[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.41,0:00:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where we left off after the\Nmeiosis videos is that we had
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.90,0:00:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two gametes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.96,0:00:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a sperm and an egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.11,0:00:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me draw the sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.35,0:00:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had the sperm and\Nthen you had an egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.79,0:00:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I'll do the egg in\Na different color.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.81,0:00:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the egg, and we all\Nknow how this story goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.70,0:00:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sperm fertilizes the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.39,0:00:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a whole cascade of events\Nstart occurring.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.49,0:00:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The walls of the egg then become\Nimpervious to other
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.06,0:00:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sperm so that only one sperm can\Nget in, but that's not the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.19,0:00:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focus of this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.12,0:00:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The focus of this video is how\Nthis fertilized egg develops
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.30,0:00:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once it has become a zygote.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.84,0:00:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after it's fertilized, you\Nremember from the meiosis
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.92,0:00:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,videos that each of these were\Nhaploid, or that they had--
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.68,0:00:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oh, I added an extra i there--\Nthat they had half the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.57,0:00:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contingency of the DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.45,0:01:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as the sperm fertilizes\Nthis egg, now, all
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.68,0:01:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a sudden, you have\Na diploid zygote.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.26,0:01:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.10,0:01:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now let me pick\Na nice color.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.16,0:01:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now you're going to have a\Ndiploid zygote that's going to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.62,0:01:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a 2N complement of the DNA\Nmaterial or kind of the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.57,0:01:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full complement of what a normal\Ncell in our human body
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.32,0:01:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have. So this is diploid,\Nand it's a zygote,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.32,0:01:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is just a fancy way of\Nsaying the fertilized egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.03,0:01:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's now ready\Nto essentially
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.57,0:01:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn into an organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.39,0:01:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So immediately after\Nfertilization, this zygote
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.57,0:01:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts experiencing cleavage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's experiencing mitosis,\Nthat's the mechanism, but it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.62,0:01:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't increase\Na lot in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.17,0:01:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one right here will then\Nturn into-- it'll just
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.86,0:01:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,split up via mitosis\Ninto two like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.03,0:01:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, these are each\N2N, and then those are going
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.28,0:02:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to split into four like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.51,0:02:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each of these have the same\Nexact genetic complement
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.92,0:02:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as that first zygote, and\Nit keeps splitting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.75,0:02:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this mass of cells, we can\Nstart calling it, this right
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.93,0:02:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, this is referred\Nto as the morula.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.46,0:02:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.55,0:02:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, it comes from the\Nword for mulberry because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.91,0:02:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like a mulberry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.25,0:02:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So actually, let me just kind\Nof simplify things a little
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.93,0:02:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bit because we don't\Nhave to start here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.45,0:02:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we start with a zygote.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.70,0:02:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.24,0:02:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a fertilized egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.22,0:02:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just starts duplicating via\Nmitosis, and you end up with a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.08,0:02:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ball of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.86,0:02:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's often going to be a power\Nof two, because these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.68,0:02:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in the initial stages\Nare all duplicating all at
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.89,0:02:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once, and then you\Nhave this morula.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.23,0:02:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.29,0:02:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, once the morula gets to\Nabout 16 cells or so-- and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.85,0:02:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about\Nfour or five days.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.55,0:03:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't an exact process--\Nthey started differentiating a
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.72,0:03:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little bit, where the outer\Ncells-- and this kind of turns
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.51,0:03:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.45,0:03:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me make it a little\Nbit more sphere like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.88,0:03:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it starts differentiating\Nbetween-- let me make some
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.65,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outer cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This would be a cross-section\Nof it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.20,0:03:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really going to look\Nmore like a sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.15,0:03:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the outer cells and then\Nyou have your inner cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.95,0:03:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.98,0:03:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These outer cells are called\Nthe trophoblasts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.93,0:03:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me do it in a\Ndifferent color.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.56,0:03:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.90,0:03:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me scroll over.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.48,0:03:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to go there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.25,0:03:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the inner cells, and\Nthis is kind of the crux of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.43,0:03:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what this video is all\Nabout-- let me scroll
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.55,0:03:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.45,0:03:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inner cells-- pick\Na suitable color.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.53,0:04:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inner cells right there are\Ncalled the embryoblast.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.59,0:04:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then what's going to happen\Nis some fluid's going
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.66,0:04:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start filling in some\Nof this gap between the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.13,0:04:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryoblast and the trophoblast,\Nso you're going
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.79,0:04:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start having some fluid that\Ncomes in there, and so
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.16,0:04:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the morula will eventually\Nlook like this, where the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.03,0:04:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trophoblast, or the outer\Nmembrane, is kind of this huge
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.48,0:04:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sphere of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.76,0:04:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is all happening as\Nthey keep replicating.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.68,0:04:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mitosis is the mechanism, so now\Nmy trophoblast is going to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.62,0:04:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look like that, and then\Nmy embryoblast is going
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.68,0:04:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.62,0:04:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes the embryoblast-- so\Nthis is the embryoblast.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.16,0:04:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes it's also called the\Ninner cell mass, so let me
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.32,0:04:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,write that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.57,0:04:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.45,0:04:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what's going to\Nturn into the organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.95,0:05:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, just so you know a\Ncouple of the labels that are
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.39,0:05:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved here, if we're dealing\Nwith a mammalian
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.91,0:05:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organism, and we are mammals,\Nwe call this thing that the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.71,0:05:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morula turned into is a zygote,\Nthen a morula, then
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.69,0:05:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cells of the morula started\Nto differentiate into
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.72,0:05:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trophoblast, or kind of the\Noutside cells, and then
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.19,0:05:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the embryoblast. And then you\Nhave this space that forms
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.76,0:05:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, and this is just fluid,\Nand it's called the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.96,0:05:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blastocoel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.21,0:05:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.51,0:05:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very non-intuitive spelling\Nof the coel part of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.89,0:05:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blastocoel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.43,0:05:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once this is formed, this is\Ncalled a blastocyst. That's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.28,0:05:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire thing right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.80,0:05:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me scroll down\Na little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.46,0:05:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole thing is called the\Nblastocyst, and this is the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.87,0:05:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,case in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.12,0:05:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.07,0:05:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it can be a very confusing\Ntopic, because a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.12,0:05:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of times in a lot of books on\Nbiology, you'll say, hey, you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.94,0:06:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go from the morula to\Nthe blastula or the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.58,0:06:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blastosphere stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.28,0:06:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write those words down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.74,0:06:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So sometimes you'll say morula,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.00,0:06:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you go to blastula.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.25,0:06:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.40,0:06:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes it's called\Nthe blastosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.76,0:06:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.12,0:06:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to make it very\Nclear that these are
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.55,0:06:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially the same stages\Nin development.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.63,0:06:28.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just for-- you know,\Nin a lot of books, they'll
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.86,0:06:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start talking about frogs or\Ntadpoles or things like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.10,0:06:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this applies to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.44,0:06:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While we're talking about\Nmammals, especially the ones
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.89,0:06:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are closely related\Nto us, the stage is the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.33,0:06:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blastocyst stage, and the real\Ndifferentiator is when people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.24,0:06:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk about just blastula\Nand blastospheres.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.36,0:06:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There isn't necessarily this\Ndifferentiation between these
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.29,0:06:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outermost cells and these\Nembryonic, or this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.48,0:06:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryoblast, or this inner\Ncell mass here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.29,0:06:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But since the focus of this\Nvideo is humans, and really
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.35,0:06:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's where I wanted to start\Nfrom, because that's what we
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.62,0:07:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are and that's what's\Ninteresting, we're going to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.42,0:07:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focus on the blastocyst.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.81,0:07:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, everything I've talked\Nabout in this video, it was
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.31,0:07:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really to get to this point,\Nbecause what we have here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.36,0:07:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these little green cells that\NI drew right here in the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.27,0:07:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blastocysts, this inner cell\Nmass, this is what will turn
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.21,0:07:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.20,0:07:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you say, OK, Sal, if that's\Nthe organism, what's
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.25,0:07:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these purple\Ncells out here?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.98,0:07:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This trophoblast out there?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.21,0:07:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is going to turn into the\Nplacenta, and I'll do a future
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.88,0:07:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,video where in a human, it'll\Nturn into a placenta.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.60,0:07:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me write that down.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.97,0:07:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It'll turn into the placenta.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.25,0:07:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll do a whole future video\Nabout I guess how babies
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.60,0:07:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are born, and I actually learned\Na ton about that this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.32,0:07:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,past year because a baby\Nwas born in our house.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.58,0:07:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the placenta is really\Nkind of what the embryo
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.32,0:07:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develops inside of, and it's the\Ninterface, especially in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.88,0:07:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans and in mammals, between\Nthe developing fetus and its
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.26,0:08:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother, so it kind of is the\Nexchange mechanism that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.22,0:08:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,separates their two systems,\Nbut allows the necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.20,0:08:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,functions to go on\Nbetween them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.79,0:08:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not the focus\Nof this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.86,0:08:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The focus of this video is the\Nfact that these cells, which
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.68,0:08:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this point are-- they've\Ndifferentiated themselves away
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.87,0:08:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the placenta cells, but\Nthey still haven't decided
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.56,0:08:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they're going to become.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.54,0:08:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe this cell and its\Ndescendants eventually start
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.21,0:08:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becoming part of the nervous\Nsystem, while these cells
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.64,0:08:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here might become muscle\Ntissue, while these cells
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.54,0:08:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here might become\Nthe liver.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.75,0:08:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cells right here are\Ncalled embryonic stem cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.74,0:08:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the first time in\Nthis video you're hearing a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.12,0:08:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,term that you might recognize.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.44,0:08:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if I were to just take one of\Nthese cells, and actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.22,0:08:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to introduce you to another\Nterm, you know, we
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.89,0:08:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have this zygote.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.77,0:08:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as it starts dividing,\Neach of these cells are called
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.03,0:09:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a blastomere.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.93,0:09:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're probably wondering,\NSal, why does this word blast
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.02,0:09:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep appearing in this kind\Nof embryology video, these
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.21,0:09:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,development videos?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.13,0:09:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that comes from the Greek\Nfor spore: blastos.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.48,0:09:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the organism is beginning\Nto spore out or grow.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.03,0:09:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't go into the word origins\Nof it, but that's
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.61,0:09:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it comes from and that's\Nwhy everything has
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.03,0:09:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this blast in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.86,0:09:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are blastomeres.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.68,0:09:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I talk what embryonic\Nstem cells, I'm talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.97,0:09:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the individual blastomeres\Ninside of this embryoblast or
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.33,0:09:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside of this inner\Ncell mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.89,0:09:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These words are actually\Nunusually fun to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.78,0:09:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So each of these is an\Nembryonic stem cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.16,0:09:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write this down\Nin a vibrant color.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.12,0:09:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So each of these right here are\Nembryonic stem cells, and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.19,0:09:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to get to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.44,0:09:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.44,0:09:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason why these are\Ninteresting, and I think you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.53,0:10:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already know, is that there's\Na huge debate around these.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.76,0:10:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, these have the potential\Nto turn into anything, that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.83,0:10:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have this plasticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.95,0:10:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's another word that\Nyou might hear.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.41,0:10:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write that down,\Ntoo: plasticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.46,0:10:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.05,0:10:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the word essentially comes\Nfrom, you know, like a plastic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.92,0:10:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can turn into anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.13,0:10:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we say that something has\Nplasticity, we're talking
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.63,0:10:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about its potential\Nto turn into a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.78,0:10:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.62,0:10:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the theory is, and there's\Nalready some trials that seem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.38,0:10:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to substantiate this, especially\Nin some lower
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.39,0:10:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organisms, that, look, if you\Nhave some damage at some point
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.07,0:10:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your body-- let me\Ndraw a nerve cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.46,0:10:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me say I have a-- I won't\Ngo into the actual mechanics
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.59,0:10:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a nerve cell, but let's say\Nthat we have some damage at
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.79,0:10:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some point on a nerve cell right\Nthere, and because of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.98,0:10:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, someone is paralyzed\Nor there's some nerve
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.45,0:10:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dysfunction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.40,0:10:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're dealing with multiple\Nsclerosis or who knows what.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.33,0:10:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is, look, we have these\Ncell here that could
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.28,0:11:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn into anything, and we're\Njust really understanding how
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.65,0:11:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it knows what to turn into.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.41,0:11:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really has to look at its\Nenvironment and say, hey, what
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.55,0:11:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the guys around me doing,\Nand maybe that's what helps
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.90,0:11:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dictate what it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.15,0:11:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the idea is you take these\Nthings that could turn to
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.50,0:11:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything and you put them where\Nthe damage is, you layer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.74,0:11:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them where the damage is, and\Nthen they can turn into the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.91,0:11:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell that they need\Nto turn into.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.51,0:11:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this case, they would\Nturn into nerve cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.99,0:11:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would turn to nerve cells\Nand repair the damage and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.22,0:11:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe cure the paralysis\Nfor that individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.48,0:11:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a huge, exciting area\Nof research, and you could
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.64,0:11:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even, in theory, grow\Nnew organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.70,0:11:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If someone needs a kidney\Ntransplant or a heart
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.80,0:11:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transplant, maybe in the future,\Nwe could take a colony
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.69,0:11:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these embryonic stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.98,0:11:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we can put them in some\Ntype of other creature, or who
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.51,0:11:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knows what, and we can turn it\Ninto a replacement heart or a
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.05,0:11:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replacement kidney.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.66,0:11:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a huge amount\Nof excitement about
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.48,0:11:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what these can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.42,0:12:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, they could cure a lot of\Nformerly uncurable diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.31,0:12:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or provide hope for a\Nlot of patients who
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.35,0:12:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might otherwise die.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.12,0:12:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But obviously, there's\Na debate here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.87,0:12:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the debate all revolves\Naround the issue of if you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.95,0:12:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were to go in here and try to\Nextract one of these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.12,0:12:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to kill\Nthis embryo.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.56,0:12:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to kill this\Ndeveloping embryo, and that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.16,0:12:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing embryo had\Nthe potential to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.67,0:12:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.14,0:12:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a potential that obviously\Nhas to be in the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.88,0:12:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right environment, and it has\Nto have a willing mother and
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.52,0:12:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the rest, but it does\Nhave the potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.82,0:12:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so for those, especially, I\Nthink, in the pro-life camp,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.37,0:12:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who say, hey, anything that has\Na potential to be a human
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.28,0:12:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being, that is life and it\Nshould not be killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.31,0:12:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people on that side of the\Ncamp, they're against the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.51,0:12:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destroying of this embryo.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.51,0:12:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not making this video to\Ntake either side to that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.88,0:13:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,argument, but it's a potential\Nto turn to a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.74,0:13:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a potential, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.01,0:13:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So obviously, there's a huge\Namount of debate, but now, now
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.73,0:13:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know in this video what\Npeople are talking about when
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.31,0:13:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they say embryonic stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.69,0:13:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And obviously, the next question\Nis, hey, well, why
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.68,0:13:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't they just call them stem\Ncells as opposed to embryonic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.91,0:13:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stem cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.49,0:13:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because in all of our\Nbodies, you do have what
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.88,0:13:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are called somatic stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.85,0:13:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write that down.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.85,0:13:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somatic or adults stem cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.00,0:13:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all have them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.10,0:13:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in our bone marrow to\Nhelp produce red blood cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.86,0:13:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other parts of our body, but the\Nproblem with somatic stem
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.16,0:13:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells is they're not as plastic,\Nwhich means that they
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.78,0:13:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can't form any type of cell\Nin the human body.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.81,0:13:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an area of research\Nwhere people are actually
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.88,0:13:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe trying to make them more\Nplastic, and if they are able
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.47,0:13:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take these somatic stem\Ncells and make them more
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.90,0:13:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plastic, it might maybe kill\Nthe need to have these
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.29,0:13:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryonic stem cells, although\Nmaybe if they do this too
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.66,0:14:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good, maybe these will have\Nthe potential to turn into
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.69,0:14:03.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human beings as well,\Nso that could
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.01,0:14:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a debatable issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.77,0:14:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But right now, this isn't an\Narea of debate because, left
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.13,0:14:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their own devices, a somatic\Nstem cell or an adult
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.51,0:14:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stem cell won't turn into\Na human being, while an
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.42,0:14:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryonic one, if it is\Nimplanted in a willing mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.76,0:14:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then, of course, it will turn\Ninto a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.97,0:14:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to make one side\Nnote here, because I don't
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.21,0:14:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to take any sides on the\Ndebate of-- well, I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.41,0:14:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facts are facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.25,0:14:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This does have the potential\Nto turn into a human being,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.90,0:14:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also has the potential\Nto save millions of lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.98,0:14:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of those statements are\Nfacts, and then you can decide
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.74,0:14:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your own which side of that\Nargument you'd like to or what
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.96,0:14:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,side of that balance you\Nwould like to kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.67,0:14:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put your own opinion.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.21,0:14:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's one thing I want\Nto talk about that in the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.02,0:14:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public debate is never\Nbrought up.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.89,0:14:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have this notion of when\Nyou-- to get an embryonic
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.60,0:14:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stem cell line, and when I say\Na stem cell line, I mean you
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.57,0:15:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take a couple of stem cells, or\Nlet's say you take one stem
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.88,0:15:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cell, and then you put it in a\NPetri dish, and then you allow
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.55,0:15:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it to just duplicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.65,0:15:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one turns into two,\Nthose two turn to four.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.78,0:15:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then someone could take one of\Nthese and then put it in their
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.38,0:15:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own Petri dish.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.60,0:15:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are a stem cell line.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.20,0:15:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They all came from one unique\Nembryonic stem cell or what
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.31,0:15:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,initially was a blastomere.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.95,0:15:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what they call\Na stem cell line.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.50,0:15:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the debate obviously is when\Nyou start an embryonic
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.14,0:15:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stem cell line, you are\Ndestroying an embryo.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.06,0:15:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I want to make the point\Nhere that embryos are being
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.90,0:15:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destroyed in other processes,\Nand namely, in-vitro
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.14,0:15:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.39,0:15:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.53,0:15:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe this'll be my next\Nvideo: fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.74,0:15:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is just the notion that\Nthey take a set of eggs
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.69,0:15:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of a mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.52,0:15:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's usually a couple that's\Nhaving trouble having a child,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.43,0:15:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they take a bunch of\Neggs out of the mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.28,0:15:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's say they take\Nmaybe 10 to 30
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.94,0:15:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eggs out of the mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.00,0:16:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They actually perform a surgery,\Ntake them out of the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.46,0:16:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ovaries of the mother, and then\Nthey fertilize them with
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.76,0:16:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,semen, either it might come\Nfrom the father or a sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.89,0:16:13.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,donor, so then all of these\Nbecomes zygotes once they're
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.21,0:16:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fertilized with semen.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.09,0:16:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these all become zygotes,\Nand then they allow them to
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.86,0:16:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develop, and they usually allow\Nthem to develop to the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.87,0:16:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blastocyst stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.48,0:16:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So eventually all of these\Nturn into blastocysts.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.60,0:16:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a blastocoel in\Nthe center, which is
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.05,0:16:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this area of fluid.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.52,0:16:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have, of course, the\Nembryo, the inner cell mass in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.92,0:16:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them, and what they do is they\Nlook at the ones that they
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.31,0:16:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deem are healthier or maybe\Nthe ones that are at least
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.18,0:16:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just not unhealthy, and they'll\Ntake a couple of these
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.40,0:16:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll implant these into\Nthe mother, so all of this is
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.16,0:16:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occurring in a Petri dish.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.18,0:16:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe these four look good,\Nso they're going to take these
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.27,0:16:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four, and they're going to\Nimplant these into a mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.84,0:17:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if all goes well, maybe one\Nof these will turn into--
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.07,0:17:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will give the couple a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.67,0:17:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this one will develop and\Nmaybe the other ones won't.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.18,0:17:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you've seen John & Kate\NPlus 8, you know that many
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.52,0:17:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,times they implant a lot of\Nthem in there, just to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.35,0:17:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increase the probability that\Nyou get at least one child.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.52,0:17:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every now and then, they\Nimplant seven or eight, and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.31,0:17:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you end up with\Neight kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.68,0:17:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why in-vitro\Nfertilization often results in
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.15,0:17:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of these multiple\Nbirths, or reality
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.36,0:17:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,television shows on cable.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.27,0:17:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what do they do with all\Nof these other perfectly--
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.33,0:17:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, I won't say perfectly\Nviable, but these are embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.11,0:17:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may or may not be perfectly\Nviable, but you have
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.35,0:17:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these embryos that have the\Npotential, just like this one
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.98,0:17:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.68,0:17:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These all have the potential\Nto turn into a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.34,0:17:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most fertility clinics,\Nroughly half of them, they
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.73,0:17:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either throw these away,\Nthey destroy them, they
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.95,0:17:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allow them to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.04,0:17:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of these are frozen, but\Njust the process of freezing
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.69,0:17:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them kills them and then bonding\Nthem kills them again,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.37,0:18:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so most of these, the process of\Nin-vitro fertilization, for
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.29,0:18:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every one child that has the\Npotential to develop into a
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.74,0:18:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,full-fledged human being, you're\Nactually destroying
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.50,0:18:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tens of very viable embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.73,0:18:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at least my take on it is\Nif you're against-- and I
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.55,0:18:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generally don't want to take a\Nside on this, but if you are
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.75,0:18:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against research that involves\Nembryonic stem cells because
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.32,0:18:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the destruction of embryos,\Non that same, I guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.58,0:18:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophical ground, you\Nshould also be against
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.63,0:18:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in-vitro fertilization because\Nboth of these involve the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.36,0:18:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destruction of zygotes.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.54,0:18:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think-- well, I won't talk\Nmore about this, because I
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.52,0:18:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really don't want to take sides,\Nbut I want to show that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.32,0:18:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is kind of an equivalence\Nhere that's
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.85,0:19:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely lost in this debate\Non whether embryonic stem
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.76,0:19:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells should be used because\Nthey have a destruction of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.92,0:19:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryos, because you're\Ndestroying just as many
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.98,0:19:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embryos in this-- well, I won't\Nsay just as many, but
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.00,0:19:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are destroying embryos.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.58,0:19:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's hundreds of thousands of\Nembryos that get destroyed
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.72,0:19:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get frozen and obviously\Ndestroyed in that process as
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.21,0:19:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well through this in-vitro\Nfertilization process.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.12,0:19:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So anyway, now hopefully you\Nhave the tools to kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.01,0:19:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engage in the debate around stem\Ncells, and you see that
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.14,0:19:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it all comes from what we\Nlearned about meiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.87,0:19:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They produce these gametes.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.20,0:19:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The male gamete fertilizes\Na female gamete.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.79,0:19:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The zygote happens or gets\Ncreated and starts splitting
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.51,0:19:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up the morula, and then it\Nkeeps splitting and it
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.49,0:19:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,differentiates into the\Nblastocyst, and then this is
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.73,0:19:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the stem cells are.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.23,0:19:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you already know enough\Nscience to engage in kind of a
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.32,0:19:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very heated debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.77,0:19:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,