[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.96,0:00:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a series of still, sequential images.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.27,0:00:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at them one by one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.75,0:00:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.15,0:00:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's remove the gaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.31,0:00:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go faster still.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.90,0:00:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wait for it...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.02,0:00:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...bam!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.41,0:00:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Motion!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.25,0:00:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.07,0:00:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intellectually, we know we're just looking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.43,0:00:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a series of still images,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.19,0:00:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we see them change fast enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.18,0:00:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they produce the optical illusion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.55,0:00:49.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of appearing as a single, persistent image
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.82,0:00:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's gradually changing form and position.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.62,0:00:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This effect is the basis for all motion picture technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.15,0:00:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our LED screens of today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.20,0:01:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their 20th century cathode ray forebearers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.83,0:01:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cinematic film projection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.48,0:01:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the novelty toy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even, it's been suggested,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.42,0:01:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way back to the Stone Age
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.92,0:01:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when humans began painting on cave walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.43,0:01:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This phenomenon of perceiving apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.69,0:01:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in successive images
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.12,0:01:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is due to a characteristic of human perception
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.15,0:01:18.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,historically referred to as "persistence of vision."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.65,0:01:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The term is attributed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.44,0:01:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the English-Swiss physicist Peter Mark Roget,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.64,0:01:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, in the early 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.39,0:01:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used it to describe a particular defect of the eye
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.16,0:01:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that resulted in a moving object
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.70,0:01:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appearing to be still when it reached a certain speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.06,0:01:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not long after,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.08,0:01:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the term was applied to describe the opposite,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.28,0:01:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apparent motion of still images,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.53,0:01:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.92,0:01:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inventor of the phenakistoscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.97,0:01:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He defined persistence of vision
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.73,0:01:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the result of successive afterimages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.48,0:01:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were retained and then combined in the retina,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.84,0:01:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making us believe that what we were seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.60,0:01:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a single object in motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.93,0:01:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This explanation was widely accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.51,0:01:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the decades to follow
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.61,0:01:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and up through the turn of the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.69,0:01:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when some began to question
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.81,0:02:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was physiologically going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.19,0:02:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1912, German psychologist Max Wertheimer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.27,0:02:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outlined the basic primary stages of apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.86,0:02:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using simple optical illusions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.36,0:02:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These experiments led him to conclude
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.65,0:02:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the phenomenon was due to processes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.70,0:02:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lie behind the retina.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.26,0:02:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1915, Hugo Munsterberg,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.53,0:02:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a German-American pioneer in applied psychology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.97,0:02:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also suggested that the apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.56,0:02:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of successive images
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.81,0:02:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not due to their being retained in the eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.25,0:02:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is superadded by the action of the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.32,0:02:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the century to follow,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.45,0:02:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiments by physiologists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.79,0:02:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have pretty much confirmed their conclusions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.37,0:02:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it relates to the illusion of motion pictures,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.33,0:02:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,persistence of vision has less to do with vision itself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.25,0:02:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than how it's interpreted in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.92,0:02:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research has shown that different aspects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.67,0:02:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the eye sees,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.02,0:02:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like form,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.94,0:02:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,color,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.52,0:02:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.25,0:02:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.38,0:02:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are transmitted to different areas of the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.24,0:02:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via different pathways from the retina.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.27,0:02:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the continuous interaction
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.53,0:02:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of various computations in the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.85,0:02:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stitch those different aspects together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.97,0:03:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and culminate in the perception.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.02,0:03:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains are constantly working,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.60,0:03:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,synchronizing what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.09,0:03:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.60,0:03:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smell,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.18,0:03:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and touch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.70,0:03:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into meaningful experience
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.80,0:03:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the moment-to-moment flow of the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.26,0:03:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in order to create the illusion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.85,0:03:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of motion in successive images,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.68,0:03:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to get the timing of our intervals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.38,0:03:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the speed at which our brains process the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.53,0:03:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how fast is the present happening according to our brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.76,0:03:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we can get an idea
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.84,0:03:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by measuring how fast the images need to be changing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.96,0:03:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the illusion to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.63,0:03:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see if we can figure it out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.77,0:03:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by repeating our experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.82,0:03:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the sequence presented
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.02,0:03:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a rate of one frame per two seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.65,0:03:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one second of black in-between.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.12,0:03:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this rate of change
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.23,0:03:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the blank space separating the images,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.47,0:03:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no real motion perceptible.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.94,0:03:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we lessen the duration of blank space,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.06,0:03:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slight change in position becomes more apparent,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.86,0:03:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you start to get an inkling of a sense of motion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.94,0:03:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the disparate frames.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.98,0:03:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One frame per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.52,0:03:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two frames per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.36,0:04:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.38,0:04:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're starting to get a feeling of motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.27,0:04:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's really not very smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.52,0:04:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're still aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.69,0:04:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're looking at separate images.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.35,0:04:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's speed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.42,0:04:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight frames per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.89,0:04:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twelve frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.33,0:04:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like we're about there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.44,0:04:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At twenty-four frames per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.89,0:04:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the motion looks even smoother.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.77,0:04:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is standard full speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.16,0:04:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the point at which we lose awareness of the intervals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.42,0:04:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and begin to see apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.88,0:04:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to kick in at around eight to twelve frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.74,0:04:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in the neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.60,0:04:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what science has determined
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.93,0:04:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the general threshold of our awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.68,0:04:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of seeing separate images.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.76,0:04:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally speaking, we being to lose that awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.85,0:04:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at intervals of around 100 milliseconds per image,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.72,0:04:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is equal to a frame rate of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.15,0:04:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around ten frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.15,0:04:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the frame rate increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.35,0:04:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we lose awareness of the intervals completely
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.48,0:04:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are all the more convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.78,0:04:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the reality of the illusion.