[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our weekly video hangout series!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think - let's see, we started a little bit off time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'll say it again:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to GV Face, our weekly video hangout series!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we are celebrating the 25th birthday of the world wide web.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty exciting. That was on Wednesday.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, we've got a {\i1}really{\i0} all-star lineup of guests
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on today's program.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, moving from left to right, we have:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alan Emtage, a very special guest who is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gonna talk to us about his very special creation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, uh, the first web browser...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um! We have Jeremy Clark, in Montreal -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy is a technical director at Global Voices.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Josh Levy, from Free Press,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Massachusetts, in the U.S.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Renata Avila, campaign manager \Nfor the Web We Want
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Creative Commons extraordinaire, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GV star.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is joining us from Berlin!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome, everybody!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um. So we wanted to start today's show
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by talking a little bit about the world wide web
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the internet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Cuz a lot of people think that they're the same thing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when actually, that's not quite true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to first turn to Jeremy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just ask, Jer, could you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,break it down for us, like,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that the internet was invented in the 70's
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, if it's the 25th birthday of the web,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy Clark: Okay, well, the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,best place to start, I think, is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the internet - it has existed in various formats
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the 1970's, as you said,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was the {\i1}web{\i0} that really made it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enter our homes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, so, understanding the relationship is important.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the internet was invented by
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. Government in a lot of senses...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...a mix of military and science funding
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that developed the network of \N{\i1}actual{\i0} computers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can communicate with each other over
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wires.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, another related technology that is also compri--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[amends] uh, {\i1}built in{\i0} to the web
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called {\i1}hypertext{\i0}. And that is the notion
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of documents that can link between each other
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immediately, without having to go and fetch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a separate document. Um.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there were lots of systems since the 1960s
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were trying to implement hypertext, like,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Xanadu is an example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, but all of them were commercial, \Nexpensive, closed,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and none of them were very popular.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Tim Berners-Lee, who is the\N"inventor of the internet,"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[corrects himself] of the {\i1}web{\i0}, \Nobviously, the World Wide Web -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um. [Tim Berners-Lee] put those two things together
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by building a service that runs
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on {\i1}top{\i0} of the internet, and he
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called it the World Wide Web.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what the World Wide Web is, is the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decentralized hypertext engine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use to communicate between
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers' web pages.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what makes up WEB is three things:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,URLs (or URIs) - Universal Resource Locator
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the addresses we use \Nto find things on the web,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[#2] HTML, which is the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HyperText Markup Lanuage
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the way that the information
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is stored and sent
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can then use browsers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to {\i1}view{\i0} HTML, and then
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the documents can be understood
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then also they display the {\i1}links{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the hypertext part of it works
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can jump around from page to page.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, the final part is HTTP, which is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the HyperText Transfer Protocol
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the communication method
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which the different computers can
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk to each other and send the
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HTML documents back and forth
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the URLs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um. So, when he built it, there were some
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very important things that he \Nbuilt into this system
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that didn't exist before.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main one is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,universal authorship.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he always intended that {\i1}anyone{\i0}\Nwould be able
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to access these webpages,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and anyone would be able to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,add their own webpages, without
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asking for permission.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the very explicit special condition
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that anyone can link to any {\i1}other{\i0} webpage
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without permission.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Previous hypertext systems required that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically, for you to link to me,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have to accept that link, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably create a link back to you, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wasn't required on the Web, which
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives us a lot of freedom to link to people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wouldn't want us to be able \Nto link to them, for example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so no one can say "I'm putting up free content..."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"...but you can't send your readers here,\Nbecause I hate you," et cetera.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one is that he made it \Ncompletely, {\i1}completely{\i0} free.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the world of\Ninter--[fumbles for words]--programming
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most free thing is generally considered
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the GPL [General Public License]:\Nopen-source, free software licenses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, and Tim Berners-Lee actually almost used
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the GPL, because he wanted the web software
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was building to be free.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the last minute he actually changed his mind
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made it full public domain, \Nbecause in certain ways
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the GPL is actually more restrictive, because it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces other people - like, certain commercial actors
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn't have wanted to use web technology
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were GPL, so he made it full public domain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then from there went on to make all of the standards
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as open and, uh, general and free as possible.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Uh. So that's my extremely brief\Nhistory of the internet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anyone is curious, he wrote a wonderful book
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "Weaving the Web" about his experiences
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[enticing tone] As you can see, it's short!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he has lots of interesting technical information
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in it, without being overwhelming.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very approachable
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he's a really interesting person
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it - the book is much better than his tweets,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are usually incoherent.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[one of the participants huffs out a "whew"]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: Ouch!\NJeremy [?]: A few minutes?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: Thanks, that was - that was great, Jer!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: I mean, I think that that helps
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um, in conversations about internet policy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and internet governance, there's a lot of emphasis
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the ability to kind of create and innovate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without permission? Like, for every
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to build parts of the web, and
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you just laid out for us makes it clear
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how important the {\i1}Web{\i0} piece of the infrastructure is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that, for that capacity to become
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a real tangible {\i1}thing{\i0}, and somebody that -\N[amends] something that now
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can do - we don't have to have
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technical expertise to kind of build our own\Nspaces there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: Um. So, I wanted to -\NJeremy: So um.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy: If I could add just one more thing, sorry -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeremy: I just wanted to give a couple examples
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of things that happen over the internet
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that {\i1}aren't{\i0} the web,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that was the actual initial question.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, one example would be {\i1}torrents{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you're the - two computers \Nconnect to each other,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stream information directly, without any URLs
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being mixed into the process.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, another one is - email, at its core,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is its own communication protocol
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't have to use the web,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although we often use web {\i1}sites{\i0} \Nto access and manage our email.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Umm. And then another one was the one\Nright {\i1}before{\i0} the Web came out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very popular protocol was called {\i1}Gopher{\i0},
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which people liked, and sort of worked like the Web
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- you surf around and find things -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it actually became commercial \Nright around the time that the web came out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people would've had to start paying,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of starting to pay,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they switched to HTTP, HTML, and \Nthe World Wide Web.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: So I want to move to Alan, now... Um,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alan built the first search engine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm kind of... like, overwhelmed, and feel sort of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, giddy and nervous {\i1}having{\i0} him here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: This is just - \N[Alan laughs]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: This is, like, a really big deal!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellery: So, Alan, just - if you could tell us -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cuz I think a lot of people don't know about Archie -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um, it would be really cool just to hear
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how you sort of - what you were doing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made you decide to, to do this
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and kinda what it was like, and then, I mean,\Neverything you've seen since...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately we're time limited, but...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alan: Right.\NEllery: You know.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alan [coughs]: Well, um, uh, well, that was back in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1989, and, I was working as a system administrator
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for uh, McGill University - I was a grad student
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for McGill University - and um, I was responsible
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for getting software for - one of my responsibilities
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was getting software for the faculty and the students.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the time, the three major \Nprotocols on the internet
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- this was pre Web, ummm -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was, uh, Telnet, which would allow you to log in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a remote machine.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Email, ah, which would allow you to communicate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ah, with another - as we do now, with a, with a
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remote machin{\i1}es{\i0}, plural,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, and FTP, which was the File Transfer Protocol,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which allowed you to move, ah, data files, or files
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one machine to another.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the time what we had was - people had made
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- remember it was a non-commercial internet\Nat the time -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- actually, commercial traffic was forbidden\Non the internet at the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was run by the \NNational Science Foundation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was using educational money
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore other than companies with
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research arms, like IBM and HP \Nand those kinds of things,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't have any commercial traffic on the internet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which nowadays seems kind of amazing \Nto even think about -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, ah, so what people did, were to provide
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to provide free space on their machines
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and remember, you know, at the time,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a big disc would be a {\i1}megabyte,{\i0} you know -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so people would provide common repositories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could deposit programs that you had written
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,datafiles, and documents, and that kinda stuff.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into these central repositories that were
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spread around the internet.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then other people could then retrieve them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I spent a lot of my time trying to locate
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software, or the information that my, the\Nstudents and the faculty were trying to find,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I got tired of it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and since I'm lazy and a geek, I...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I automated the process.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got - instead of doing it manually, I had a bunch
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of scripts wake up in the middle of the night\Nevery night,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go out and index files.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now remember all of this was just file listings.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like Google, it's not like \Na search engine would be today,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is just... filenames. All it was, was filenames.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what it would do
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was it would go out every night,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,list all the filenames in all the repositories,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow you to {\i1}search{\i0} lists of filenames.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I only used it for myself!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I only used it, um, uh, for my own personal use.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um, and at one point my boss,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was also a student, a grad student
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University, let Peter Deutsch let it be known
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, um, somebody was asking for, you know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could they, could somebody tell them where, um,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,y'know, a particular piece of software was.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, uh, uh, we, um, uh... we, you know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he came and asked me, \Nhe knew we had this database
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he came and asked me if I could help out.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I gave it to him, and if, y'know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,half a sec- half a minute later I had the information,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so he put this posting online, and, umm.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People then started asking,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, can you find {\i1}this{\i0} for me?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, all these manual requests!
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically - either through email, or UseNet postings -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- which is what we were using at the time -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we thought, this is silly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no point doing these things manually
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we can just allow people access\Nto the database itself.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a moment of insanity,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had to come up with a name for it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said, "Okay, well, let's just call it ARCHI,"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is "ARCHIVE" without the V
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, ah, and within about three or four months
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were consuming about {\i1}half{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of the traffic to eastern Canada \N{\i1}[where McGill University is]{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as this search engine became - as people, y'know -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- word of mouth -
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, people who know about Archie
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are generally people of a certain {\i1}age{\i0}...
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...I won't mention what that age is, but
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's generally people who were in university
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or working on the internet, so it would have been
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it would have been research people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people in academia in the early nineties.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Archie lasted for about, uh, [hems and haws]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five years. Four or five years.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, um, it only indexed FTP archives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It never indexed the web.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I went on, as Archie became popular,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I got more involved in the standards process
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that kind of stuff,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked, uh, fairly closely with Tim Berners-Lee
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, uh, to standardize - for example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did the - I ran the committee
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the standard-setting body for the internet,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the IETF \N{\i1}[Internet Engineering Task Force]{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to standardize URLs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because Tim had come up with
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a set of rules for URLS,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we looked at expanding that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a larger range of resources,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized that those rules did not cover
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the cases.