so quickly that[br]Valdivia is on the way?

0:02:59.726,0:03:01.916
All of this area is part of the[br]Incan empire

0:03:01.916,0:03:04.306
Which is known for its great communication[br]system.

0:03:04.872,0:03:06.322
That is Michimalonco.

0:03:09.153,0:03:11.053
Which means "head of torch"

0:03:11.227,0:03:14.417
A cacique that dominates a great part of[br]the Aconcagua Valley.

0:03:14.765,0:03:18.475
5 years before, he came into contact with[br]Diego de Almagro's expedition.

0:03:18.659,0:03:21.039
That is why he profoundly distrusts [br]the Spaniards.

0:03:21.720,0:03:24.512
The one next to him with grey hair [br]is Loncomilla,

0:03:24.512,0:03:28.162
Who trusts that these Spaniards are[br]different from the others

0:03:28.162,0:03:29.652
And that they come in peace.

0:03:30.622,0:03:34.122
But Michimalonco believes that if the[br]earth has to be watered with blood,

0:03:34.122,0:03:36.392
That blood has to be from the "huencas."

0:03:36.536,0:03:39.656
It seems like Almagro left a very bad[br]impression of the Spanish.

0:03:39.656,0:03:41.136
As well as for Chile.

0:03:41.636,0:03:43.326
What? Chile's name already exists?

0:03:43.326,0:03:45.366
Yes, but its origin is mysterious.

0:03:45.366,0:03:49.086
Chile. Some say its name comes from[br]a bird, the "Chi."

0:03:49.486,0:03:52.456
Or from the Quechua word "chili" which [br]means cold.

0:03:52.736,0:03:55.956
Others, that Chili was the name of a[br]Cacique that governed

0:03:55.956,0:03:57.176
The Aconcagua Valley.

0:03:58.123,0:04:02.123
Other theories exist but there is not[br]enough evidence to point to one.

0:04:05.920,0:04:08.730
And why do you say that Almagro left[br]a bad name for Chile?

0:04:09.589,0:04:13.589
Because he also came here from Peru with[br]the idea of becoming rich.

0:04:14.419,0:04:15.818
And it went horribly.

0:04:15.818,0:04:18.658
Diego de Almagro's expedition cost a[br]fortune,

0:04:18.658,0:04:20.398
Much more expensive than Valdivia's.

0:04:20.398,0:04:24.108
Between Spaniards, slaves, and yanaconas,[br]it surpassed 10,000 people.

0:04:24.108,0:04:25.498
A mega-production.

0:04:25.498,0:04:28.418
Exactly. The Incan monarch had given him[br]a tip.

0:04:28.418,0:04:31.378
That in the lands of the Chilean valley,[br]gold was abundant.

0:04:31.378,0:04:35.598
Almagro found himself in extreme climates,[br]crossing the Andes and the desert.

0:04:36.008,0:04:40.008
As well as warrior indigenous, [br]particularly south of the Bio-Bio River.

0:04:40.257,0:04:44.257
His punishments were legendary, but gold[br]he found almost nothing.

0:04:59.481,0:05:03.861
So if Diego de Almagro came back talking[br]ill of Chile, why Valdivia come?

0:05:04.375,0:05:07.465
To execute an even more ambitious plan[br]than Almagro's.

0:05:08.460,0:05:12.460
He wants to reach the "Strait of All[br]Saints." The actual Strait of Magellan.

0:05:12.460,0:05:15.990
Fortify it and establish there a [br]commercial route with Spain.

0:05:15.990,0:05:19.990
Valdivia looks for more than riches. He[br]seeks, in his own words,

0:05:19.990,0:05:21.520
"To leave fame and memory."

0:05:21.520,0:05:24.410
So for him Santiago is nothing more than[br]a stepping stone?

0:05:24.410,0:05:25.800
But a very important one.

0:05:25.800,0:05:30.090
Valdivia needs to found a city because he[br]has enemies in his own ranks

0:05:30.090,0:05:34.040
And the only way to legitimize himself as[br]the most important Spanish authority

0:05:34.040,0:05:38.040
Of this area, is that a group of[br]neighbors name him as governor.

0:05:38.040,0:05:40.680
And where there are neighbors, there has[br]to be a city.

0:05:46.312,0:05:50.812
Pedro de Valdivia and his men arrive to[br]the Central Valley in December of 1540.

0:05:50.812,0:05:54.232
On February 12th of the following year,[br]he founds the city that he calls

0:05:54.232,0:05:56.112
Santiago of the New Extremity.

0:05:56.112,0:05:59.142
In honor of the saint and military [br]protector of the Spanish.

0:05:59.640,0:06:02.780
Well the city is now founded, now they[br]have to build it.

0:06:02.960,0:06:05.400
And for that, manpower is needed.

0:06:08.089,0:06:11.189
Which they begin to seek from the local[br]indigenous population.

0:06:11.189,0:06:13.859
I imagine they didn't put an ad on the [br]paper that reads,

0:06:13.859,0:06:16.659
"Prestigious international firm needs[br]labor force."

0:07:18.376,0:07:20.176
He's going to read the requirement.

0:07:22.623,0:07:24.343
And what is the requirement?

0:07:24.343,0:07:25.653
Look, pay attention.

0:07:26.386,0:07:30.386
"On behalf of his majesty, the emperor[br]Charles V,

0:07:30.386,0:07:35.186
I, Pedro the Valdivia, his server,[br]messenger, and captain,

0:07:36.026,0:07:42.616
I notify you that God, our Lord, one and[br]only created the heavens and earth

0:07:42.616,0:07:46.716
And one man and woman from which we are[br]all descendants of.

0:07:47.136,0:07:52.556
From all of these people, God our Lord,[br]gave Saint Pedro"

0:07:52.889,0:07:55.009
And what is all that sermon about?

0:07:55.268,0:08:00.478
Basically they are being told "or you [br]submit peacefully or we will submit you"

0:08:00.950,0:08:03.390
The classic "by reason or by force"

0:08:03.921,0:08:07.921
"If you recognize the Church as superior[br]of this world

0:08:09.124,0:08:16.864
And the Pope and his majesty as superior[br]and lord, and king of the islands

0:08:16.864,0:08:19.784
And earth, you will do well.

0:08:21.195,0:08:23.605
And you will receive love and charity.

0:08:24.309,0:08:28.989
If you don't, I will come with all my[br]power against you."

0:08:28.989,0:08:32.219
Tell me something, Manuel. Does he really[br]think they understand?

0:08:32.941,0:08:37.111
For the Spanish conquistadores, reading is[br]a requirement of a legal formality.

0:08:37.717,0:08:41.967
With that they hope to give some type of[br]legitimacy to the submission of indigenous

0:08:41.967,0:08:46.017
They read it from a ship or from the top[br]of a hill.

0:08:46.337,0:08:48.677
Sometimes they read it in Latin, [br]or Spanish.

0:08:48.677,0:08:50.357
Or Mandarin, it doesn't matter.

0:08:50.357,0:08:52.327
"And I will take all your belongings

0:08:54.553,0:08:57.103
And I will do all the harm I can."

0:08:58.917,0:09:03.457
From now on anyone that doesn't submit or[br]refuses to work for the Spanish,

0:09:03.457,0:09:05.307
Will be considered "Indio at war"

0:09:05.587,0:09:08.777
And this would be like our first code of[br]labor.

0:09:08.783,0:09:11.363
More like our first penal code.

0:09:11.363,0:09:14.363
Imposed by force and without consulting [br]the affected.

0:09:14.363,0:09:18.363
But in this period, this type of outrage[br]happens every day, right?

0:09:18.363,0:09:20.363
Yes, of course, and in all of America.

0:09:21.381,0:09:25.211
And all of this happens because the king[br]of Spain decides to send

0:09:25.211,0:09:28.431
These proper men to conquer some land.

0:09:28.848,0:09:29.658
Not really.

0:09:30.491,0:09:33.201
The conquest of America is a private[br]business.

0:09:34.607,0:09:35.347
How?

0:09:35.347,0:09:37.137
Let's go back, I'll explain there.

0:09:40.580,0:09:46.220
In 1541, the surface of Santiago is no[br]more than 8 blocks

0:09:46.220,0:09:49.250
From north to south, and 10 from east[br]to west.

0:09:49.250,0:09:52.280
Pedro de Valdivia resides in the current[br]Plaza de Armas.

0:09:54.177,0:09:56.627
Valdivia's home was right here.

0:09:58.679,0:10:03.239
Manuel, explain to me how conquest was a[br]private business.

0:10:03.928,0:10:07.378
What happens is that the crown claims as[br]its own the American territories

0:10:07.378,0:10:08.978
And it gives them away as grants.

0:10:08.978,0:10:09.688
To whom?

0:10:09.688,0:10:13.848
To those who are ready to conquer with[br]private funds.

0:10:14.419,0:10:16.539
For example, Valdivia and his men.

0:10:16.978,0:10:20.478
But tell me something, who finances[br]Valdivia? Himself?

0:10:21.164,0:10:24.374
Him and his partners ask for loans to[br]finance the expedition

0:10:24.374,0:10:27.384
That why when he leaves Peru, he does[br]heavily indebted.

0:10:29.236,0:10:33.236
So then Pedro de Valdivia is our first [br]debtor.

0:10:35.632,0:10:39.252
Thanks to the superiority that bring fire[br]arms and metal,

0:10:39.467,0:10:44.047
The use of horses, the proven military[br]tactics, and the support of the yanaconas,

0:10:44.047,0:10:46.667
The Spanish impose themselves in the[br]Central Valley.

0:11:00.241,0:11:04.241
One of the last sources of resistance from[br]the intial period of conquest

0:11:04.241,0:11:06.341
Is headed by the Cacique Michimalonco.

0:11:11.635,0:11:12.525
Take him.

0:11:12.669,0:11:16.299
When he is defeated trying to save the [br]lives of his wives and children

0:11:16.299,0:11:20.559
He promises to take the Spanish to the[br]very heart of the Incan wealth in Chile.

0:11:20.559,0:11:22.939
The gold mines of Marga Marga.

0:11:38.241,0:11:41.521
In Marga Marga gold really is abundant.

0:11:41.521,0:11:45.521
So much so that Valdivia immediately[br]orders the construction

0:11:45.521,0:11:48.811
Of a brigantine that allows him to export[br]his riches.

0:11:56.436,0:11:59.916
At that time, this whole area is covered[br]in forest.

0:12:00.479,0:12:01.749
It's hard to believe.

0:12:02.592,0:12:08.052
With that wood, 8 Spanish carpenters, in[br]this same spot, begin to build a ship

0:12:08.052,0:12:11.302
With which they plan to ship as much gold[br]as possible to Peru.

0:12:12.647,0:12:17.557
Gold, gold! The Spanish obsession[br]with gold is impressive.

0:12:17.557,0:12:21.097
Well, gold is like the oil of today.

0:12:28.767,0:12:31.767
At the time, the power and wealth of the[br]European nations

0:12:31.767,0:12:35.037
Was measured according to the amount of[br]gold and silver accumulated.

0:12:35.291,0:12:38.071
It is the economic system known as[br]mercantilism.

0:12:38.796,0:12:43.206
For the regions of America, gold doesn't[br]only have a symbolic and religious worth,

0:12:43.206,0:12:45.136
It also represents a currency of trade.

0:12:45.456,0:12:47.836
The Incas call gold "the sweat of the sun"

0:12:48.141,0:12:52.141
And through their dominance in Chile, they[br]extract it generously in Marga-Marga.

0:12:53.521,0:12:56.691
The Spanish confirm this when after 40[br]days of work,

0:12:56.691,0:12:59.771
They are able to extract almost 100 kilos[br]of the precious metal.

0:13:00.245,0:13:03.665
Valdivia's firm has literally hit the[br]jackpot.

0:13:09.163,0:13:11.723
And of these gains, how much does the[br]king get?

0:13:11.723,0:13:13.613
20% plus tax.

0:13:14.441,0:13:18.241
And I suppose the hard work isn't done by[br]the Spanish.

0:13:18.241,0:13:19.401
What do you think?

0:13:19.401,0:13:22.681
That they make the indigenous and [br]yanaconas work from dusk till dawn.

0:13:22.681,0:13:25.051
Not just them. The one and only [br]Michimalonco

0:13:25.051,0:13:28.211
Gives Valdivia no less than 600 of his[br]men.

0:13:29.956,0:13:33.356
Everyday the indigenous die exhausted[br]or sick.

0:13:34.115,0:13:38.115
The work conditions, even here, are harsh.

0:13:39.440,0:13:43.440
The discomfort, unhappiness, and anger[br]grow without an end.

0:13:43.929,0:13:45.019
A time bomb?

0:14:04.438,0:14:05.238
And this?

0:14:12.726,0:14:14.176
What has happened?

0:14:15.051,0:14:16.061
Speak, man!

0:14:16.263,0:14:18.803
Dead. Everyone is dead.

0:14:19.037,0:14:20.967
They have killed them all.

0:14:21.631,0:14:25.191
It happened yesterday in the mines. The[br]Cacique brought me me bucket

0:14:25.191,0:14:29.451
Filled with gold grains. There is a valley[br]where gold never runs out.

0:14:29.451,0:14:34.931
The indigenous assured me, so I left 2 men[br]in the mines and the rest of us

0:14:34.931,0:14:36.521
Went to get the tresure...

0:14:39.171,0:14:43.831
It was all a trap, an ambush. They were[br]hundreds!

0:14:44.342,0:14:46.942
And you? How did you survive?

0:14:48.383,0:14:50.323
(?)

0:14:50.807,0:14:52.497
...in the middle of the massacre.

0:14:54.507,0:14:57.877
We were able to escape, that's why[br]we are alive.

0:15:10.174,0:15:14.174
Dead. They are all dead.

0:15:20.567,0:15:24.567
Get the horses ready, we'll leave as[br]soon as possible.

0:15:36.516,0:15:39.336
Valdivia confirms first hand the[br]destruction in the mines

0:15:39.336,0:15:40.806
And the burning of his ship.

0:15:40.806,0:15:44.806
The carpenters and yanaconas that built it[br]were found massacred.

0:15:50.385,0:15:52.665
Since he doesn't catch the people [br]responsible,

0:15:52.665,0:15:55.005
Valdivia orders an exemplifying[br]punishment.

0:16:00.290,0:16:04.290
He captures the seven most important[br]Caciques of the Central Valley.

0:16:23.697,0:16:25.697
The first detention by suspicion.

0:16:27.812,0:16:30.612
Plus, it has a completely opposite[br]effect.

0:16:30.612,0:16:35.332
Indigenous groups that used to be enemies,[br]now unite in a crusade against the Spanish

0:16:35.332,0:16:38.082
It is lead by the Cacique Michimalonco.

0:16:38.866,0:16:48.746
(Prays)

0:17:18.795,0:17:20.475
Have you lost your mind?

0:17:22.604,0:17:27.774
(Illegible at the moment)[br]

0:17:29.552,0:17:33.552
To venture outside of Santiago is [br]reckless, Pedro. A sure death

0:17:34.461,0:17:36.691
The death least dreaded gives more life.

0:17:38.623,0:17:41.733
An Indio gave the exact place where the[br]enemy is located.

0:17:42.697,0:17:44.697
A place they call Cachapoal.

0:18:01.898,0:18:05.898
An attack by surprise will allow me at[br]last to take care of this mess.

0:19:15.255,0:19:18.315
Behind every great man there is always[br]a great woman.

0:19:19.026,0:19:20.776
In Valdivia's case, there's two.

0:19:20.776,0:19:21.506
What?

0:19:21.716,0:19:25.446
Valdivia is married, and his wife Marina[br]is now in Spain.

0:19:25.446,0:19:26.956
He hasn't seen her in years.

0:19:26.956,0:19:29.056
After 8 years it's understandable, Manuel

0:19:29.056,0:19:32.046
Ines Suarez comes from Spain looking[br]for her husband

0:19:32.046,0:19:34.546
But when she gets to Cuzco she finds out[br]he has died.

0:19:34.546,0:19:38.546
She survives as a seamstress. She meets[br]Valdivia. They become lovers.

0:19:38.546,0:19:41.106
And then she asks him to bring her[br]with him.

0:19:44.855,0:19:48.095
Valdivia leaves Santiago to crush the[br]indigenous rebellion.

0:19:48.095,0:19:50.755
And he takes the biggest share of his[br]military power.

0:19:50.755,0:19:54.565
90 Spanish soldiers, and a similar number[br]of helping yanaconas.

0:19:54.902,0:19:58.432
Meanwhile, Michimalonco gathers with the[br]Caciques and proposes

0:19:58.432,0:20:00.942
To end with the Spanish, once and for all.

0:20:00.942,0:20:04.942
Pedro de Valdivia has been out for 5 days,[br]when they attack Santiago.

0:20:04.942,0:20:08.552
It is calculated as 8,000 indigenous[br]that participated in the attack.

0:20:08.552,0:20:11.852
Their main objective is to release the[br]seven captured Caciques,

0:20:11.852,0:20:14.182
And destroy the city in the process.

0:20:14.182,0:20:18.052
How interesting. The city is not even a[br]year old and it's already being destroyed.

0:20:18.052,0:20:20.622
Do you want to hear something really[br]impressive?

0:20:20.622,0:20:24.272
This happens in 1541, on a September 11.

0:21:44.204,0:21:48.204
The city of Santiago has been running for[br]7 months when it's about to be destroyed

0:21:48.594,0:21:51.574
Thousands of indigenous from the Central[br]Valley revolt against

0:21:51.574,0:21:53.084
Spanish dominance and abuse.

0:21:53.084,0:21:55.584
And this battle lasts how long? Months?

0:21:55.584,0:21:57.424
Not months, two days.

0:21:57.424,0:21:59.914
And thinking about it, Ines Suarez is[br]alone?

0:22:15.427,0:22:18.427
Those Indios are the cards that give us[br]the upper hand!

0:22:18.427,0:22:22.177
We have to give them up! It's the only way[br]to make it out alive from this hell.

0:22:22.951,0:22:24.861
Those Indios stay where they are!

0:22:24.861,0:22:26.431
We have to liberate them!

0:22:27.259,0:22:29.859
The captain Valdivia has ordered it this[br]way.

0:22:29.859,0:22:33.859
In Valdivia's absence, I am the authority!

0:22:34.892,0:22:36.192
I propose we negotiate.

0:22:37.196,0:22:39.016
We don't negotiate with Indios!

0:22:39.016,0:22:39.956
Then what?

0:22:40.369,0:22:46.399
We have to teach them that from now on,[br]the lords and owners of these lands

0:22:46.399,0:22:48.369
Are the Spanish!

0:22:48.918,0:22:53.438
We have to show them what our sword is[br]capable of.

0:23:01.620,0:23:03.690
What? What?

0:23:49.745,0:23:53.395
Ines Suarez decapitates the seven Caciques

0:23:53.395,0:23:55.965
And makes their heads roll in the plaza.

0:23:56.602,0:23:59.462
This raises Spanish spirits,

0:23:59.462,0:24:04.872
And it terrorizes the indigenous, that[br]surprisingly begin to retreat.

0:24:04.872,0:24:29.132
(Prays)

0:24:30.689,0:24:34.689
When he comes back from Cachapoal,[br]Valdivia finds his city burnt down.

0:24:34.689,0:24:38.499
Material damages...completely.

0:24:39.244,0:24:46.204
Dozens wounded. 4 Spanish dead. The major[br]amount of fallen are yanaconas.

0:24:46.777,0:24:50.777
The Spanish chroniclers never state it,[br]but it's said to be hundreds.

0:24:50.777,0:24:54.777
And something that historians do account,[br]is the death of 23 horses.

0:24:54.943,0:24:59.883
In the whole city, what is left is a [br]chicken, a chick, and a grain of wheat.

0:24:59.883,0:25:02.773
Oh and 3 pigs. That's how they must[br]survive,

0:25:02.773,0:25:05.613
Eating spring onion and grilled crickets.

0:25:07.056,0:25:10.206
LETTER FROM VALDIVIA[br]TO THE EMPEROR CHARLES V

0:25:19.302,0:25:22.222
Because for a soldier it's an honor[br]to die in battle

0:25:22.312,0:25:26.342
But to bare the hunger, they must[br]be more of a man

0:25:36.494,0:25:37.944
what is it?

0:25:39.081,0:25:41.164
You don't need to know

0:25:54.437,0:25:55.707
Pedro

0:25:57.031,0:26:01.031
At some point we won't be [br]able to resist it any longer

0:26:01.675,0:26:04.985
The Indios are destroying our crops

0:26:05.262,0:26:06.372
and at night-

0:26:06.413,0:26:09.403
I know, Ines.[br]you're talking like you lost it

0:26:09.739,0:26:10.449
No.

0:26:11.759,0:26:15.759
With no faith, we aren't any better [br]than those barbarians

0:26:17.374,0:26:21.374
But if we don't receive any help [br]we're going to Die!

0:26:24.767,0:26:28.767
I've prayed the virgin of help [br]to illuminate me

0:26:28.867,0:26:31.127
And I believe to have the solution

0:26:38.708,0:26:42.708
And what's Valdivia's plan besides[br]praying to the virgin?

0:26:43.196,0:26:46.516
He sends Alonso de Monroy and three[br]horseman to Perú seeking for help

0:26:46.556,0:26:47.536
Okay, and?

0:26:47.780,0:26:49.900
As a desperate last resource he sends them

0:26:50.008,0:26:53.773
with the biggest ammount of gold they can[br]carry to tent the Spanish men.

0:26:53.925,0:26:56.613
From the swords, to the horse's[br]horsehoes were made with

0:26:56.643,0:26:57.583
molten gold.

0:26:57.896,0:26:59.254
His sword is missing..

0:26:59.827,0:27:01.127
Is that another symbolism?

0:27:01.342,0:27:02.576
No, it got robbed

0:27:02.825,0:27:04.895
It got robbed?

0:27:05.087,0:27:07.217
Could it be that the same [br]happens to Morroy?

0:27:07.368,0:27:11.118
At one point around Copiapó, he and[br]his men are attacked by the Natives

0:27:11.326,0:27:12.205
And the gold?

0:27:12.205,0:27:14.345
They loose it all

0:27:15.190,0:27:18.690
Monroy escapes thanks the Cacique [br]who captured him got

0:27:18.696,0:27:19.965
deslumbrated by the horses

0:27:20.004,0:27:22.924
and gets obsessed with the idea of [br]learning how to ride them

0:27:22.944,0:27:25.614
Don't tell me that Monroy teached him [br]how to ride?

0:27:25.637,0:27:29.637
yes, and finally in one of those trips he[br]gets to escape, and arrives to Cuzco

0:27:30.026,0:27:33.076
There, he asks Pedro for credit [br]and goes back with fresh money

0:27:33.076,0:27:34.056
for his business

0:27:34.056,0:27:36.866
richer than ever, and how long[br]does it take him to go back?

0:27:36.879,0:27:38.282
two years.[br]two years?

0:27:38.282,0:27:41.762
yep, and once he arrives Valdivia[br]takes it like it was a virgin's miracle

0:27:41.851,0:27:45.391
and then, as a sign of gratitude, [br]he builds a shrine, and installs the

0:27:45.391,0:27:49.391
Image of the one he brought himself[br]from Spain

0:27:51.169,0:27:56.149
The shrine was in this exact place, where[br]today resides the San Francisco's church

0:27:57.781,0:27:59.711
Manuel, it's another Virgin

0:27:59.963,0:28:03.303
It's the same one, Pancho. It's just [br]that after the Barroco they begin

0:28:03.305,0:28:05.745
dressing her with fabric clothes.

0:28:08.261,0:28:11.831
It's hard to believe that that is the [br]same Pedro de Valdivia brang tied

0:28:11.831,0:28:13.251
to his horses harness

0:28:16.069,0:28:20.069
San Francisco's Church[br]Santiago, Chile

0:28:20.902,0:28:26.132
thanks to the resources monroy brang[br]Pedro can continue with the taking.

0:28:27.162,0:28:32.794
In 1548, seven years after [br]Santiago's founding, at Perú's viceroyalty

0:28:32.806,0:28:35.086
A huge revolt exploded between the[br]spanish men.

0:28:35.284,0:28:39.184
Once he finds out, Pedro de Valdivia [br]travels to fight for the viceking

0:28:39.184,0:28:42.304
and collaborates in an outstanding way[br]at the final victory.

0:28:42.788,0:28:47.508
Valdivia becomes a Hero, and is recognized[br]officially as Chile's governator

0:28:47.758,0:28:51.528
but along the so waited designation,[br]The viceking, Pedro de la Casqua

0:28:51.692,0:28:53.832
himposes him a harsh demand.

0:28:55.132,0:28:59.132
I have a wife, and I must respect her.

0:29:04.127,0:29:06.127
I'm sorry, Inés.

0:29:12.368,0:29:15.798
Valdivia gets accused of adultery

0:29:15.916,0:29:19.916
He is given a period of three months[br]to separate from Inés Suarez

0:29:19.926,0:29:22.886
and get her married with [br]a neighbor known by him.

0:29:23.167,0:29:26.567
Besides, he is forced to bring [br]her wife from Spain,

0:29:26.775,0:29:29.105
Marina Ortíz de Gaete.

0:30:21.078,0:30:25.078
After almost a decade of [br]encounters, Valdivia gets to subject

0:30:25.078,0:30:26.418
all the central zone.

0:30:27.069,0:30:30.749
again, Michimalongo is forced[br]to give up. this time

0:30:30.826,0:30:32.526
for real

0:30:36.131,0:30:39.048
The governor divides the land [br]between the neighbor countries.

0:30:39.048,0:30:41.798
Besides, the enslaved natives are[br]given to work them.

0:30:41.798,0:30:44.088
It's a system known as encomienda[br](entrust)

0:30:44.471,0:30:47.791
Valdivia, obsessed with reaching[br]the Strait of Magallanes

0:30:47.802,0:30:51.802
starts his so desired journey to the south[br]not waiting the required backups.

0:31:03.291,0:31:05.631
It's been almost ten years

0:31:06.615,0:31:10.145
and the ammount of spanish men who wants[br]to come to Chile is still small

0:31:10.217,0:31:13.347
No matter the famous letters Pedro[br]de Valdivia writes to the king,

0:31:13.347,0:31:15.177
describing Chile as a paradise

0:31:15.177,0:31:19.177
well, actually in them he describes a [br]literary imagination that turns him

0:31:19.177,0:31:23.177
acording to many into [br]our country's first writer

0:31:24.383,0:31:28.383
As well as the first publisher

0:31:32.593,0:31:36.593
To the emperor Carlos V, most[br]sacred and indicted Cesar

0:31:36.796,0:31:41.986
so he lets the merchants know, if[br]they ever want to visit, to come.

0:31:42.429,0:31:46.953
Because summer is as templated, and has [br]such delightful air running that you can

0:31:46.969,0:31:50.969
walk under the sun all day, because the[br]people are grown and domestic

0:31:51.011,0:31:54.081
friendly, white and with pretty faces

0:31:54.175,0:31:59.016
Because there's a lot, and very beautiful[br]wood, and the mines are enriched in gold.

0:31:59.016,0:32:03.016
Chile, the Occidental [br]India's lost paradise

0:32:03.576,0:32:07.736
Valdivia's expedition heads to the south,[br]crosses the Bio-Bio river,

0:32:07.736,0:32:11.736
and from there on suffers[br]current Mapuche attacks

0:32:17.467,0:32:20.587
Along the Andalién river they get [br]attacted by nearly ten thousand

0:32:20.617,0:32:24.177
Mapuche warriors. Valdivia resists,[br]and during a letup he orders his tropes

0:32:24.177,0:32:25.517
to strenghten in the place.

0:32:25.517,0:32:29.517
a few days later there's a new attack, [br]but now the spanish are prepared

0:32:29.576,0:32:32.786
and get to defeat them with only a [br]cavarly charge.

0:32:33.955,0:32:40.168
as a hard lesson, Valdivia orders to[br]amputate hundreds of prisioner's noses,

0:32:40.168,0:32:41.192
and right hand.

0:32:41.708,0:32:46.088
He wants to crush his rivals morally,[br]so no one dares to question

0:32:46.219,0:32:50.219
who is this land's new lord.

0:33:04.015,0:33:06.815
Take a good look at the young man[br]taking care of the horse.

0:33:06.856,0:33:10.656
he has grown up with the spanish men,[br]he is Valdivia's Page

0:33:11.744,0:33:13.734
he has seen him fight and prepare battles

0:33:13.791,0:33:16.834
he has learned everything about[br]war through Valdivia.

0:33:16.834,0:33:19.615
His name is Felipe, but [br]in the future no one will know him

0:33:19.615,0:33:20.952
by that name.

0:33:36.533,0:33:37.713
Felipe!

0:33:38.556,0:33:40.486
I am not Felipe[br](speaking in mapudungún)

0:33:42.644,0:33:45.306
My name is Lautaro

0:33:59.331,0:34:09.611
BREAK

0:34:34.609,0:34:38.609
-They must have done something[br]for Chile's history-

0:34:42.420,0:34:46.300
after ten years of battle in Chile,[br]and without the support of his loyal

0:34:46.302,0:34:49.484
companion, Inés Zuarez, Pedro[br]de Valdivia

0:34:49.484,0:34:51.749
heads to the strait of Magallanes.

0:34:54.973,0:34:58.973
but this time, he will fight[br]against the pure resistance of

0:34:58.973,0:35:03.759
the Mapuche villages, leaded by [br]an old acquaintance of his.

0:35:10.933,0:35:13.123
(Independence square, Concepción)

0:35:13.130,0:35:17.130
Last time Pedro de Valdivia decided to[br]give the natives a lesson it went wrong.

0:35:17.130,0:35:20.810
Yes, of course, 'cause a blind faith [br]leads him saying everything he does is

0:35:20.822,0:35:24.342
good. his main idea is to reach the [br]strait of magallanes but beforehand he

0:35:24.342,0:35:28.212
founds various cities, starting for the [br]one he wants to make Chile's capital city.

0:35:29.537,0:35:34.337
Concepción is actualle founded in what[br]is today the zone of Penco,

0:35:34.349,0:35:36.779
That's where the "penquista" term comes,[br]right?

0:35:36.779,0:35:37.519
yes, of course.

0:35:38.474,0:35:40.204
and when was it founded?

0:35:40.469,0:35:44.459
in 1550, and in the following years[br]Pedro de Valdivia's business seemed to

0:35:44.481,0:35:47.211
live a period of gainance,[br]at least for a moment

0:35:47.419,0:35:49.893
Two years after 'Concepción', he founds[br]'Valdivia.'

0:35:50.014,0:35:55.854
after that, La imperial, Villarica,[br]Tucapel's bridges, Arauco, Purén and Angol

0:35:55.920,0:35:59.920
the progress gets postponed once they find[br]a richer laundry than Marga Marga.

0:36:00.648,0:36:04.328
The gold... the gold again, and again the[br]native explotation as well...

0:36:04.328,0:36:05.178
obviously

0:36:05.195,0:36:06.655
and Lautaro, where's Lautaro?

0:36:06.655,0:36:07.475
we'll see

0:36:09.770,0:36:13.770
Mapuche village (1553)

0:36:14.646,0:36:18.646
today, we are reunited, in this community

0:36:19.815,0:36:21.285
there's bad news!

0:36:21.698,0:36:25.698
weird foreigners have arrived, to[br]take our lands away

0:36:34.441,0:36:38.441
who are you? where are you from?

0:36:39.699,0:36:41.318
I am Lautaro

0:36:42.147,0:36:44.357
I was born in valley territory

0:36:46.430,0:36:47.570
I've came here

0:36:49.272,0:36:52.612
and am in front of you all

0:36:54.408,0:36:57.838
with the will to unite against the[br]foreigners

0:36:59.274,0:37:03.274
this is our ancestors' lands

0:37:04.442,0:37:08.442
the earth that feeds our children

0:37:11.175,0:37:13.675
The Huinca wants to take away from us

0:37:14.579,0:37:18.979
our lands, and our liberty

0:37:21.458,0:37:24.598
If we gather our forces

0:37:26.043,0:37:28.783
we can expell them forever

0:37:29.048,0:37:32.408
Expell them Forever!

0:37:49.612,0:37:53.532
December, 1553

0:37:53.870,0:37:57.160
twelve years after Valdivia's [br]arrival to Chile

0:37:57.182,0:37:58.882
the incidents continue

0:37:58.883,0:38:02.283
The spanish are ambushed, and in those[br]battles,

0:38:02.312,0:38:04.537
they discover something concerning

0:38:04.549,0:38:08.549
their tested battle tactics have been [br]assimilated by the Mapuches

0:38:11.812,0:38:15.192
Lautaro sets a trap for Valdivia at the[br]Tucapel fortress

0:38:15.210,0:38:19.210
the tropes face eachother, ahd the Spanish[br]along the yanaconas are massacred.

0:38:19.210,0:38:23.460
except for the governer of Chile's [br]kingdom, who is captured alive.

0:38:27.174,0:38:31.174
Tucapel, December, 1553

0:39:31.178,0:39:35.058
in that time, Mapuches tended to eat the[br]enemy's heart

0:39:35.058,0:39:38.707
so they could absorb their qualities

0:39:39.323,0:39:43.323
this is one of the versions about[br]Valdivia's death.

0:39:44.246,0:39:48.906
there was no written testimony detailing [br]that moment

0:40:10.328,0:40:14.328
After the conqueror's death, Lautaro[br]keeps winning military victories.

0:40:14.723,0:40:19.171
Concepción is destroyed. and once the [br]spanish started to re-populate it,

0:40:19.243,0:40:22.333
the city is devastatingly defeated again.

0:40:26.424,0:40:30.424
Lautaro is not satisfied with defeating [br]him in the area. He wants to go beyond

0:40:30.495,0:40:31.785
Really ambitious

0:40:31.810,0:40:34.610
Imagine their plan is to progress[br]'til the central valley,

0:40:34.610,0:40:37.382
to their homeland, and expell [br]the spanish men forever.

0:40:37.395,0:40:38.825
but for that we need an army

0:40:38.825,0:40:40.463
which he doesn't have

0:40:40.532,0:40:46.422
of course, the mayority of Mapuches refuse[br]to go north because they got their lands

0:40:46.962,0:40:49.232
I don't get why no one supports him...

0:40:49.293,0:40:51.633
the only one who does is Caupolicán,

0:40:51.717,0:40:55.717
who gives him eight hundred of his [br]best men to make progress over Santiago

0:40:55.806,0:40:57.576
eight hundred...

0:40:57.769,0:40:59.839
that's still not enough

0:41:01.100,0:41:03.720
(Toqui Lautaro, Mapuche leader and [br]strategist)

0:41:09.712,0:41:13.712
BREAK

0:41:51.773,0:41:53.463
Expell them forever!

0:41:54.187,0:41:57.867
Lautaro, previous servant of Pedro [br]de Valdivia,

0:41:57.867,0:42:01.852
has gaven death to his former lord,[br]freeing the Mapuche community

0:42:01.860,0:42:03.380
from invasors

0:42:04.269,0:42:05.849
(December, 1553)

0:42:06.626,0:42:10.626
Then, an ofensive begins with their[br]main goal as destiny.

0:42:10.982,0:42:13.702
to expell the Spanish from Chile

0:42:18.701,0:42:23.461
Lautaro progresses willing to defeat and[br]heir only option is to gather forces with

0:42:23.500,0:42:26.360
along all the natives to confront together[br]the conqueror.

0:42:26.398,0:42:30.288
but the exhausted natives doesn't want[br]any more wars.

0:42:30.549,0:42:34.409
because of that, some refrain from [br]joining his fight, and Lautaro

0:42:34.409,0:42:37.209
responds various times with violence

0:42:45.346,0:42:48.546
presicely, one of these afected natives

0:42:48.546,0:42:52.546
is who reveals the spanish Lautaro's [br]and his men's location

0:42:53.900,0:43:02.000
(Mataquito river, May, 1557)

0:43:43.252,0:43:45.392
what did you dram?

0:43:51.879,0:43:55.879
In numerical inferiority and accompanied[br]by Guacolda, his loyal wife,

0:43:55.879,0:43:59.879
Lautaro will face in battle his last fight.

0:44:25.688,0:44:29.688
(subtitles editor's note: Tvn stands [br]for National Television)

0:44:39.443,0:44:43.443
(Main square, Santiago, 1557)

0:44:50.740,0:44:54.620
Lautaro's death is taken advantage of by[br]the Spanish.

0:44:58.789,0:45:03.609
According to the legend, his head was[br]exibhited in the center of the main square

0:45:04.295,0:45:07.535
Today's actual main square[br]of Santiago

0:45:16.854,0:45:20.854
Inés Zuarez survives more than [br]thirty years more than Pedro de Valdivia.

0:45:20.854,0:45:24.854
She becomes some sort of first Lady,[br]and enjoys a big fortune.

0:45:33.686,0:45:37.446
Inés Zuares' remainings remain along her[br]second husband's,

0:45:37.453,0:45:39.773
buried under the [br]Iglesia de la Merced's church

0:45:39.800,0:45:42.847
and what happens to the gold washers?[br]do they run out of it?

0:45:42.847,0:45:47.527
No, there's still gold, but the spanish [br]lacks the workforce to exploit it

0:45:47.693,0:45:50.093
that's why they need to find a new source.

0:45:50.093,0:45:52.643
perhaps some non-traditional[br]exportation?

0:45:52.643,0:45:53.533
Exactly.

0:45:53.863,0:45:55.238
human beings...

0:45:55.416,0:45:59.416
yes, but we'll see that story later.

0:45:59.770,0:46:03.570
Thank you for watching, 3/4s from this [br]episode were subbed by Maria Valenzuela

0:46:03.570,0:46:06.850
so the english community can learn more[br]about south american culture,

0:46:06.850,0:46:10.820
and pass it to the current generation and[br]beyond, so these people keep on living

0:46:10.820,0:46:13.030
along their stories in American history.

0:46:13.030,0:46:15.470
Thank you for your attention.[br]-María José Valenzuela