[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.36,0:00:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,University of Lille 1 - Faculty of biology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.63,0:00:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animal Biology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.64,0:00:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sea star dissection
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.61,0:00:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Morphology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.38,0:00:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Asteria rubens sea star
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.02,0:00:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an Echinoderm
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.80,0:00:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,belonging to the class of Asteroidea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.80,0:00:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It lives on costs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.49,0:00:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we may find it in the intertidal zone
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.41,0:00:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at low tide.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.28,0:01:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feeds chiefly on mussels
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.40,0:01:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixed on rocks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.43,0:01:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sea star is part of the foreshore food web
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.41,0:01:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can fall prey to other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.84,0:01:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The body of the sea star is flattened,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.100,0:01:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a shape of a star with 5 arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.48,0:01:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The arms merge at their base
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.80,0:01:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are attached to the flat disk.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.52,0:01:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The arms are called radius
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.24,0:01:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The zones between the arms are called interradius.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.99,0:01:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This organisation is representative of the pentaradial symmetry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.97,0:01:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,characteristic of the adult echinoderms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.53,0:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sea star has two faces:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.52,0:02:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the upper face,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.34,0:02:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or aboral surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.80,0:02:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is convex and pigmented.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.10,0:02:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bottom side
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.77,0:02:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or oral surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.84,0:02:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is flattened, and clearer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.79,0:02:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contact with the substrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.06,0:02:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This surface includes the mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.98,0:02:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located in the middle of the flat disk.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.50,0:02:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the aboral surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.25,0:02:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the interradius level,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.18,0:02:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see a whitish limestone plate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.02,0:02:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the madreporic plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.66,0:02:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are bony spines convering the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.21,0:02:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organized in rows.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.26,0:02:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the aboral surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.75,0:02:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a row in the middle of each arm
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.63,0:02:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two or three lateral rows.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.95,0:02:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By turning the sea star over,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.78,0:03:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see a supramarginal row
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.08,0:03:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an inframarginal row
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.41,0:03:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two rows of prikly adambulacra
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.66,0:03:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delimit a central furrow,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.74,0:03:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ambulacral groove,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.83,0:03:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every ambulacral groove has 4 rows of fleshy and movable tubes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.28,0:03:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tube feet or podia,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.78,0:03:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ended by a sucker.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.84,0:03:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At tip of each arms we can see eyespots,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.69,0:03:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sensory organs red in coulour
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.97,0:03:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sensitives to the light.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.23,0:03:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Integument
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.86,0:03:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the sea star,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.17,0:03:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body and the spines are covered
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.21,0:03:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by an ciliated epidermis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.83,0:03:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dermis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.50,0:03:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,situated beneath the epidermis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.21,0:03:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has calcareous plates,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.04,0:04:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ossicles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.82,0:04:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the spines are articulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.30,0:04:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The locations of ossicles
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.96,0:04:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are visibles on the surface of the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.85,0:04:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The integument has specialized structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.71,0:04:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pedicellariae,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.10,0:04:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in the shape of a crown at the base of the spines.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.53,0:04:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Asteroidae,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.89,0:04:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have a form of a pincer with two jaws.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.65,0:04:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pedicellariae are used
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.55,0:04:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clean the integument
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.43,0:04:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the defense of the animal
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.92,0:04:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organs used for the breathing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.70,0:04:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gills or papules,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.89,0:04:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are associated with the integument.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.16,0:04:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are between the ossicles of the skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.14,0:04:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The presence of an epithelium
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.89,0:04:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ciliated on the inner side of the integument
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.57,0:05:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enables the circulation of the liquid
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.75,0:05:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the body cavity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.38,0:05:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the coelom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.45,0:05:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Echinoderms have a calcareous internal skeleton,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.07,0:05:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,formed by ossicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.05,0:05:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cross section of the arm enables us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.74,0:05:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to observe the organisation of the dermal plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.06,0:05:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.51,0:05:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dorsal ossicle
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.92,0:05:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two supramarginal plates
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.10,0:05:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two inframarginal plates each having spines,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.87,0:05:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two adambulacra plates
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.80,0:05:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two ambulacral plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.10,0:06:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the ambulacral plates,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.03,0:06:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are pores that allows the passage of the tube feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.06,0:06:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,General anatomy
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.20,0:06:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To observe the internal organisation of the sea star,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.50,0:06:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to cut the sea star with scissors.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.84,0:06:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incise the integument
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.55,0:06:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,following the outline
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.80,0:06:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to separate the upper half
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.24,0:06:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the lower half of the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.79,0:06:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Identify the madreporic plate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.14,0:06:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and avoid it when you incise.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.27,0:06:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lift the integument of the aboral surface
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.63,0:06:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting from the end of the arms
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.14,0:06:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cut carefully the underlying organs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.50,0:07:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ending by the flat disk.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.88,0:07:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rest of the dissection will be done in the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.71,0:07:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the coelom we can see gonads
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.75,0:07:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a part of the digestive system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.76,0:07:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The digestive system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.21,0:07:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The digestive system includes the mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.54,0:07:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stomach divided in two superimposed chambers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.83,0:07:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pyloric ceca and the rectal ceca.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.82,0:07:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It ends by a microscopic anus,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.52,0:07:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located in the aboral surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.28,0:07:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The observation of the digestve system
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.38,0:07:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be done using the aboral portion.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.38,0:07:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the central part of the disk,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.44,0:07:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we notice two rectal ceca.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.12,0:08:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Below we notice the upper chamber of the stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.78,0:08:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pyloric portion with a pentagonal shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.07,0:08:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5 canals start from this chamber
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.90,0:08:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that extend themselves in the arms of the star.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.61,0:08:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each pyloric canal is connected to two pyloric ceca
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.95,0:08:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that take up a large part of the arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.60,0:08:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pyloric ceca,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.46,0:08:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,composed by dozens of diverticula on dead end
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.67,0:08:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play a digestive key role
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.60,0:08:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are used to the storage of nutrients.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.60,0:08:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To observe the rest of the digestive system
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.84,0:08:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to remove the rectal ceca,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.30,0:08:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pyloric ceca
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.60,0:09:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pyloric stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.24,0:09:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ventral chamber or cardiac stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.68,0:09:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a shape of five lobes rose.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.54,0:09:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the ingestion of preys,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.01,0:09:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this part of the stomach is everted.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.52,0:09:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the external digestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.98,0:09:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stomach gets back to its position
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.19,0:09:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to the contraction of five pairs of retractor muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.16,0:09:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in the ambulacral plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.22,0:09:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To see the mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.56,0:09:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to detach the retractor muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.87,0:09:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remove the portion of cardiac stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.47,0:09:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.84,0:10:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located in the middle of the flat disk,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.81,0:10:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surrounded by a membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.96,0:10:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the peristomium.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.30,0:10:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reproductive system
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.34,0:10:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Asteroidea
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.70,0:10:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sexes are separated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.27,0:10:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there is not a sexual dimorphism.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.83,0:10:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gonads are located in the coelom.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.19,0:10:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To observe the gonads
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.09,0:10:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to remove the pyloric ceca,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.66,0:10:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the upper chamber of the stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.79,0:10:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every gonad,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.83,0:10:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a granular apsect,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.50,0:10:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is divided in deux lobes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.57,0:10:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all extend in two adjacent arms.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.59,0:10:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The size of gonads is variable,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.22,0:10:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it depends on the state of sexual maturation of the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.97,0:11:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Females and males produce gametes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.06,0:11:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through genital pores located in the interradius
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.74,0:11:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the junction with the flat disk.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.51,0:11:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fecondation is extern.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.20,0:11:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aquifer system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.79,0:11:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the characteristic of Echinoderms
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.68,0:11:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the existence of an aquifer system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.80,0:11:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is involve in the locomotion and the food intake.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.70,0:11:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This system have a network of conduits
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.91,0:11:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled with a liquid
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.36,0:11:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose composition is close to the sea water
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.19,0:11:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The aquifer system have a madreporic plate,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.00,0:11:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stone canal,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.77,0:11:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ambulacral ring,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.81,0:11:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five radial canals,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.92,0:12:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many tube feet or podia.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.64,0:12:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To observe the different parts of the aquifer system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.25,0:12:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to open the sea star
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.77,0:12:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and remove the digestive
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.30,0:12:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reproductive system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.45,0:12:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The madreporic plate, or madreporite,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.79,0:12:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is visible on the aboral surface of the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.55,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This calcareous plate is riddle with holes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.06,0:12:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"aquifer pores"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.74,0:12:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that permit the sea water to enter in the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.20,0:12:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The madreporite is in connection with the madreporic canal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.21,0:12:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or stone canal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.12,0:12:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This canal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.57,0:12:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sostained by superimposed calcareous rings,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.60,0:12:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go down toward the oral surface of the animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.22,0:12:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stone canal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.52,0:12:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rejoin the ambulacral ring surrounding the mouth.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.81,0:13:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ring is hidden
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.02,0:13:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with calcareous plates of the skeleton.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.12,0:13:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the circumference of the ambulacral ring of the star
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.83,0:13:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the interradial position,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.06,0:13:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we notice 9 vesicles with an immune function:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.83,0:13:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tiedemann bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.21,0:13:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the aquifer ring goes in each arm
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.81,0:13:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an ambulacral canal or radial canal,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.85,0:13:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located between the epidermis and the ambulacral plate.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.45,0:13:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the radial canal goes many lateral canals.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.37,0:13:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are connected to the tube feet or podia.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.19,0:13:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The injection of a dye into ambulacral canal of an arm
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.77,0:13:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enables us to hightlight
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.58,0:13:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large part of the aquifer system.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.23,0:14:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Podia have three parts:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.79,0:14:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ampulla or bulbous ampulla
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.48,0:14:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a muscular and elongated foot
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.51,0:14:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a sucker at the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.57,0:14:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The podia go through the skeleton at pores level
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.89,0:14:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located between the two adjacent ambucral plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.03,0:14:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To observe those pores
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.54,0:14:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to scratch the polian vesicules
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.84,0:14:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a part of the arm.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.53,0:14:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The contraction of the polian vesicles
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.95,0:14:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allows the turgescence of the tube feet
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.39,0:14:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the the monitoring of the sucker \Nfor the locomotion of the animal
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.55,0:14:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The podia within the ambulacral groove
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.63,0:14:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are protected by rows of movable ambulacral spines
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.54,0:15:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by many pedicellariae.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.72,0:15:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radial canals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.28,0:15:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end with sensory tentacles
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.90,0:15:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the eyespot.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.54,0:15:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pedagogical design: Pierre-Eric Sautière Jacopo Viziolo
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.86,0:15:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technical production: Bernard Mikolajczyk
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.70,0:15:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Designs: Jacopo Vizioli
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.46,0:15:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer graphics: 3D MEDICUS
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.19,0:15:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Voice over: Alain Nempont
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.71,0:15:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music; Ambient slamming bass jam, Jay Berlinsky
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.81,0:15:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gratitude: Sébastien Lefebvre, Michel Priem
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.67,0:15:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gratitude: Patrick Flammang, Michel Jangoux
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.54,0:16:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SEEM; Education Service and Multimedia