[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.63,0:00:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.22,0:00:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I start today’s talk, \NI’d like to ask a few questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.46,0:00:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be honest now!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.29,0:00:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raise your hand if you think \Nhistory is a worthwhile major.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.70,0:00:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.19,0:01:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raise your hand if you would jump for joy \Nif you or your child
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.39,0:01:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,successfully tested into history.\N(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.68,0:01:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raise your hand if you’ve memorized \Ncountless names, places, years, events,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.20,0:01:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thought to yourself, “This is useful.”\N(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.42,0:01:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the show of hands, it’s obvious \Nwhat people think about studying history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.87,0:01:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many years ago, when \Nthe entrance exam results were posted,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.85,0:01:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would ask me \Nwhich university I tested into.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.24,0:01:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I replied “National Taiwan University”\Nand everyone’s reaction was “Wow!”
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.02,0:01:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, they’d ask \Nwhich major I tested into.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.82,0:01:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I replied “History”,\Nand everyone’s reaction was “Oh.”
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.76,0:01:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.30,0:01:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s clear from their reactions\Nwhat they thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.07,0:01:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From that moment, I became interested \Nin researching the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.19,0:01:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What’s the point in studying history?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.14,0:01:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.81,0:02:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ever since we were kids, \Nwe had to study history, but why?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.93,0:02:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’ve all had to memorize \Nyears, locations, people, events,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.09,0:02:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.18,0:02:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the tests are over, \Nhow much do you retain?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.99,0:02:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly, even if you remember, \Nwhat value does it add to your life?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.41,0:02:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I thought about these questions, \NI realized something interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.48,0:02:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In ancient times, emperors and scholars \Nhad to study history
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.16,0:02:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought it was extremely useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.13,0:02:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These days, we’ve all to studied history\Nsince we were kids
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.39,0:02:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we often don’t know why we do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.77,0:02:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is there such a huge discrepancy \Nbetween then and now?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.58,0:02:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were all these ancients idiots?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.35,0:02:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is our intelligence a hundred times \Nmore advanced than theirs?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.49,0:02:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t think so.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.54,0:02:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, I discovered the answer\Nis in the way we study history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.13,0:02:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way the ancients learned history \Nis vastly different than our way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.28,0:02:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How so?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.55,0:02:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the ancients read history books\Nand they read about a pivotal moment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.75,0:03:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an important historical figure’s life,\Nwhen that person needed to make a choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.84,0:03:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that point in their studies, \Nthe ancients would close their books,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.51,0:03:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they imagined themselves \Nin that situation and thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.21,0:03:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“What would I do?”
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.32,0:03:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only when they thought it out, \Ndid they then open the books back up
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.54,0:03:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see if that person’s decision \Nmatched up with theirs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.26,0:03:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did that person make this decision?\NDid that person succeed or fail?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.70,0:03:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did he lose or what did he gain?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.96,0:03:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this method, \Nwe can utilize the ancient’s wisdom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.00,0:03:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hone our own intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.58,0:03:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why aren't we using this method today?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.69,0:03:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the goal \Nof our modern education system
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.66,0:03:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to train workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.68,0:03:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This training, \Nwhich starts in primary school,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.52,0:03:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began during The Industrial Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.56,0:03:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a need to supply \Nthe demand for manpower
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.43,0:03:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created by the industrial revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.43,0:04:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the new education system \Nfocused on skills and technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.93,0:04:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't care \Nhow a man becomes fully realized
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.61,0:04:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how to solve \Nlife’s complicated questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.80,0:04:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This system demands that we memorize \Nlarge swaths of historical knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.84,0:04:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but never tells us \Nhow this information relates to our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.78,0:04:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, the pedagogy stresses\Nrote, rote, rote.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.70,0:04:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right? This was our schooling.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.87,0:04:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancients needed to train \Nemperors and scholars
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.46,0:04:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they demanded critical thinking \Nwhen studying history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.03,0:04:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we need to train workers\Nso we demand rote when studying history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.30,0:04:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ends are different \Nso obviously the means are different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.46,0:04:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did I come to this theory?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.92,0:04:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually began with \Ntwo of my professors from Taiwan
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.48,0:04:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is Professor Yu.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.83,0:04:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Yu was grew up \Ntowards the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.91,0:04:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Born into the royal family, \Nhe studied at the imperial school.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.56,0:05:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sixty years ago, he arrived in Taiwan \Nand started a private academy,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.06,0:05:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I was his student \Nfor nearly twenty years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.21,0:05:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From him, \NI learned what real Chinese knowledge is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.76,0:05:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned that the education \Nthe emperor gave his own children
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.78,0:05:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was different from that \Noffered to the commoners’ children.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.04,0:05:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He taught me that Chinese studies \Nwas meant to be practical.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.55,0:05:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is my academic advisor, \NProfessor Jy-Sheng Ruaan.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.32,0:05:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He spent his life \Nresearching historical documents
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.72,0:05:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taught me \Nhow to analyze Chinese historical texts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.86,0:05:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also taught me to analyze and observe,\Nfrom a historical context,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.45,0:05:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thoughts and actions \Nof these ancient emperors and scholars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.18,0:05:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s because of these two teachers, \Nthat I was inspired to bring forth
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.55,0:05:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wisdom of the ancient emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.42,0:05:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It should no longer be kept a secret.\NIt should be accessible to everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.59,0:05:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to achieve this goal, \Nand with the enormous support of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.71,0:05:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,National Taiwan University’s Center \Nfor Teaching and Learning Development,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.54,0:05:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started the first ever, large-scale, \Nfree web course
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.41,0:05:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Chinese literature and history.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.41,0:06:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Initially, I only wanted to conduct \Nan online teaching experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.40,0:06:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to know if old knowledge \Nwould be accepted by people today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.85,0:06:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine my surprise when \Nover 43,000 students enrolled.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.39,0:06:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything we've talked about up to now \Nhas just been principles and theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.58,0:06:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are meaningless without application.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.06,0:06:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, I’ll show you an example of how \Nthe ancient emperors studied history.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.98,0:06:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you recognize this painting?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.53,0:06:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good!\NYou all know this depicts “Yi Shang Na Lu”
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.15,0:06:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the story of Zhang Liang \Nretrieving Huang Shi Gong’s shoe.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.43,0:06:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us have read this as children.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.75,0:06:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since everyone is familiar with this story\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.82,0:06:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can anyone tell me \Nwhat is this story really about?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.90,0:06:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a story about wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.50,0:06:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its moral is certainly not as simplistic \Nas respect your elders, be punctual.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.61,0:06:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that's all there was to the story, \Nthen Chinese wisdom is way too shallow.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.05,0:06:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does this story want to tell us?\NLet’s take a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.27,0:07:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“One day, Zhang Liang was strolling \Nalong a bridge in the city of Xiapi.”
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.79,0:07:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This phrase seems straightfoward enough
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.02,0:07:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but historians interpret this phrase \Na bit differently
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.86,0:07:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by adding historical context.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.60,0:07:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we examine something, \Nwe must view it as a moment in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.75,0:07:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was Zhang Liang doing \Nbefore he took his stroll?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.35,0:07:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well he just committed \Nan earth-shattering crime;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.87,0:07:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had attempted to assassinate \Nthe first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.40,0:07:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did he want the Emperor dead?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.64,0:07:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang Liang was a descendant of \NHan state chancellors.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.50,0:07:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Qin state destroyed the Han state. \NZhang Liang wanted revenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.56,0:07:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To achieve this goal, he wiped out \Nhis family fortune and hired assassins,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.28,0:07:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the attempt failed and \Nhe's a wanted man.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.60,0:07:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, he’s fled to Xiapi.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.09,0:07:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a normal person \Nwould be panicking and laying low,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.12,0:07:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Zhang Liang is just \Nstrolling along a bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.70,0:07:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From this, you know that this young man \Nis extraordinarily bold.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.09,0:07:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then again, \Nyou'd have to be extraordinarily bold,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.47,0:07:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to assassinate the Emperor!\N(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.63,0:08:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point in time, \NZhang Liang meets a remarkable person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.56,0:08:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An old man walks towards him \Nand does an incredibly odd thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.36,0:08:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old man takes off his shoe, \Nthrows it over the bridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.25,0:08:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and says to Zhang Liang, \N“Kid, go fetch my shoe!”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.95,0:08:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright! \NTime to apply my method.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.02,0:08:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone, close your textbooks, \Nshut your eyes, and ponder this:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.09,0:08:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were Zhang Liang, \Nwhat would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.73,0:08:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think! Think it through!
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.62,0:08:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sorry, this talk is only 18 minutes \Nso I have to cut this short.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.67,0:08:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok, let’s see what Zhang Liang does.\NHis reaction is pretty extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.21,0:08:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Liang was surprised; desired to assault.”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.21,0:08:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, \Nhe wants to beat up the old guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.67,0:08:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We expect this from a fiery youngster\Nbut does he follow through?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.80,0:08:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't. Why not?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.43,0:08:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What he says next is very blunt, \N“He is old. I must restrain myself.”
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.80,0:08:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not an easy thing to do. \NHe is forcing himself to tolerate this guy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.67,0:08:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because remember, he’s still a fugitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.62,0:08:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he’d really be screwed if he accidentally \Nbeat an old man to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.84,0:08:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since he’s decided to hold his temper, \Nhe fetches the old man’s shoe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.18,0:09:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the old man absurdly says, \N“Help me put it on.”
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.37,0:09:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok! Shut your eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.53,0:09:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were Zhang Liang and encountered \Nsuch a presumptuous old man,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.33,0:09:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.09,0:09:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s see what Zhang Liang does.\NWhy he’s the Zhang Liang we know today.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.26,0:09:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Liang retrieves the shoe, \Ngenuflects at length to help put it on.”
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.26,0:09:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn’t just help put on the shoe.\NHe doesn’t just kneel down and help.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.75,0:09:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He kneels for a lengthy time and \Nhelps the old man with his shoe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.85,0:09:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does Zhang Liang do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.80,0:09:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he knows the first principle \Nthe old man is trying to teach him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.35,0:09:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is, in life, you choose \Neither to not put up with something
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.12,0:09:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to endure it to the very end.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.64,0:09:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we do something, \Nwe can choose either not to do it
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.47,0:09:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to see it through to perfection.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.05,0:09:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you’re going to show restraint, \Nbear it to the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.94,0:09:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since you’ve already fetched his shoe \Nand decided to help him put it on,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.52,0:09:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might as well genuflect at length.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.89,0:09:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was what the old man \Nwanted to teach Zhang Liang
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.17,0:10:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the importance of "restraint."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.94,0:10:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did he want to teach Zhang Liang?\NLet’s take a look at what happens next:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.81,0:10:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Satisfied, he smiles, walks away. \NLiang is stunned.”
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.68,0:10:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is Zhang Liang surprised?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.35,0:10:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When masters match wits,\Nthey don’t use lengthy monologues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.73,0:10:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yelling in the streets? \NThat’s for lesser men.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.84,0:10:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With masters, \Na few glances, a few words, a few moves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.62,0:10:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've sized each other up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.52,0:10:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the old man ordered Zhang Liang \Nto fetch his shoe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.54,0:10:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wanted to unnerve Zhang Liang \Nbut Zhang Liang wasn’t fazed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.20,0:10:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Likewise, \Nwhen Zhang Liang kneeled at length,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.39,0:10:39.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wanted to unnerve the old man \Nbut the old man wasn’t fazed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.37,0:10:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, the old man extended his foot, \Nand once shoed, walked away smiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.99,0:10:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was Zhang Liang’s reaction? \N"Liang is stunned!"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.53,0:10:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that in this short timeframe, \Nthese two have sparred three times.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.29,0:10:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the old man has dealt Zhang Liang \Na crushing defeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.96,0:10:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter and applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.72,0:10:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did the old man \Ntreat Zhang Liang this way?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.33,0:11:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Know this, Zhang Liang was \Nhighly talented and courageous;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.33,0:11:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he received the best education \Nmoney could buy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.74,0:11:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his past, \Nhe was always better than everyone
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.10,0:11:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he never needed to show restraint.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.76,0:11:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But ever since the old man appeared, \Nhe's thoroughly bested Zhang Liang.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.37,0:11:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was to teach Zhang Liang that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.04,0:11:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will always be someone\Nbetter than you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.57,0:11:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s good for young people to be brave
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.83,0:11:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you can’t show restraint, \Nthen you can’t be prudent.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.69,0:11:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So restraint is the first principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.43,0:11:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s see what happens next.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.63,0:11:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old man walks away, but turns around\Nand tells Zhang Liang “You can be taught.”
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.62,0:11:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s why we know \Nthe old man is there to train Zhang Liang.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.85,0:11:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“After five days time, \Nmeet back here at dawn. “
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.80,0:11:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang Liang knows that the old man \Nis extraordinary,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.65,0:11:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he genuflects and says, “I promise.”
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.92,0:11:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This next passage, I’ll read for everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.93,0:11:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“At dawn on the fifth day, \NZhang Liang arrives at the bridge.”
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.89,0:11:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old man is there before Zhang Liang \Nand rebukes, “You broke your promise.”
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.60,0:11:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He walks away and says, \N“Come back at dawn after five days.”
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.46,0:11:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the fifth day, when the rooster crowed,\Nso it's still dark, Zhang Liang arrives.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.37,0:11:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old man is already there before him
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.29,0:12:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once again scolds, \N“Come back at dawn after five days.”
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.12,0:12:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok, now I’d like to ask everyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.69,0:12:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these few short phrases, \Nwhich two words are the most important?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.89,0:12:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you read, you must be able \Nto grasp the keywords
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.12,0:12:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise you'll miss \Nthe point of the entire essay.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.46,0:12:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which two words?\N“Before” and “after”.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.75,0:12:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why stress before and after?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.44,0:12:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the old man is teaching \NZhang Liang the art of war.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.02,0:12:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The art of war states that \Nthe first to the battlefield controls
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.14,0:12:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the army who arrives after \Nwill be controlled.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.66,0:12:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Controlling versus being controlled\Nmakes all the difference in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.15,0:12:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, the old man has bested \NZhang Liang twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.63,0:12:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you were Zhang Liang, \Nwhat would you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.04,0:12:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.54,0:12:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"After five days, \NLiang arrives before midnight."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.91,0:12:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why before midnight?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.80,0:12:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree to meet on the fifth day, so I \Narrive before midnight on the fourth day.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.66,0:12:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s no way Zhang Liang can lose.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.82,0:13:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if the old man were already there,\NZhang Liang wouldn't be considered late
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.70,0:13:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they agreed to meet \Non the fifth day.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.71,0:13:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it turns out, \Nthe old man wasn’t there first.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.45,0:13:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"After a while, the old man arrives and \Nhappily says, 'This is the correct way.'
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.88,0:13:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He presents Zhang Liang with a book, \NSun Tzu’s The Art of War."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.90,0:13:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why was the old man delighted?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.92,0:13:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he knew that Zhang Liang \Nhas learned the second principle
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.09,0:13:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the importance of \N“striving to be first”.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.48,0:13:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you become first?\NWhat does “first” even mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.78,0:13:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't get this concept\Nthen you'll miss the point of the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.78,0:13:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Previous students have answered that \Nto be first is to be earlier than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.51,0:13:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you’re earlier than others, \Nthat’s just a relative first;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.73,0:13:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that’s not an absolute first.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.100,0:13:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The art of war demands absolute first.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.52,0:13:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is absolute first?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.92,0:13:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolute first is when you exceed \Nyour opponent’s expectations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.87,0:13:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since the old man wasn’t expecting \NZhang Liang to arrive before midnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.40,0:13:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang Liang has attained absolute first.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.29,0:13:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the crux is how do you exceed \Nyour opponent’s expectations?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.11,0:14:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can’t figure this out,\Nthen everything else is pointless.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.12,0:14:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you exceed expectations \Nand achieve absolute first?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.94,0:14:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer lies in the first principle \Nthat the old man taught Zhang Liang
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.15,0:14:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only by showing restraint to the end \Ncan you then achieve absolute first.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.12,0:14:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two principles are clear in\NSun Tzu’s Art of War.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.83,0:14:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Appear as weak as a young maiden, \Nand the enemy, with defenses down,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.33,0:14:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will open their gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.79,0:14:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The moment the gates are open, \Ncharge in as quick as a fleeing rabbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.97,0:14:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Restraint and first are achieved when \Nthe enemy can’t close their gates in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.10,0:14:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The essence of the art of war \Nis these two principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.69,0:14:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you powerful? \NAbsolutely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.81,0:14:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why was Zhang Liang able to destroy \Nthe powerful Qin Dynasty?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.81,0:14:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he choose to assist Liu Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.93,0:14:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did Liu Bang conquer China?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.21,0:14:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He proved his legitimacy by being first\Nthrough the gates of Guanzhong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.74,0:14:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when Liu Bang entered \Nthe gates of Guanzhong,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.09,0:15:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,southern Guanzhong was ruled by a general \Nwhose forces were much stronger than his.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.19,0:15:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liu Bang wanted to attack at once but \NZhang Liang advised him not to.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.84,0:15:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, since the general was rumored\Nto be extremely avaricious,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.97,0:15:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang Liang proposed that they\Noffer the general a bribe.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.65,0:15:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With such corrupt leadership, \Nno wonder the Qin Dynasty collapsed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.46,0:15:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.42,0:15:25.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the general accepted the bribe, \NLiu Bang thought they're in the clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.03,0:15:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang Liang disagreed \Nand said they must attack immediately.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.30,0:15:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liu Bang asked why?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.25,0:15:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang Liang replied that \Neven though the general took the bribe,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.39,0:15:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his subordinates are Qin subjects \Nand they might not capitulate.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.46,0:15:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But since the general took our bribe, \Nhis guard is down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.24,0:15:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we attack now, we will surely win.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.19,0:15:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's because Liu Bang \Nheeded Zhang Liang’s advice,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.78,0:15:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he was able to \Noverthrow the Qin Dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.03,0:15:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Han Dynasty’s four glorious centuries \Nstarted with
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.66,0:15:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that old man teaching Zhang Liang \Nhow to achieve "restraint" and "first."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.13,0:15:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now back to our original question.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.76,0:15:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did the ancient emperors and leaders \Nstudy history?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.64,0:16:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What’s the point of learning history?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.58,0:16:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The goal of studying history \Nis to understand human nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.89,0:16:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For millennia, history has been recorded,\Nall the way from princes to paupers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.94,0:16:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they made decisions \Nas the times and their lives changed,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.46,0:16:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only by studying this, \Ncan you fully comprehend human nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.27,0:16:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The purpose of studying history \Nis to inspire wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.92,0:16:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use the wisdom of the ancients\Nto ignite our own wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.41,0:16:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use the lives of the ancients \Nas the grindstone upon which
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.72,0:16:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we sharpen the metaphorical sword \Ncalled our own intellect.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.58,0:16:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A grindstone can’t cut anything, \Nonly a sword can cut.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.53,0:16:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must extract wisdom from history, \Nmemorizing facts is useless.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.46,0:16:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok, so why do we want to understand \Nhuman nature and inspire wisdom?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.80,0:16:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when you face \Na difficulty in your life, trust me,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.09,0:17:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not the first person in history \Nto have encountered this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.63,0:17:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have been countless others \Nwho have faced this exact challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.55,0:17:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did they approach the problem?\NWhat was their solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.29,0:17:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're filled with hopelessness, \Nremember that there was once a man
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.56,0:17:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had suffered immense humiliation,\Nbut he licked his wounds, regrouped,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.100,0:17:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with three thousand Yue troops \Nhe overthrew the Wu kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.10,0:17:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you feel that \Nyou’ve been taken advantage of,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.57,0:17:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that there was once a clan \Nwho'd been mistreated for three centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.88,0:17:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,innumerable soldiers and civilians \Nhad been killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.00,0:17:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The day came when they started to believe \Nthat they should change their destiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.93,0:17:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they amassed seven hundred soldiers,\Nthey swore to the heavens that
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.33,0:17:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Qin would control its own fate,\Nthe Qin would conquer the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.44,0:17:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the end, \Nthey united the warring states
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.22,0:17:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and established China’s first dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.09,0:18:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you’re feeling sorry for yourself \Nbecause your parents aren't good enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.87,0:18:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that life is undependable,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.90,0:18:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that there was once a man,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.73,0:18:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his dad died when he was three, \Nhis mom died when he was a teenager,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.01,0:18:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he grew up absolutely destitute,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.73,0:18:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he received no formal education, \Neverything he learned he taught himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.34,0:18:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That man grew up to be one of the most \Nlearned individuals in Chinese history,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.13,0:18:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sage of the East,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.69,0:18:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's influenced Eastern thinking \Nfor over two millennia,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.50,0:18:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that person is Confucius.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.28,0:18:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even that Western sage \Nwas born in a manger.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.64,0:18:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.67,0:18:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you think that you have nothing \Nleft worth living for,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.86,0:18:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember that there was once a young man \Nstrolling on a bridge in Xiapi,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.05,0:18:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that moment, \Nhe had lost everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.32,0:18:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he believed that one day, \Nhe would annihilate the Qin dynasty
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.30,0:18:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the end, he did the impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.23,0:18:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He destroyed the world’s \Nmost powerful empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.09,0:18:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and became an enduring symbol \Nfor Chinese wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.04,0:19:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As long as you apply the right method,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.28,0:19:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history is an unlimited \Ntreasure trove filled with wisdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.39,0:19:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s a source of inexhaustible strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.85,0:19:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I firmly believe the goal of education
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.84,0:19:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is for people to master knowledge, \Nnot for people to be slaves to knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.41,0:19:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to master knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.09,0:19:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you must first understand \Nhow to ignite your own wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.07,0:19:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you can obtain wisdom from history,\Nbe the master of your own destiny,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.93,0:19:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and start living your ideal life.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.23,0:19:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you!\N(applause)