1
00:00:00,500 --> 00:00:03,300
Nobody knows
where they got the theory from to build a chimney.
2
00:00:03,300 --> 00:00:07,518
from metal workers or smithies,
but what a difference it made!
3
00:00:07,518 --> 00:00:09,018
Look at this.
4
00:00:09,018 --> 00:00:12,690
That's the plan of the old manor hall you saw just now.
5
00:00:12,690 --> 00:00:14,690
And this
6
00:00:14,690 --> 00:00:17,143
is the plan of this house. Look at all those rooms!
7
00:00:17,143 --> 00:00:20,768
Now you don't build those rooms, unless you can heat them.
8
00:00:20,768 --> 00:00:25,643
The idea was that if you put a fire up against a wall
like that why not put a fire on the other side of the wall?
9
00:00:25,643 --> 00:00:30,268
They could both use the same flue -
you'd get two fires for the price of one.
10
00:00:30,268 --> 00:00:33,956
Well, the first major change the chimney caused
11
00:00:33,956 --> 00:00:36,003
was the separation of the classes.
12
00:00:36,003 --> 00:00:41,893
The lords and ladies left the bedding down here in the great
hall to the dogs and the servants and passing strangers
13
00:00:41,893 --> 00:00:44,893
and cleared off to live in their own private apartments.
14
00:00:44,893 --> 00:00:49,893
And the upper and lower classes
never came that close again.
15
00:00:49,893 --> 00:00:55,487
16
00:00:55,487 --> 00:00:57,659
Cozy little office, this. Don't you think?
17
00:00:57,659 --> 00:01:03,112
This was the next kind of room they put a fire into so that
the scribes could do all their work throughout the winter
18
00:01:03,112 --> 00:01:06,112
without all the ink freezing in their inkwells,
19
00:01:06,112 --> 00:01:08,440
which it had done before.
20
00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:11,300
That did the European economy a real favor, you know.
21
00:01:11,300 --> 00:01:13,518
I mean being able to conduct your business
22
00:01:13,518 --> 00:01:17,518
right the way through the year.
23
00:01:17,518 --> 00:01:20,878
24
00:01:20,878 --> 00:01:24,112
Oh. Like the staircase?
25
00:01:24,112 --> 00:01:25,206
What's new about that?
26
00:01:25,206 --> 00:01:26,378
It is.
27
00:01:26,378 --> 00:01:30,331
See, with fires in every room
you could build up just as well as you could build out.
28
00:01:30,331 --> 00:01:33,206
Servants downstairs, of course. Upstairs was warmer.
29
00:01:33,206 --> 00:01:36,612
It was getting so cold, that even the painters noticed it.
30
00:01:36,612 --> 00:01:39,284
I mean, take a look at that Breugel.
31
00:01:39,284 --> 00:01:40,409
Frozen ponds
32
00:01:40,409 --> 00:01:41,550
Snow everywhere
33
00:01:41,550 --> 00:01:44,315
Little village with the chimney pots working see?
34
00:01:44,315 --> 00:01:50,909
Now, that was only worth painting because it was
a totally new experience being that cold.
35
00:01:50,909 --> 00:01:56,456
Indoors they hung cloth on the wall to keep out the draft
and later on they turned into these fancy tapestries.
36
00:01:56,456 --> 00:01:59,863
And they put rugs everywhere, even on the tables.
37
00:01:59,863 --> 00:02:04,863
They kept their bodies warm
with two major 13th century inventions:
38
00:02:04,863 --> 00:02:07,034
Here's a bit of 13th century art.
39
00:02:07,034 --> 00:02:08,675
Very nice too.
40
00:02:08,675 --> 00:02:10,925
But look what the Virgin's doing.
41
00:02:10,925 --> 00:02:14,113
See? One of those two inventions.
42
00:02:14,113 --> 00:02:16,706
Knitting.
43
00:02:16,706 --> 00:02:19,753
The second invention also kept people pretty snug.
44
00:02:19,753 --> 00:02:20,972
Buttons.
45
00:02:20,972 --> 00:02:23,753
And a lot less people died of cold.
46
00:02:23,753 --> 00:02:28,284
And now we come to the high great chamber
47
00:02:28,284 --> 00:02:29,753
Not bad for a living room, is it?
48
00:02:29,753 --> 00:02:31,331
And everything again done for warmth,
49
00:02:31,331 --> 00:02:34,519
the woven matting on the floor,
Oh, and look here underneath the tapestry
50
00:02:34,519 --> 00:02:36,831
wooden wainscoting good against drafts.
51
00:02:36,831 --> 00:02:39,284
And admire if you will this very beautiful plasterwork.
52
00:02:39,284 --> 00:02:41,872
That's originally a mini ice-age idea,
53
00:02:41,872 --> 00:02:44,731
in the first place they put it round the chimney
because it was fireproof,
54
00:02:44,731 --> 00:02:50,919
then they put it on the walls to plug up the drafty cracks,
then finally they molded it and painted it like that.
55
00:02:50,919 --> 00:02:54,091
and as people's indoor lives got warmer
their habits changed.
56
00:02:54,091 --> 00:02:59,497
They started playing more games, like backgammon,
draughts, shuffleboard;
57
00:02:59,497 --> 00:03:02,638
there was a lot more music;
a lot more reading;
58
00:03:02,638 --> 00:03:05,435
a lot more intellectual activity in general;
59
00:03:05,435 --> 00:03:08,341
oh, and a lot more furniture.
60
00:03:08,341 --> 00:03:11,388
But the place where the biggest change took place was here:
61
00:03:11,388 --> 00:03:14,231
in the bedroom.
62
00:03:14,231 --> 00:03:15,872
Private little place, isn't it?
63
00:03:15,872 --> 00:03:18,872
Never used to be like that,
everybody used to sleep in the hall.
64
00:03:18,872 --> 00:03:23,419
But, with separate fireplaces,
sleep and undressing and sex
65
00:03:23,419 --> 00:03:26,419
became things you only did *in private*.
66
00:03:26,419 --> 00:03:29,825
Our modern preoccupation with privacy
67
00:03:29,825 --> 00:03:33,278
starts here.
68
00:03:33,278 --> 00:03:34,825
So does cleanliness,
69
00:03:34,825 --> 00:03:37,778
hot fires, hot water
70
00:03:37,778 --> 00:03:39,622
hot baths.
71
00:03:39,622 --> 00:03:44,669
And if it got too cold to go to the toilet outside, well
you could always try one of these indoor portable varieties.
72
00:03:44,669 --> 00:03:46,809
Note the padded seat for winter use.
73
00:03:46,809 --> 00:03:51,387
Or you could build yourself one of those rather rude
half inside half outside affairs...
74
00:03:51,387 --> 00:03:52,887
like that.
75
00:03:52,887 --> 00:03:55,387
Another Bruegel.
76
00:03:55,387 --> 00:04:00,075
In the 14th century you could eat in your
private dining room by the fire.
77
00:04:00,075 --> 00:04:02,341
And hygiene began to affect table manners
78
00:04:02,341 --> 00:04:04,887
you washed your hands before dinner.
79
00:04:04,887 --> 00:04:06,481
You used a fork.
80
00:04:06,481 --> 00:04:10,794
There were separate table settings
and there were separate chairs instead of benches.
81
00:04:10,794 --> 00:04:13,122
And, they used table linen.
82
00:04:13,122 --> 00:04:16,747
Already it's remarkably modern.
83
00:04:16,747 --> 00:04:19,028
And, of course, the kitchen,
84
00:04:19,028 --> 00:04:25,512
again, thanks to the fireplace, a separate room.
85
00:04:25,512 --> 00:04:29,512
By the 15th century they knew enough about
hot air going up the flue
86
00:04:29,512 --> 00:04:31,512
to put turbines in chimneys
87
00:04:31,512 --> 00:04:36,012
And run roasting spits with them via gears and a
drive chain like on a bicycle.
88
00:04:36,012 --> 00:04:42,090
And, the hotter the fire, the faster the turbine spins,
the quicker the meat turns, doesn't get burnt.
89
00:04:42,090 --> 00:04:46,090
Clever, aye?
90
00:04:46,090 --> 00:04:47,183
91
00:04:47,183 --> 00:04:50,496
You must admit it is a very nice piece of property.
92
00:04:50,496 --> 00:04:55,996
But why it matters so much to our story is that in every
single one of its heated rooms
93
00:04:55,996 --> 00:04:57,293
it had this:
94
00:04:57,293 --> 00:04:59,121
a glass window.
95
00:04:59,121 --> 00:05:02,965
But, it had so many more glass windows than anybody else
96
00:05:02,965 --> 00:05:05,058
that, at the time, this place was known as:
97
00:05:05,058 --> 00:05:10,324
Hardwick Hall more glass than wall."
98
00:05:10,324 --> 00:05:28,402
[♪ Baroque ♪]
99
00:05:28,402 --> 00:05:29,402
100
00:05:29,402 --> 00:05:34,808
Now this is just one of the places that got built
in the great 16th century property boom.
101
00:05:34,808 --> 00:05:36,308
And as the houses went up
102
00:05:36,308 --> 00:05:43,433
the forests came down.
103
00:05:43,433 --> 00:05:45,480
And these guys were the villains of the piece:
104
00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:50,433
the people cutting down trees to make charcoal for the
fuel for their glass making furnaces
105
00:05:50,433 --> 00:05:52,574
to make the windows everybody wanted.
106
00:05:52,574 --> 00:05:54,387
So much wood was going up in smoke
107
00:05:54,387 --> 00:06:00,574
the government passed laws to try and save the forests
for the people who'd be really sunk without wood:
108
00:06:00,574 --> 00:06:02,199
the Navy!
109
00:06:02,199 --> 00:06:05,481
But, by the beginning of the 17th Century,
things had got desperate.
110
00:06:05,481 --> 00:06:14,465
There had to be somewhere else the glassmakers could go
and chop their firewood.
111
00:06:14,465 --> 00:06:19,465
And then they found the ideal place.
112
00:06:19,465 --> 00:06:32,043
[♪ Lone English Horn ♪]
113
00:06:32,043 --> 00:06:33,043
114
00:06:33,043 --> 00:06:36,340
See, glass making needs sand and wood mainly.
115
00:06:36,340 --> 00:06:38,887
And that's just what there was tons of here.
116
00:06:38,887 --> 00:06:43,340
And in 1608 it was all absolutely free.
117
00:06:43,340 --> 00:06:48,606
The one year old colony at Jamestown, Virginia
was built on sand. And as for forests?
118
00:06:48,606 --> 00:06:50,871
You couldn't see the wood for the trees!
119
00:06:50,871 --> 00:06:53,418
So, the master plan
120
00:06:53,418 --> 00:06:56,871
was to send glass makers over here to get on with it,
121
00:06:56,871 --> 00:07:00,527
by the boatload.
122
00:07:00,527 --> 00:07:08,527
123
00:07:08,527 --> 00:07:13,699
If you think about it, things must have been pretty far gone
to try a harebrained scheme like this.
124
00:07:13,699 --> 00:07:20,559
I mean, four thousand miles in a leaky boat to make glass
surrounded by Indians and wild animals.
125
00:07:20,559 --> 00:07:27,106
Well, they managed to talk a grand total of eight idiots
into coming to "blow bubbles" in America.
126
00:07:27,106 --> 00:07:32,512
But, one hard winter and they all gave up.
127
00:07:32,512 --> 00:07:47,997
[♪ Sad ♪]
128
00:07:47,997 --> 00:07:48,997
129
00:07:48,997 --> 00:07:51,669
The plot now shifts from glass to iron.
130
00:07:51,669 --> 00:07:54,716
For one of the oldest reasons in the world.
131
00:07:54,716 --> 00:07:57,762
We come now to one of those
deeply meaningful moments in history
132
00:07:57,762 --> 00:08:00,622
where things change because of the basic drives in mankind.
133
00:08:00,622 --> 00:08:02,622
You know: a belief in progress,
134
00:08:02,622 --> 00:08:05,028
fundamental insight in the nature of things,
135
00:08:05,028 --> 00:08:09,403
a dogged persistence in making ideas work
the joy of discovery - that sort of thing.
136
00:08:09,403 --> 00:08:15,216
The extraordinary change that was to happen because of the
failure to bring boatloads of glassworkers here to Jamestown
137
00:08:15,216 --> 00:08:18,434
was a result of one of those visions people have
138
00:08:18,434 --> 00:08:20,934
in this case, the desire to make
139
00:08:20,934 --> 00:08:22,481
as much as possible
140
00:08:22,481 --> 00:08:24,028
as fast as possible
141
00:08:24,028 --> 00:08:27,387
of this stuff...
142
00:08:27,387 --> 00:08:29,669
Money☺
143
00:08:29,669 --> 00:08:35,528
So, if you're ready for a devious tale of
the uppercrust on the make, here goes...
144
00:08:35,528 --> 00:08:41,294
About 50 years before Jamestown,
Queen Elizabeth was desperate to make
145
00:08:41,294 --> 00:08:44,153
bronze canon
146
00:08:44,153 --> 00:08:49,153
A.) for the defense of the realm and
B.) because she got a cut in the profits.
147
00:08:49,153 --> 00:08:53,013
Now, you need copper to make brass and we,
in England, didn't have very much of that.
148
00:08:53,013 --> 00:08:56,841
So, so German miners,
with an eye to what they might make out of it,
149
00:08:56,841 --> 00:09:00,372
came over and in 1566 found copper.
150
00:09:00,372 --> 00:09:05,325
Now, the other thing Elizabeth wanted to do was to get
the wool market back on its feet
151
00:09:05,325 --> 00:09:07,513
so she could tax it
152
00:09:07,513 --> 00:09:09,372
But she didn't have enough brass
153
00:09:09,372 --> 00:09:13,606
to make these carding combs,
essential to the production of wool.
154
00:09:13,606 --> 00:09:16,106
So, some more German miners
155
00:09:16,106 --> 00:09:18,184
with an eye to financial gain
156
00:09:18,184 --> 00:09:22,419
came over and in 1566 they found
157
00:09:22,419 --> 00:09:26,966
Calamine, one of the essential ingredients in making brass,
near Bristol.
158
00:09:26,966 --> 00:09:29,631
Now, the metal making boom that followed
159
00:09:29,631 --> 00:09:33,490
used wood for furnace fuel
just as fast as the glassmakers had.
160
00:09:33,490 --> 00:09:39,990
And then, in 1611, enter Sir Edward Zouch, crafty courtier
161
00:09:39,990 --> 00:09:41,537
with an eye for a fast buck
162
00:09:41,537 --> 00:09:46,990
who says, me and my partners have come up with an
absolutely brilliant solution:
163
00:09:46,990 --> 00:09:49,943
let's use coal to make glass
164
00:09:49,943 --> 00:09:53,287
So, Zouch gives the King £1,000
165
00:09:53,287 --> 00:09:58,287
and in return the King gives Zouch a monopoly
to use his own coal furnace to make glass.
166
00:09:58,287 --> 99:59:59,999
Well then, Zou...