[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.50,0:00:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody knows\Nwhere they got the theory from to build a chimney.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.30,0:00:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from metal workers or smithies,\Nbut what a difference it made!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.52,0:00:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.02,0:00:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the plan of the old manor hall you saw just now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.69,0:00:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.69,0:00:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the plan of this house. Look at all those rooms!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.14,0:00:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you don't build those rooms, unless you can heat them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.77,0:00:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea was that if you put a fire up against a wall\Nlike that why not put a fire on the other side of the wall?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.64,0:00:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could both use the same flue -\Nyou'd get two fires for the price of one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.27,0:00:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the first major change the chimney caused
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.96,0:00:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the separation of the classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lords and ladies left the bedding down here in the great\Nhall to the dogs and the servants and passing strangers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.89,0:00:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cleared off to live in their own private apartments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.89,0:00:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the upper and lower classes\Nnever came that close again.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.89,0:00:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.49,0:00:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cozy little office, this. Don't you think?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.66,0:01:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the next kind of room they put a fire into so that\Nthe scribes could do all their work throughout the winter
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.11,0:01:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without all the ink freezing in their inkwells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.11,0:01:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which it had done before.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.44,0:01:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That did the European economy a real favor, you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.30,0:01:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean being able to conduct your business
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.52,0:01:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right the way through the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.52,0:01:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.88,0:01:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh. Like the staircase?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.11,0:01:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's new about that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.21,0:01:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.38,0:01:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, with fires in every room\Nyou could build up just as well as you could build out.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.33,0:01:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Servants downstairs, of course. Upstairs was warmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.21,0:01:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was getting so cold, that even the painters noticed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.61,0:01:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, take a look at that Breugel.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.28,0:01:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frozen ponds
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.41,0:01:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Snow everywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.55,0:01:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little village with the chimney pots working see?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.32,0:01:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that was only worth painting because it was\Na totally new experience being that cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.91,0:01:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indoors they hung cloth on the wall to keep out the draft\Nand later on they turned into these fancy tapestries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.46,0:01:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they put rugs everywhere, even on the tables.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.86,0:02:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They kept their bodies warm\Nwith two major 13th century inventions:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.86,0:02:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a bit of 13th century art.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.03,0:02:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very nice too.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.68,0:02:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But look what the Virgin's doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.92,0:02:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See? One of those two inventions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.11,0:02:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Knitting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.71,0:02:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second invention also kept people pretty snug.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.75,0:02:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buttons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.97,0:02:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lot less people died of cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.75,0:02:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we come to the high great chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.28,0:02:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not bad for a living room, is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.75,0:02:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everything again done for warmth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.33,0:02:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the woven matting on the floor,\NOh, and look here underneath the tapestry
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.52,0:02:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wooden wainscoting good against drafts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.83,0:02:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And admire if you will this very beautiful plasterwork.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.28,0:02:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's originally a mini ice-age idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.87,0:02:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first place they put it round the chimney\Nbecause it was fireproof,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.73,0:02:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they put it on the walls to plug up the drafty cracks,\Nthen finally they molded it and painted it like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.92,0:02:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as people's indoor lives got warmer\Ntheir habits changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.09,0:02:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They started playing more games, like backgammon,\Ndraughts, shuffleboard;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.50,0:03:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a lot more music;\Na lot more reading;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.64,0:03:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot more intellectual activity in general;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.44,0:03:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh, and a lot more furniture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.34,0:03:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the place where the biggest change took place was here:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.39,0:03:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bedroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.23,0:03:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Private little place, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.87,0:03:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never used to be like that,\Neverybody used to sleep in the hall.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.87,0:03:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, with separate fireplaces,\Nsleep and undressing and sex
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.42,0:03:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became things you only did *in private*.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.42,0:03:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our modern preoccupation with privacy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.82,0:03:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.28,0:03:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So does cleanliness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.82,0:03:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hot fires, hot water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.78,0:03:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hot baths.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.62,0:03:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it got too cold to go to the toilet outside, well\Nyou could always try one of these indoor portable varieties.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.67,0:03:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Note the padded seat for winter use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.81,0:03:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you could build yourself one of those rather rude\Nhalf inside half outside affairs...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.39,0:03:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.89,0:03:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another Bruegel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.39,0:04:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 14th century you could eat in your\Nprivate dining room by the fire.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.08,0:04:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And hygiene began to affect table manners
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.34,0:04:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you washed your hands before dinner.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.89,0:04:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You used a fork.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.48,0:04:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were separate table settings\Nand there were separate chairs instead of benches.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.79,0:04:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, they used table linen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.12,0:04:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already it's remarkably modern.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.75,0:04:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, the kitchen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.03,0:04:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again, thanks to the fireplace, a separate room.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.51,0:04:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 15th century they knew enough about\Nhot air going up the flue
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.51,0:04:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to put turbines in chimneys
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.51,0:04:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And run roasting spits with them via gears and a\Ndrive chain like on a bicycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.01,0:04:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, the hotter the fire, the faster the turbine spins,\Nthe quicker the meat turns, doesn't get burnt.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.09,0:04:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clever, aye?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.09,0:04:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.18,0:04:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must admit it is a very nice piece of property.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.50,0:04:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why it matters so much to our story is that in every\Nsingle one of its heated rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.100,0:04:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had this:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.29,0:04:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a glass window.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.12,0:05:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, it had so many more glass windows than anybody else
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.96,0:05:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, at the time, this place was known as:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.06,0:05:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hardwick Hall more glass than wall."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.32,0:05:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[♪ Baroque ♪]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.40,0:05:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.40,0:05:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is just one of the places that got built\Nin the great 16th century property boom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.81,0:05:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the houses went up
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.31,0:05:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the forests came down.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.43,0:05:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these guys were the villains of the piece:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.48,0:05:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people cutting down trees to make charcoal for the\Nfuel for their glass making furnaces
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.43,0:05:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the windows everybody wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.57,0:05:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much wood was going up in smoke
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.39,0:06:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government passed laws to try and save the forests\Nfor the people who'd be really sunk without wood:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.57,0:06:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Navy!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.20,0:06:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, by the beginning of the 17th Century,\Nthings had got desperate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.48,0:06:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There had to be somewhere else the glassmakers could go\Nand chop their firewood.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.46,0:06:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they found the ideal place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.46,0:06:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[♪ Lone English Horn ♪]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.04,0:06:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.04,0:06:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See, glass making needs sand and wood mainly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.34,0:06:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's just what there was tons of here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.89,0:06:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1608 it was all absolutely free.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.34,0:06:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one year old colony at Jamestown, Virginia\Nwas built on sand. And as for forests?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.61,0:06:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't see the wood for the trees!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.87,0:06:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the master plan
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.42,0:06:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to send glass makers over here to get on with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.87,0:07:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the boatload.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.53,0:07:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.53,0:07:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about it, things must have been pretty far gone\Nto try a harebrained scheme like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.70,0:07:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, four thousand miles in a leaky boat to make glass\Nsurrounded by Indians and wild animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.56,0:07:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, they managed to talk a grand total of eight idiots\Ninto coming to "blow bubbles" in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.11,0:07:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, one hard winter and they all gave up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.51,0:07:47.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[♪ Sad ♪]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.100,0:07:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.100,0:07:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plot now shifts from glass to iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.67,0:07:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one of the oldest reasons in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.72,0:07:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We come now to one of those\Ndeeply meaningful moments in history
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.76,0:08:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where things change because of the basic drives in mankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.62,0:08:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know: a belief in progress,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.62,0:08:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundamental insight in the nature of things,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.03,0:08:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dogged persistence in making ideas work\Nthe joy of discovery - that sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.40,0:08:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The extraordinary change that was to happen because of the\Nfailure to bring boatloads of glassworkers here to Jamestown
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.22,0:08:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a result of one of those visions people have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.43,0:08:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, the desire to make
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.93,0:08:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as possible
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.48,0:08:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as fast as possible
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.03,0:08:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this stuff...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.39,0:08:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Money☺
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.67,0:08:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you're ready for a devious tale of\Nthe uppercrust on the make, here goes...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.53,0:08:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 50 years before Jamestown,\NQueen Elizabeth was desperate to make
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.29,0:08:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bronze canon
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.15,0:08:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A.) for the defense of the realm and\NB.) because she got a cut in the profits.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.15,0:08:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you need copper to make brass and we,\Nin England, didn't have very much of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.01,0:08:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, so German miners,\Nwith an eye to what they might make out of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.84,0:09:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came over and in 1566 found copper.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.37,0:09:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the other thing Elizabeth wanted to do was to get\Nthe wool market back on its feet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.32,0:09:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she could tax it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.51,0:09:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she didn't have enough brass
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.37,0:09:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make these carding combs,\Nessential to the production of wool.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.61,0:09:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, some more German miners
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.11,0:09:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an eye to financial gain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.18,0:09:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came over and in 1566 they found
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.42,0:09:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Calamine, one of the essential ingredients in making brass,\Nnear Bristol.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.97,0:09:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the metal making boom that followed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.63,0:09:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used wood for furnace fuel\Njust as fast as the glassmakers had.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.49,0:09:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, in 1611, enter Sir Edward Zouch, crafty courtier
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.99,0:09:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an eye for a fast buck
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.54,0:09:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who says, me and my partners have come up with an\Nabsolutely brilliant solution:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.99,0:09:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's use {\i1}coal{\i0} to make {\i1}glass{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.94,0:09:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Zouch gives the King £1,000
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.29,0:09:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in return the King gives Zouch a monopoly\Nto use his own coal furnace to make glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.29,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well then, Zou...