WEBVTT 00:00:01.150 --> 00:00:03.834 My name's Seth Priebatsch. I'm the chief ninja of SCVNGR. 00:00:03.858 --> 00:00:05.326 I'm a proud Princeton dropout. 00:00:05.350 --> 00:00:07.404 Also proud to have relocated here to Boston, 00:00:07.428 --> 00:00:08.975 where I actually grew up. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:08.999 --> 00:00:10.779 (Applause) Yeah, Boston. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:10.803 --> 00:00:14.105 Easy wins, I should just name the counties that we've got around here. 00:00:14.129 --> 00:00:16.320 I'm also fairly determined to try and build 00:00:16.344 --> 00:00:17.933 a game layer on top of the world. 00:00:17.957 --> 00:00:20.617 This is sort of a new concept and it's really important, 00:00:20.641 --> 00:00:23.738 because while the last decade was the decade of social, 00:00:23.762 --> 00:00:27.543 the decade where the framework in which we connect with other people was built, 00:00:27.567 --> 00:00:31.890 this next decade will be the decade where the game framework is built, 00:00:31.914 --> 00:00:34.842 where the motivations we use to actually influence behavior 00:00:34.866 --> 00:00:37.081 and the framework in which that is constructed, 00:00:37.105 --> 00:00:39.224 is decided upon, and that's really important. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:39.248 --> 00:00:41.827 I say I want to build a game layer on top of the world, 00:00:41.851 --> 00:00:43.102 but that's not quite true, 00:00:43.126 --> 00:00:46.276 because it's already under construction; it's already happening. 00:00:46.300 --> 00:00:48.160 And it looks like this right now. 00:00:48.184 --> 00:00:50.976 It looks like the Web did back in 1997, right? 00:00:51.000 --> 00:00:52.926 It's not very good. It's cluttered. 00:00:52.950 --> 00:00:56.840 It's filled with lots of different things that, in short, aren't that fun. 00:00:56.864 --> 00:01:00.108 There are credit card schemes and airline mile programs, 00:01:00.132 --> 00:01:02.772 coupon cards and all these loyalty schemes 00:01:02.796 --> 00:01:06.657 that actually do use game dynamics and are building the game layer -- 00:01:06.681 --> 00:01:07.976 they just suck. 00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:10.065 They're not very well-designed. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:10.089 --> 00:01:11.133 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:01:11.157 --> 00:01:12.701 So that's unfortunate. 00:01:12.725 --> 00:01:16.883 But luckily, as my favorite action hero, Bob the Builder, says, 00:01:16.907 --> 00:01:19.143 "We can do better. We can build this better." 00:01:19.509 --> 00:01:22.976 And the tools, the resources that we use to build a game layer, 00:01:23.000 --> 00:01:24.809 are game dynamics themselves. 00:01:24.833 --> 00:01:27.602 And so the crux of this presentation is going to go through 00:01:27.626 --> 00:01:29.364 four really important game dynamics, 00:01:29.388 --> 00:01:32.173 really interesting things, that, if you use consciously, 00:01:32.197 --> 00:01:34.976 you can use to influence behavior, 00:01:35.000 --> 00:01:37.357 both for good, for bad, for in-between. 00:01:37.381 --> 00:01:38.680 Hopefully for good. 00:01:38.704 --> 00:01:42.704 But this is the important stage in which that framework will get built, 00:01:42.728 --> 00:01:45.825 and so we want to all be thinking about it consciously now. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:45.849 --> 00:01:48.106 Before we jump into that, there's a question of: 00:01:48.130 --> 00:01:49.281 Why is this important? 00:01:49.305 --> 00:01:50.459 I'm making this claim 00:01:50.483 --> 00:01:52.633 that there's a game layer on top of the world, 00:01:52.657 --> 00:01:54.995 and it's very important that we build it properly. 00:01:55.019 --> 00:01:57.689 The reason it's so important is that, in the last decade, 00:01:57.713 --> 00:02:00.599 what we've seen has been building the social layer, 00:02:00.623 --> 00:02:03.091 has been this framework for connections, 00:02:03.115 --> 00:02:06.679 and construction on that layer is over, it's finished. 00:02:06.703 --> 00:02:08.181 There's still a lot to explore, 00:02:08.205 --> 00:02:10.496 still a lot of people trying to figure out social 00:02:10.520 --> 00:02:12.622 and how we leverage this and how we use this, 00:02:12.646 --> 00:02:14.429 but the framework itself is done, 00:02:14.453 --> 00:02:15.939 and it's called Facebook. 00:02:16.915 --> 00:02:20.286 And that's OK, right? A lot of people are very happy with Facebook. 00:02:20.310 --> 00:02:21.899 I like it quite a lot. 00:02:21.923 --> 00:02:24.226 They've created this thing called the Open Graph, 00:02:24.250 --> 00:02:25.976 and they own all of our connections. 00:02:26.000 --> 00:02:27.607 They own half a billion people. 00:02:27.631 --> 00:02:29.815 So when you want to build on the social layer, 00:02:29.839 --> 00:02:33.051 the framework has been decided; it is the Open Graph API. 00:02:33.075 --> 00:02:35.085 And if you're happy with that, fantastic. 00:02:35.109 --> 00:02:37.827 If you're not, too bad. There's nothing you can do. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:38.287 --> 00:02:40.976 And that's a real thing. 00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:45.976 I mean, we want to build frameworks in a way that makes it acceptable 00:02:46.000 --> 00:02:48.087 and makes it productive down the road. 00:02:48.111 --> 00:02:50.729 So, the social layer is all about these connections. 00:02:51.235 --> 00:02:53.647 The game layer is all about influence. 00:02:53.671 --> 00:02:55.915 It's not about adding a social fabric to the web 00:02:55.939 --> 00:02:57.566 and connecting you to other people 00:02:57.590 --> 00:02:59.544 everywhere you are and everywhere you go, 00:02:59.568 --> 00:03:01.864 it's actually about using dynamics, using forces, 00:03:01.888 --> 00:03:05.016 to influence the behavior of where you are, what you do there, 00:03:05.040 --> 00:03:06.193 how you do it. 00:03:06.217 --> 00:03:07.711 That's really, really powerful. 00:03:07.735 --> 00:03:10.467 And it's going to be more important than the social layer, 00:03:10.491 --> 00:03:13.386 and affect our lives more deeply and perhaps more invisibly. 00:03:13.410 --> 00:03:16.208 So it's incredibly critical that at this moment, 00:03:16.232 --> 00:03:17.952 while it's just getting constructed, 00:03:17.976 --> 00:03:20.282 while the frameworks like Facebook or Open Graph 00:03:20.306 --> 00:03:22.576 are being created for the game-layer equivalent, 00:03:22.600 --> 00:03:24.524 that we think about it very consciously, 00:03:24.548 --> 00:03:26.936 and that we do it in a way that is open, available, 00:03:26.960 --> 00:03:28.449 and can be leveraged for good. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:28.473 --> 00:03:31.003 So that's what I want to talk about for game dynamics, 00:03:31.027 --> 00:03:32.750 because construction has just begun, 00:03:32.774 --> 00:03:35.123 and the more consciously we can think about this, 00:03:35.147 --> 00:03:38.211 the better we'll be able to use it for anything we want. 00:03:38.235 --> 00:03:41.381 So like I said, the way you go through and build on the game layer 00:03:41.405 --> 00:03:44.532 is not with glass and steel and cement. 00:03:44.556 --> 00:03:47.767 And the resources we use are not this two-dimensional swath of land 00:03:47.791 --> 00:03:48.947 that we have. 00:03:48.971 --> 00:03:50.320 The resources are mindshare, 00:03:50.344 --> 00:03:53.128 and the tools, the raw materials, are these game dynamics. 00:03:53.152 --> 00:03:55.405 With that, a couple game dynamics to talk about. 00:03:55.877 --> 00:03:57.402 Back at SCVNGR, we like to joke 00:03:57.426 --> 00:04:00.498 that with seven game dynamics, you can get anyone to do anything. 00:04:00.522 --> 00:04:02.160 Today, I'm going to show you four, 00:04:02.184 --> 00:04:05.662 because I hope to have a competitive advantage at the end of this, still. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:05.686 --> 00:04:07.817 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:04:07.841 --> 00:04:10.353 So the first one, it's a very simple game dynamic. 00:04:10.377 --> 00:04:12.169 It's called the appointment dynamic. 00:04:12.193 --> 00:04:14.000 It's a dynamic in which to succeed, 00:04:14.024 --> 00:04:16.405 players have to do something at a predefined time, 00:04:16.429 --> 00:04:18.111 generally at a predefined place. 00:04:18.135 --> 00:04:20.411 And these dynamics are a little scary sometimes, 00:04:20.435 --> 00:04:23.175 because you think, "Other people can be using forces 00:04:23.199 --> 00:04:25.075 that will manipulate how I interact: 00:04:25.099 --> 00:04:27.076 what I do, where I do it, when I do it." 00:04:27.100 --> 00:04:29.588 This sort of "loss of free will" that occurs in games 00:04:29.612 --> 00:04:30.851 can be frightening. 00:04:30.875 --> 00:04:33.460 So with each dynamic, I'm going to give three examples: 00:04:33.484 --> 00:04:36.350 one that shows how it's already being used in the real world, 00:04:36.374 --> 00:04:38.000 so you can rationalize it a bit; 00:04:38.024 --> 00:04:40.842 one that shows it in what we consider a conventional game -- 00:04:40.866 --> 00:04:42.258 I think everything is a game, 00:04:42.282 --> 00:04:45.297 but this is more what you'd think of as a game played on a board 00:04:45.321 --> 00:04:46.474 or on a computer screen; 00:04:46.498 --> 00:04:48.365 and one of how it can be used for good, 00:04:48.389 --> 00:04:50.947 so you can see that these forces can be very powerful. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:50.971 --> 00:04:54.154 So the first one, the most famous appointment dynamic in the world, 00:04:54.178 --> 00:04:55.915 is something called, "Happy Hour." 00:04:56.396 --> 00:04:58.878 So I had just recently dropped out of Princeton 00:04:58.902 --> 00:05:01.395 and actually ended up for the first time in a bar, 00:05:01.419 --> 00:05:04.189 and I saw these happy hour things all over the place. 00:05:04.213 --> 00:05:07.617 And this is simply an appointment dynamic: come here at a certain time, 00:05:07.641 --> 00:05:08.839 get your drinks half off. 00:05:08.863 --> 00:05:12.407 To win, all you have to do is show up at the right place at the right time. 00:05:12.431 --> 00:05:14.046 This game dynamic is so powerful, 00:05:14.070 --> 00:05:17.630 it doesn't just influence our behavior; it's influenced our entire culture. 00:05:17.654 --> 00:05:19.090 That's a really scary thought, 00:05:19.114 --> 00:05:21.851 that one game dynamic can change things so powerfully. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:21.875 --> 00:05:24.070 It also exists in more conventional game forms. 00:05:24.094 --> 00:05:26.245 I'm sure you've all heard of Farmville by now. 00:05:26.269 --> 00:05:28.155 If you haven't, I recommend playing it. 00:05:28.179 --> 00:05:30.648 You won't do anything else for the rest of your day. 00:05:30.672 --> 00:05:32.800 Farmville has more active users than Twitter. 00:05:32.824 --> 00:05:34.031 It's incredibly powerful, 00:05:34.055 --> 00:05:37.172 and it has this dynamic where you have to return at a certain time 00:05:37.196 --> 00:05:39.768 to water your fake crops, or they wilt. 00:05:40.156 --> 00:05:43.368 And this is so powerful that when they tweak their stats, 00:05:43.392 --> 00:05:45.201 when they say your crops wilt 00:05:45.225 --> 00:05:47.976 after eight hours, or after six hours, or after 24 hours, 00:05:48.000 --> 00:05:52.567 it changes the life cycle of some 70 million people during the day. 00:05:52.591 --> 00:05:55.209 They will return, like clockwork, at different times. 00:05:55.233 --> 00:05:58.623 So if they wanted the world to end, if they wanted productivity to stop, 00:05:58.647 --> 00:06:00.417 they could make it a 30-minute cycle, 00:06:00.441 --> 00:06:02.435 and no one could do anything else, right? NOTE Paragraph 00:06:02.459 --> 00:06:03.975 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:06:03.999 --> 00:06:05.467 That's a little scary. 00:06:05.491 --> 00:06:07.753 But this could also be used for good. 00:06:07.777 --> 00:06:09.555 This local company called Vitality 00:06:09.579 --> 00:06:12.714 has created a product to help people take their medicine on time. 00:06:12.738 --> 00:06:13.891 That's an appointment. 00:06:13.915 --> 00:06:16.090 It's something that people don't do very well. 00:06:16.114 --> 00:06:18.510 They have these GlowCaps which flash and email you 00:06:18.534 --> 00:06:21.137 and do cool things to remind you to take your medicine. 00:06:21.161 --> 00:06:23.307 This isn't a game yet, but really should be. 00:06:23.331 --> 00:06:25.389 You should get points for doing it on time 00:06:25.413 --> 00:06:27.379 and lose points for not doing it on time. 00:06:27.403 --> 00:06:30.174 They should recognize they've built an appointment dynamic, 00:06:30.198 --> 00:06:31.349 and leverage the games. 00:06:31.373 --> 00:06:34.140 Then you can really achieve good in some interesting ways. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:34.164 --> 00:06:36.686 We're going to jump onto the next one. 00:06:36.710 --> 00:06:37.975 Influence and status. 00:06:37.999 --> 00:06:41.976 This is one of the most famous game dynamics, used all over the place. 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:44.105 It's used in your wallets, right now. 00:06:44.129 --> 00:06:47.976 We all want that credit card on the far left, because it's black. 00:06:48.000 --> 00:06:49.841 And you see someone at CVS or -- 00:06:49.865 --> 00:06:51.532 not CVS -- like, Christian Dior -- NOTE Paragraph 00:06:51.556 --> 00:06:53.576 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:06:53.600 --> 00:06:56.868 I don't know. I don't have a black card; I've got a debit card. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:56.892 --> 00:06:58.677 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:06:58.701 --> 00:07:01.304 So they whip it out and you see that black card, and: 00:07:01.328 --> 00:07:03.915 "I want that because it means they're cooler than I am, 00:07:03.939 --> 00:07:05.090 and I need that." 00:07:05.114 --> 00:07:06.804 And this is used in games as well. 00:07:06.828 --> 00:07:10.201 "Modern Warfare," one of the most successful selling games of all time. 00:07:10.225 --> 00:07:13.226 I'm only a level four, but I desperately want to be a level 10, 00:07:13.250 --> 00:07:15.167 because they've got that cool red badge, 00:07:15.191 --> 00:07:17.976 and that means that I am somehow better than everyone else. 00:07:18.000 --> 00:07:19.566 And that's very powerful to me. 00:07:19.590 --> 00:07:21.699 Status is really good motivator. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:21.723 --> 00:07:23.863 It's also used in more conventional settings, 00:07:23.887 --> 00:07:25.768 and can be used more consciously there. 00:07:25.792 --> 00:07:28.745 School -- and remember, I made it through one year, 00:07:28.769 --> 00:07:31.386 so I think I'm qualified to talk on school -- 00:07:31.410 --> 00:07:34.513 is a game; it's just not a terribly well-designed game. 00:07:34.537 --> 00:07:37.071 There are levels. There are C. There are B. There's A. 00:07:37.095 --> 00:07:40.163 There are statuses. I mean, what is valedictorian, but a status? 00:07:40.187 --> 00:07:44.567 If we called valedictorian a "White Knight Paladin level 20," 00:07:44.591 --> 00:07:46.848 I think people would probably work a lot harder. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:46.872 --> 00:07:48.872 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:48.896 --> 00:07:50.075 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:50.670 --> 00:07:52.336 So school is a game, 00:07:52.360 --> 00:07:55.675 and there has been lots of experimentation on how we do this properly. 00:07:55.699 --> 00:07:57.088 But let's use it consciously. 00:07:57.112 --> 00:08:00.365 Why have games you can lose? Why go from an A to an F or a B to a C? 00:08:00.389 --> 00:08:01.912 That sucks. Why not level-up? 00:08:01.936 --> 00:08:04.491 At Princeton, they've actually experimented with this, 00:08:04.515 --> 00:08:06.682 with quizzes where you gain experience points, 00:08:06.706 --> 00:08:08.437 and you level up from B to an A. 00:08:08.461 --> 00:08:09.976 And it's very powerful. 00:08:10.000 --> 00:08:12.888 It can be used in interesting ways. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:12.912 --> 00:08:15.626 The third one I'll talk about is the progression dynamic, 00:08:15.650 --> 00:08:18.557 where you have to make progress, move through different steps 00:08:18.581 --> 00:08:20.239 in a very granular fashion. 00:08:20.263 --> 00:08:22.976 This is used all over the place, including LinkedIn, 00:08:23.000 --> 00:08:25.294 where I am an unwhole individual. 00:08:25.318 --> 00:08:28.598 I am only 85 percent complete on LinkedIn, 00:08:28.622 --> 00:08:29.976 and that bothers me. 00:08:30.000 --> 00:08:33.075 And this is so deep-seated in our psyche 00:08:33.099 --> 00:08:35.222 that when we're presented with a progress bar 00:08:35.246 --> 00:08:37.786 and presented with easy, granular steps to take 00:08:37.810 --> 00:08:40.397 to try and complete that progress bar, we will do it. 00:08:40.421 --> 00:08:42.391 We will find a way to move that blue line 00:08:42.415 --> 00:08:44.580 all the way to the right edge of the screen. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:44.912 --> 00:08:47.048 This is used in conventional games as well. 00:08:47.072 --> 00:08:49.265 I mean, this is a Paladin level 10, 00:08:49.289 --> 00:08:50.893 and that's a Paladin level 20. 00:08:50.917 --> 00:08:54.482 And if you were going to fight Orcs on the fields of Mordor 00:08:54.506 --> 00:08:55.976 against the Ra's Al Ghul, 00:08:56.000 --> 00:08:58.286 you'd probably want to be the bigger one, right? 00:08:58.310 --> 00:08:59.977 I would. 00:09:00.001 --> 00:09:02.512 And so people work very hard to level-up. 00:09:02.536 --> 00:09:05.766 "World of Warcraft" is one of the most successful games of all time. 00:09:05.790 --> 00:09:09.418 The average player spends some six, six-and-a-half hours a day on it, 00:09:09.442 --> 00:09:13.040 their most dedicated players -- it's like a full-time job, it's insane. 00:09:13.064 --> 00:09:15.506 And they have these systems where you can level-up. 00:09:15.530 --> 00:09:18.310 And that's a very powerful thing. Progression is powerful. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:18.861 --> 00:09:21.876 It can also be used in very compelling ways for good. 00:09:21.900 --> 00:09:23.922 One of the things we work on at SCVNGR is: 00:09:23.946 --> 00:09:27.354 How do you use games to drive traffic and business to local businesses, 00:09:27.378 --> 00:09:29.524 to something that is very key to the economy? 00:09:29.548 --> 00:09:31.842 And here, we have a game that people play. 00:09:31.866 --> 00:09:33.890 They go places, do challenges, earn points. 00:09:33.914 --> 00:09:36.498 And we've introduced a progression dynamic into it, 00:09:36.522 --> 00:09:39.630 where, by going to the same place over and over, doing challenges, 00:09:39.654 --> 00:09:40.948 engaging with the business, 00:09:40.972 --> 00:09:44.134 you move a green bar from the left edge of the screen to the right, 00:09:44.158 --> 00:09:45.312 and unlock rewards. 00:09:45.336 --> 00:09:49.252 This is powerful enough that we can see it hooks people into these dynamics, 00:09:49.276 --> 00:09:51.374 pulls them back to the same local businesses, 00:09:51.398 --> 00:09:53.132 creates loyalty, creates engagement, 00:09:53.156 --> 00:09:57.083 and is able to drive meaningful revenue and fun and engagement to businesses. 00:09:57.107 --> 00:10:00.976 These progression dynamics are powerful and can be used in the real world. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:01.000 --> 00:10:04.353 The final one I want to talk about -- and it's a great one to end on -- 00:10:04.377 --> 00:10:06.234 is this concept of communal discovery, 00:10:06.258 --> 00:10:10.516 a dynamic in which everyone has to work together to achieve something. 00:10:10.540 --> 00:10:12.366 Communal discovery is powerful 00:10:12.390 --> 00:10:15.406 because it leverages the network that is society 00:10:15.430 --> 00:10:16.898 to solve problems. 00:10:17.811 --> 00:10:21.589 This is used in some famous consumer web stories like Digg, 00:10:21.613 --> 00:10:23.298 which I'm sure you've all heard of. 00:10:23.322 --> 00:10:24.976 Digg is a communal dynamic 00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:28.976 to try to find and source the best news, the most interesting stories. 00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:31.000 And they made this into a game, initially. 00:10:31.024 --> 00:10:34.188 They had a leader board where, if you recommended the best stories, 00:10:34.212 --> 00:10:35.564 you would get points. 00:10:35.588 --> 00:10:38.340 And that really motivated people to find the best stories. 00:10:38.364 --> 00:10:40.976 But it became so powerful, there was actually a cabal, 00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:44.399 a group of people, the top seven on the leader board, 00:10:44.423 --> 00:10:47.602 who would work together to make sure they maintained that position, 00:10:47.626 --> 00:10:49.071 recommending people's stories. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:49.095 --> 00:10:51.308 The game became more powerful than the goal. 00:10:51.332 --> 00:10:54.976 They ended up shutting down the leader board because, while it was effective, 00:10:55.000 --> 00:10:57.904 it was so powerful that it stopped sourcing the best stories, 00:10:57.928 --> 00:11:00.475 and started having people work to maintain leadership. 00:11:00.499 --> 00:11:02.266 So we have to use this one carefully. 00:11:02.290 --> 00:11:04.645 It's also used in things like McDonald's Monopoly, 00:11:04.669 --> 00:11:07.058 where the game is not the Monopoly you're playing, 00:11:07.082 --> 00:11:10.411 but the cottage industries that form to try and find Boardwalk. 00:11:10.435 --> 00:11:13.649 There, they're just looking for a sticker that says "Boardwalk," 00:11:13.673 --> 00:11:15.731 but it can also be used to find real things. 00:11:15.755 --> 00:11:17.488 This is the DARPA balloon challenge, 00:11:17.512 --> 00:11:20.853 where they hid a couple balloons all across the United States and said, 00:11:20.877 --> 00:11:23.307 "Use networks. Try and find these balloons fastest, 00:11:23.331 --> 00:11:24.977 and the winner will get $40,000." 00:11:25.001 --> 00:11:26.848 The winner was a group out of MIT, 00:11:26.872 --> 00:11:29.468 where they created sort of a pyramid scheme, a network, 00:11:29.492 --> 00:11:32.921 where the first person to recommend the location of a balloon got $2,000, 00:11:32.945 --> 00:11:35.876 and anyone else to push that recommendation up also got a cut. 00:11:35.900 --> 00:11:38.891 And in 12 hours, they were able to find all these balloons, 00:11:38.915 --> 00:11:40.381 all across the country. 00:11:40.405 --> 00:11:42.129 Really powerful dynamic. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:42.153 --> 00:11:44.976 And so, I've got about 20 seconds left, 00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:47.048 so if I'm going to leave you with anything, 00:11:47.072 --> 00:11:48.854 last decade was the decade of social. 00:11:48.878 --> 00:11:50.976 This next decade is the decade of games. 00:11:51.000 --> 00:11:53.867 We use game dynamics to build on it. We build with mindshare. 00:11:53.891 --> 00:11:55.136 We can influence behavior. 00:11:55.160 --> 00:11:57.023 It's very powerful. It's very exciting. 00:11:57.047 --> 00:12:00.404 Let's all build it together, let's do it well and have fun playing. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:00.428 --> 00:12:02.500 (Applause)