[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.00,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a series of still, sequential images.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at them one by one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.00,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's remove the gaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go faster still.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.00,0:00:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wait for it...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.00,0:00:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...bam!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Motion!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.00,0:00:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.00,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intellectually, we know we're just looking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a series of still images,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.00,0:00:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when we see them change fast enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.00,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they produce the optical illusion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of appearing as a single, persistent image
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.00,0:00:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's gradually changing form and position.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.00,0:00:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This effect is the basis for all motion picture technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.00,0:00:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our LED screens of today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.00,0:01:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their 20th century cathode ray forebearers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.00,0:01:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cinematic film projection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.00,0:01:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the novelty toy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.00,0:01:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even, it's been suggested,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.00,0:01:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way back to the Stone Age
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.00,0:01:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when humans began painting on cave walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.00,0:01:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This phenomenon of perceiving apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in successive images
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.00,0:01:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is due to a characteristic of human perception
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.00,0:01:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,historically referred to as "persistence of vision."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.00,0:01:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The term is attributed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the English-Swiss physicist Peter Mark Roget,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.00,0:01:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who, in the early 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used it to describe a particular defect of the eye
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.00,0:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that resulted in a moving object
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.00,0:01:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appearing to be still when it reached a certain speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.00,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not long after,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.00,0:01:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the term was applied to describe the opposite,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.00,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apparent motion of still images,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.00,0:01:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inventor of the phenakistoscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.00,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He defined persistence of vision
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the result of successive afterimages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.00,0:01:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were retained and then combined in the retina,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.00,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making us believe that what we were seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a single object in motion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.00,0:01:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This explanation was widely accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.00,0:01:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the decades to follow
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.00,0:01:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and up through the turn of the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.00,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when some began to question
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was physiologically going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.00,0:02:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1912, German psychologist Max Wertheimer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.00,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outlined the basic primary stages of apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using simple optical illusions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.00,0:02:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These experiments led him to conclude
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the phenomenon was due to processes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lie behind the retina.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1915, Hugo Munsterberg,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a German-American pioneer in applied psychology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.00,0:02:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also suggested that the apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.00,0:02:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of successive images
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.00,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not due to their being retained in the eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is superadded by the action of the mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.00,0:02:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the century to follow,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiments by physiologists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have pretty much confirmed their conclusions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it relates to the illusion of motion pictures,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.00,0:02:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,persistence of vision has less to do with vision itself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than how it's interpreted in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.00,0:02:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research has shown that different aspects
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the eye sees,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like form,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.00,0:02:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,color,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.00,0:02:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.00,0:02:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are transmitted to different areas of the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.00,0:02:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via different pathways from the retina.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.00,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the continuous interaction
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of various computations in the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.00,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stitch those different aspects together
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and culminate in the perception.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains are constantly working,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,synchronizing what we see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smell,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and touch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.00,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into meaningful experience
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the moment-to-moment flow of the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in order to create the illusion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of motion in successive images,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.00,0:03:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to get the timing of our intervals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.00,0:03:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the speed at which our brains process the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.00,0:03:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how fast is the present happening according to our brains?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.00,0:03:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we can get an idea
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by measuring how fast the images need to be changing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the illusion to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.00,0:03:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's see if we can figure it out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.00,0:03:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by repeating our experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.00,0:03:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the sequence presented
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.00,0:03:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a rate of one frame per two seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.00,0:03:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one second of black in-between.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.00,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this rate of change
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the blank space separating the images,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.00,0:03:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no real motion perceptible.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.00,0:03:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we lessen the duration of blank space,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.00,0:03:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slight change in position becomes more apparent,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.00,0:03:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you start to get an inkling of a sense of motion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.00,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the disparate frames.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One frame per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two frames per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.00,0:04:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.00,0:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're starting to get a feeling of motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's really not very smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.00,0:04:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're still aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're looking at separate images.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.00,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's speed up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight frames per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.00,0:04:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twelve frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.00,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like we're about there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.00,0:04:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At twenty-four frames per second,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the motion looks even smoother.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.00,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is standard full speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.00,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the point at which we lose awareness of the intervals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and begin to see apparent motion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to kick in at around eight to twelve frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.00,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in the neighborhood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.00,0:04:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what science has determined
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.00,0:04:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the general threshold of our awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.00,0:04:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of seeing separate images.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.00,0:04:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally speaking, we being to lose that awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.00,0:04:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at intervals of around 100 milliseconds per image,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.00,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is equal to a frame rate of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around ten frames per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the frame rate increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.00,0:04:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we lose awareness of the intervals completely
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.00,0:04:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are all the more convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.00,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the reality of the illusion.