0:00:00.500,0:00:03.300
Nobody knows[br]where they got the theory from to build a chimney.
0:00:03.300,0:00:07.518
from metal workers or smithies,[br]but what a difference it made!
0:00:07.518,0:00:09.018
Look at this.
0:00:09.018,0:00:12.690
That's the plan of the old manor hall you saw just now.
0:00:12.690,0:00:14.690
And this
0:00:14.690,0:00:17.143
is the plan of this house. Look at all those rooms!
0:00:17.143,0:00:20.768
Now you don't build those rooms, unless you can heat them.
0:00:20.768,0:00:25.643
The idea was that if you put a fire up against a wall[br]like that why not put a fire on the other side of the wall?
0:00:25.643,0:00:30.268
They could both use the same flue -[br]you'd get two fires for the price of one.
0:00:30.268,0:00:33.956
Well, the first major change the chimney caused
0:00:33.956,0:00:36.003
was the separation of the classes.
0:00:36.003,0:00:41.893
The lords and ladies left the bedding down here in the great[br]hall to the dogs and the servants and passing strangers
0:00:41.893,0:00:44.893
and cleared off to live in their own private apartments.
0:00:44.893,0:00:49.893
And the upper and lower classes[br]never came that close again.
0:00:49.893,0:00:55.487
0:00:55.487,0:00:57.659
Cozy little office, this. Don't you think?
0:00:57.659,0:01:03.112
This was the next kind of room they put a fire into so that[br]the scribes could do all their work throughout the winter
0:01:03.112,0:01:06.112
without all the ink freezing in their inkwells,
0:01:06.112,0:01:08.440
which it had done before.
0:01:08.440,0:01:11.300
That did the European economy a real favor, you know.
0:01:11.300,0:01:13.518
I mean being able to conduct your business
0:01:13.518,0:01:17.518
right the way through the year.
0:01:17.518,0:01:20.878
0:01:20.878,0:01:24.112
Oh. Like the staircase?
0:01:24.112,0:01:25.206
What's new about that?
0:01:25.206,0:01:26.378
It is.
0:01:26.378,0:01:30.331
See, with fires in every room[br]you could build up just as well as you could build out.
0:01:30.331,0:01:33.206
Servants downstairs, of course. Upstairs was warmer.
0:01:33.206,0:01:36.612
It was getting so cold, that even the painters noticed it.
0:01:36.612,0:01:39.284
I mean, take a look at that Breugel.
0:01:39.284,0:01:40.409
Frozen ponds
0:01:40.409,0:01:41.550
Snow everywhere
0:01:41.550,0:01:44.315
Little village with the chimney pots working see?
0:01:44.315,0:01:50.909
Now, that was only worth painting because it was[br]a totally new experience being that cold.
0:01:50.909,0:01:56.456
Indoors they hung cloth on the wall to keep out the draft[br]and later on they turned into these fancy tapestries.
0:01:56.456,0:01:59.863
And they put rugs everywhere, even on the tables.
0:01:59.863,0:02:04.863
They kept their bodies warm[br]with two major 13th century inventions:
0:02:04.863,0:02:07.034
Here's a bit of 13th century art.
0:02:07.034,0:02:08.675
Very nice too.
0:02:08.675,0:02:10.925
But look what the Virgin's doing.
0:02:10.925,0:02:14.113
See? One of those two inventions.
0:02:14.113,0:02:16.706
Knitting.
0:02:16.706,0:02:19.753
The second invention also kept people pretty snug.
0:02:19.753,0:02:20.972
Buttons.
0:02:20.972,0:02:23.753
And a lot less people died of cold.
0:02:23.753,0:02:28.284
And now we come to the high great chamber
0:02:28.284,0:02:29.753
Not bad for a living room, is it?
0:02:29.753,0:02:31.331
And everything again done for warmth,
0:02:31.331,0:02:34.519
the woven matting on the floor,[br]Oh, and look here underneath the tapestry
0:02:34.519,0:02:36.831
wooden wainscoting good against drafts.
0:02:36.831,0:02:39.284
And admire if you will this very beautiful plasterwork.
0:02:39.284,0:02:41.872
That's originally a mini ice-age idea,
0:02:41.872,0:02:44.731
in the first place they put it round the chimney[br]because it was fireproof,
0:02:44.731,0:02:50.919
then they put it on the walls to plug up the drafty cracks,[br]then finally they molded it and painted it like that.
0:02:50.919,0:02:54.091
and as people's indoor lives got warmer[br]their habits changed.
0:02:54.091,0:02:59.497
They started playing more games, like backgammon,[br]draughts, shuffleboard;
0:02:59.497,0:03:02.638
there was a lot more music;[br]a lot more reading;
0:03:02.638,0:03:05.435
a lot more intellectual activity in general;
0:03:05.435,0:03:08.341
oh, and a lot more furniture.
0:03:08.341,0:03:11.388
But the place where the biggest change took place was here:
0:03:11.388,0:03:14.231
in the bedroom.
0:03:14.231,0:03:15.872
Private little place, isn't it?
0:03:15.872,0:03:18.872
Never used to be like that,[br]everybody used to sleep in the hall.
0:03:18.872,0:03:23.419
But, with separate fireplaces,[br]sleep and undressing and sex
0:03:23.419,0:03:26.419
became things you only did *in private*.
0:03:26.419,0:03:29.825
Our modern preoccupation with privacy
0:03:29.825,0:03:33.278
starts here.
0:03:33.278,0:03:34.825
So does cleanliness,
0:03:34.825,0:03:37.778
hot fires, hot water
0:03:37.778,0:03:39.622
hot baths.
0:03:39.622,0:03:44.669
And if it got too cold to go to the toilet outside, well[br]you could always try one of these indoor portable varieties.
0:03:44.669,0:03:46.809
Note the padded seat for winter use.
0:03:46.809,0:03:51.387
Or you could build yourself one of those rather rude[br]half inside half outside affairs...
0:03:51.387,0:03:52.887
like that.
0:03:52.887,0:03:55.387
Another Bruegel.
0:03:55.387,0:04:00.075
In the 14th century you could eat in your[br]private dining room by the fire.
0:04:00.075,0:04:02.341
And hygiene began to affect table manners
0:04:02.341,0:04:04.887
you washed your hands before dinner.
0:04:04.887,0:04:06.481
You used a fork.
0:04:06.481,0:04:10.794
There were separate table settings[br]and there were separate chairs instead of benches.
0:04:10.794,0:04:13.122
And, they used table linen.
0:04:13.122,0:04:16.747
Already it's remarkably modern.
0:04:16.747,0:04:19.028
And, of course, the kitchen,
0:04:19.028,0:04:25.512
again, thanks to the fireplace, a separate room.
0:04:25.512,0:04:29.512
By the 15th century they knew enough about[br]hot air going up the flue
0:04:29.512,0:04:31.512
to put turbines in chimneys
0:04:31.512,0:04:36.012
And run roasting spits with them via gears and a[br]drive chain like on a bicycle.
0:04:36.012,0:04:42.090
And, the hotter the fire, the faster the turbine spins,[br]the quicker the meat turns, doesn't get burnt.
0:04:42.090,0:04:46.090
Clever, aye?
0:04:46.090,0:04:47.183
0:04:47.183,0:04:50.496
You must admit it is a very nice piece of property.
0:04:50.496,0:04:55.996
But why it matters so much to our story is that in every[br]single one of its heated rooms
0:04:55.996,0:04:57.293
it had this:
0:04:57.293,0:04:59.121
a glass window.
0:04:59.121,0:05:02.965
But, it had so many more glass windows than anybody else
0:05:02.965,0:05:05.058
that, at the time, this place was known as:
0:05:05.058,0:05:10.324
Hardwick Hall more glass than wall."
0:05:10.324,0:05:28.402
[♪ Baroque ♪]
0:05:28.402,0:05:29.402
0:05:29.402,0:05:34.808
Now this is just one of the places that got built[br]in the great 16th century property boom.
0:05:34.808,0:05:36.308
And as the houses went up
0:05:36.308,0:05:43.433
the forests came down.
0:05:43.433,0:05:45.480
And these guys were the villains of the piece:
0:05:45.480,0:05:50.433
the people cutting down trees to make charcoal for the[br]fuel for their glass making furnaces
0:05:50.433,0:05:52.574
to make the windows everybody wanted.
0:05:52.574,0:05:54.387
So much wood was going up in smoke
0:05:54.387,0:06:00.574
the government passed laws to try and save the forests[br]for the people who'd be really sunk without wood:
0:06:00.574,0:06:02.199
the Navy!
0:06:02.199,0:06:05.481
But, by the beginning of the 17th Century,[br]things had got desperate.
0:06:05.481,0:06:14.465
There had to be somewhere else the glassmakers could go[br]and chop their firewood.
0:06:14.465,0:06:19.465
And then they found the ideal place.
0:06:19.465,0:06:32.043
[♪ Lone English Horn ♪]
0:06:32.043,0:06:33.043
0:06:33.043,0:06:36.340
See, glass making needs sand and wood mainly.
0:06:36.340,0:06:38.887
And that's just what there was tons of here.
0:06:38.887,0:06:43.340
And in 1608 it was all absolutely free.
0:06:43.340,0:06:48.606
The one year old colony at Jamestown, Virginia[br]was built on sand. And as for forests?
0:06:48.606,0:06:50.871
You couldn't see the wood for the trees!
0:06:50.871,0:06:53.418
So, the master plan
0:06:53.418,0:06:56.871
was to send glass makers over here to get on with it,
0:06:56.871,0:07:00.527
by the boatload.
0:07:00.527,0:07:08.527
0:07:08.527,0:07:13.699
If you think about it, things must have been pretty far gone[br]to try a harebrained scheme like this.
0:07:13.699,0:07:20.559
I mean, four thousand miles in a leaky boat to make glass[br]surrounded by Indians and wild animals.
0:07:20.559,0:07:27.106
Well, they managed to talk a grand total of eight idiots[br]into coming to "blow bubbles" in America.
0:07:27.106,0:07:32.512
But, one hard winter and they all gave up.
0:07:32.512,0:07:47.997
[♪ Sad ♪]
0:07:47.997,0:07:48.997
0:07:48.997,0:07:51.669
The plot now shifts from glass to iron.
0:07:51.669,0:07:54.716
For one of the oldest reasons in the world.
0:07:54.716,0:07:57.762
We come now to one of those[br]deeply meaningful moments in history
0:07:57.762,0:08:00.622
where things change because of the basic drives in mankind.
0:08:00.622,0:08:02.622
You know: a belief in progress,
0:08:02.622,0:08:05.028
fundamental insight in the nature of things,
0:08:05.028,0:08:09.403
a dogged persistence in making ideas work[br]the joy of discovery - that sort of thing.
0:08:09.403,0:08:15.216
The extraordinary change that was to happen because of the[br]failure to bring boatloads of glassworkers here to Jamestown
0:08:15.216,0:08:18.434
was a result of one of those visions people have
0:08:18.434,0:08:20.934
in this case, the desire to make
0:08:20.934,0:08:22.481
as much as possible
0:08:22.481,0:08:24.028
as fast as possible
0:08:24.028,0:08:27.387
of this stuff...
0:08:27.387,0:08:29.669
Money☺
0:08:29.669,0:08:35.528
So, if you're ready for a devious tale of[br]the uppercrust on the make, here goes...
0:08:35.528,0:08:41.294
About 50 years before Jamestown,[br]Queen Elizabeth was desperate to make
0:08:41.294,0:08:44.153
bronze canon
0:08:44.153,0:08:49.153
A.) for the defense of the realm and[br]B.) because she got a cut in the profits.
0:08:49.153,0:08:53.013
Now, you need copper to make brass and we,[br]in England, didn't have very much of that.
0:08:53.013,0:08:56.841
So, so German miners,[br]with an eye to what they might make out of it,
0:08:56.841,0:09:00.372
came over and in 1566 found copper.
0:09:00.372,0:09:05.325
Now, the other thing Elizabeth wanted to do was to get[br]the wool market back on its feet
0:09:05.325,0:09:07.513
so she could tax it
0:09:07.513,0:09:09.372
But she didn't have enough brass
0:09:09.372,0:09:13.606
to make these carding combs,[br]essential to the production of wool.
0:09:13.606,0:09:16.106
So, some more German miners
0:09:16.106,0:09:18.184
with an eye to financial gain
0:09:18.184,0:09:22.419
came over and in 1566 they found
0:09:22.419,0:09:26.966
Calamine, one of the essential ingredients in making brass,[br]near Bristol.
0:09:26.966,0:09:29.631
Now, the metal making boom that followed
0:09:29.631,0:09:33.490
used wood for furnace fuel[br]just as fast as the glassmakers had.
0:09:33.490,0:09:39.990
And then, in 1611, enter Sir Edward Zouch, crafty courtier
0:09:39.990,0:09:41.537
with an eye for a fast buck
0:09:41.537,0:09:46.990
who says, me and my partners have come up with an[br]absolutely brilliant solution:
0:09:46.990,0:09:49.943
let's use coal to make glass
0:09:49.943,0:09:53.287
So, Zouch gives the King £1,000
0:09:53.287,0:09:58.287
and in return the King gives Zouch a monopoly[br]to use his own coal furnace to make glass.
0:09:58.287,9:59:59.000
Well then, Zou...