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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.03,0:00:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.80,0:00:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}(narrator) Welcome to Nobel Conversations.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.27,0:00:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}In this episode,\NJosh Angrist and Guido Imbens,{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.30,0:00:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}sit down with Isaiah Andrews \Nto discuss the key ingredients{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.80,0:00:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}in their nobel-winning collaboration.{\i0}
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.70,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Josh and Guido, first congratulations\Non the Nobel Prize!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.80,0:00:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.79,0:00:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Isaiah) The work you did together,\Nparticularly the work
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.19,0:00:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the local average treatment effect,\Nor late framework
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.30,0:00:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was cited as one of the big reasons \Nyou won the prize.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.20,0:00:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, you only\Noverlapped at Harvard for a year--
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.90,0:00:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I'm remembering correctly--
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.70,0:00:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be great to hear a bit more \Nabout how you started this collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.50,0:00:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sort of what made your working\Nrelationship productive.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.50,0:00:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there ways in which you felt like \Nyou complimented each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.60,0:00:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of what got things started\Non such a productive, trajectory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.79,0:00:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your job talk, as I recall Guido,\Nit wasn't very interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.60,0:00:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think it was \Na choice-based sampling--
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.66,0:00:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was. It was.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.33,0:00:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.60,0:00:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a very marginal hire there\Nbecause they didn't actually interview me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.40,0:01:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the regular job market, \Nbut I think they were very desperate to get
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.50,0:01:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone else to actually teach that\Ncourse.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.90,0:01:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was after they had \Na couple of seminars already
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.47,0:01:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was still looking in econometrics,\Nso Gary called me and kind of--
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.95,0:01:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gary Chamberlain?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.10,0:01:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gary Chamberlain called me and\Ninterviewed me over the telephone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.40,0:01:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Okay, well, my don't you come\Nout and give a talk?"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.29,0:01:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember this talk a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.10,0:01:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember the dinner that \Nyou and Gary and I had.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.00,0:01:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember not being very excited\Nabout your job market paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.60,0:01:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I saw that Gary was and luckily,\NGary's view prevailed...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.58,0:01:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.60,0:01:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and Harvard made you an offer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.40,0:01:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think we started talking\Nto each other pretty pretty soon after
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.30,0:01:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you arrived in the fall of 1990, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.81,0:01:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as I said, I came and \NI didn't have a very clear agenda.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.60,0:01:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a little intimidated getting there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Gary kind of said, "No, you should talk to Josh."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.80,0:02:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should go to the labor seminar,\Nkind of see what these people do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.50,0:02:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're doing very interesting things there."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.80,0:02:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I listened to Gary.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.00,0:02:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.80,0:02:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we did in the those days and ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.70,0:02:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it helped it, we were neighbors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.70,0:02:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we both lived in Harvard's\Njunior faculty housing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.50,0:02:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because housing costs\Nwere very high in Cambridge
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.60,0:02:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relative to our salary, \Nwhich was very low.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.80,0:02:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it also kind of made a\Ndifference, neither of us came from Cambridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.20,0:02:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there were a lot of MIT people\Nwho kind of already had their whole networks,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.80,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of our collaborators.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.30,0:02:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.60,0:02:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) Well, I think we had figured out \Na mode of working together also.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.80,0:02:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had kind of a regular date, \Nso we were neighbors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.00,0:02:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we often did our laundry together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.30,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't have laundry\Nmachines at our apartments.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.50,0:02:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we used to do our laundry\Nand we were talking
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.80,0:02:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you had a way of very systematically,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.10,0:03:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,addressing questions that\Nwould come up in our discussions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.30,0:03:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the one thing that I\Nwas very impressed by,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.40,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our early interaction,\Nis you would follow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.00,0:03:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.50,0:03:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would write some things down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.77,0:03:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking back at those days,\Nsort of clearly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.40,0:03:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just had a lot more time to actually think
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.46,0:03:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- I mean, I look at my junior college now-- \N-- You don't have time to think now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.60,0:03:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) No, but for me that is kind of one thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.10,0:03:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I feel now a lot of my junior colleagues
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.20,0:03:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't actually have a lot of time to think.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.20,0:03:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People are just doing so many projects, \Nand it's actually so hard
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.80,0:03:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's so much pressure on people\Nto publish that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.56,0:03:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember spending a lot of time sitting\Nin my office and thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.70,0:03:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, what shall I do now?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.05,0:03:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.50,0:03:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it would give me a lot of time \Nto actually think about these problems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.30,0:03:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to figure it them out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.10,0:03:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I could actually go to seminars
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.00,0:03:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the next day have coffee \Nor lunch with Josh or Gary
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.30,0:03:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually talk about those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.70,0:04:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Isaiah) You guys weren't actually at\NHarvard together all that long,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.30,0:04:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you started working\Ntogether pretty quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.30,0:04:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were you both in the mindset that \Nyou were looking for co-authors,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or looking for a particular type\Nof types of co-authors at the time
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.40,0:04:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or was it more sort of fortuitous than that?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.70,0:04:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) I think we were lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.50,0:04:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't remember I was that I was looking
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.70,0:04:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that I think, it was more fortuitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.70,0:04:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said I came in, \NI'd done my job market paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.60,0:04:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another paper for my thesis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.50,0:04:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was just very happy to come to Harvard
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.50,0:04:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly there were all these\Nseminars to go to,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.20,0:04:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lots of interesting people to talk to,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.20,0:04:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't a very\Nconscious thing on my part.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.30,0:04:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking back, I think there\Nwas a moment for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.30,0:04:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I was discussing \Ninstrumental variables,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.20,0:04:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,potential outcomes, \Ntreatment effects with Guido
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.00,0:04:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had a pretty good discussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.30,0:04:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then he also sent me some notes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:05:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the notes were very methodical\Nwrite-up of our discussion
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.80,0:05:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.60,0:05:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had been concluding in a fairly formal way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.20,0:05:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I thought, "Well, that's great."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.63,0:05:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Talk is cheap, right, but with somebody..
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.10,0:05:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- (Guido) Yeah, but--\N- ...really writes out their story.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.90,0:05:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) For me, it really helps\Nwriting things down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.50,0:05:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I do remember working with Josh
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.33,0:05:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sitting in my office and writing things out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.40,0:05:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you guys have all\Nhad the discussions with Gary
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.50,0:05:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where afterwards we need to then sit down
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.55,0:05:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually write things up
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.85,0:05:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out exactly what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.40,0:05:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the other thing we had, Guido,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.60,0:05:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we had some very concrete questions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.82,0:05:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that came from applications.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.75,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.60,0:05:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of econometrics, in my view,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.40,0:05:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we were schooled in \Nwas about models,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.40,0:05:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a model and what can you say about this model?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.30,0:06:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we were thinking\Nabout, here's a particular scenario,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.50,0:06:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,draft eligibility is an instrument\Nfor whether you serve in the Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.40,0:06:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we learn from that?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.30,0:06:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) That's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.30,0:06:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right, and that's sort of where your influence
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.80,0:06:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the way I do research now is still very clear--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.70,0:06:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.20,0:06:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Isaiah) I guess zooming out a little bit,\Njust thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.40,0:06:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you guys started working on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.20,0:06:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you started working together,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.10,0:06:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any thoughts for folks
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.50,0:06:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are just interested in\Nfinding productive
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.20,0:06:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,co-authors being productive?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.40,0:06:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, Guido already mentioned\Nthe importance of having time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.20,0:06:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right, which it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very easily not to have a lot of time to think--
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.00,0:06:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You definitely have to make time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.00,0:06:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a great question, though, Isaiah,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.40,0:06:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I tell my students that\Nyou should pick your co-authors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.80,0:06:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as carefully maybe more carefully than you pick your\Nspouse.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.20,0:06:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You want to find co-authors who,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.80,0:07:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have some complementarity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.70,0:07:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what makes a strong relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.20,0:07:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't want to work with somebody\Nwho sees the world exactly like you
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.30,0:07:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as much as Guido and I agree about things,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.20,0:07:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we often disagree about things to this day
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.90,0:07:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's fruitful to have those discussions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.25,0:07:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had complimentary skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.40,0:07:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was very empirical. \NI'm not really an abstract thinker.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.50,0:07:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guido was great at figuring out what the principles were.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.10,0:07:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, that's right and I totally\Nagree, kind of [a different spot.]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.70,0:07:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are incredibly\Nimportant relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.85,0:07:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see a lot of\Npeople working together
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.60,0:07:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not necessarily working very well
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.00,0:07:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it's very hard often to get out of this relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.90,0:07:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good partnering is a\Nbeautiful thing, like a marriage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.50,0:07:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It produces wonderful children,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.50,0:08:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fruits of the scholarship are\Npotentially wonderful
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.20,0:08:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they exceed the capacity of the\Npartners to do it on their own
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.90,0:08:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a bad co-authorship can be very\Ndestructive and time consuming and painful,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.20,0:08:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like a bad marriage.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.90,0:08:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arguments may start about who did what when
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.10,0:08:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intellectual property type issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.70,0:08:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when it when it goes a little sour
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.70,0:08:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody thinks the other party\Nis not pulling their weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.10,0:08:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more co-authorship\Nnow in economics,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.30,0:08:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that's been documented, much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.70,0:08:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.70,0:08:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's more teams\Nand there's larger teams
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.10,0:08:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that's great, \NI love working on teams.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.40,0:08:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do work on schools with big teams.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.00,0:08:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I work often with PI teammates \Nlike Parag Pathak and David Autor
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.10,0:08:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a team of graduate students,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.10,0:08:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I see that the students are not always,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.40,0:08:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some ways they're a little too promiscuous,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.70,0:08:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my view, in their partnering.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.70,0:09:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't think it through.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.60,0:09:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's difficult to think it's through.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.60,0:09:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, for me, working\Nwith people always has involved
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.80,0:09:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spending a lot of one-on-one\Ntime with people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.60,0:09:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to figure out how they think
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.90,0:09:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what kind of problems are interested
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.60,0:09:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they think about these problems, \Nhow they like to write, to make that--
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.60,0:09:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it takes some maturity on\Neverybody's part.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.60,0:09:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.60,0:09:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In what sense?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.60,0:09:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just in the sense of knowing what's going to work for them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.60,0:09:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowing when things are\Nversus aren't working?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.00,0:09:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) Maturity in the\Nsense of having some judgment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.60,0:09:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to face it honestly,\Nif it's not going well,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.30,0:09:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes you have to have some difficult\Ndiscussions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.25,0:09:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it worth continuing?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.40,0:09:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I was hoping you would do this, and you didn't,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.20,0:09:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe it turns out there's some
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.40,0:09:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeling in the other direction, the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.16,0:09:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Josh is very good\N(chuckles)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.80,0:09:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the being honest,\Npart from the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.00,0:10:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) For better or worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.60,0:10:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) I would write this stuff and then I remember the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.60,0:10:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first version of the paper with Rubin,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.34,0:10:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Josh was in Israel at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.90,0:10:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don and I were in Cambridge \Nand so I would talk with Don regularly,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.30,0:10:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Don wasn't really doing\Nmuch writing in those days,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.60,0:10:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would write things and then I would fax them to Josh
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.50,0:10:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would come back, \Nfirst page just one big cross, No,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.30,0:10:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second page, one big line, No
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.80,0:10:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would go for awhile
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.70,0:10:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he still does that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.60,0:10:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sent him the first draft of my Nobel lecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.90,0:10:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Josh goes, No, no!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.80,0:10:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've gotten some PDF comments like that from Josh, very helpful.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.70,0:10:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Omit needless words.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.80,0:10:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have few co-authors\Nwho are willing to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.20,0:10:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially as you get older, \Nit's harder to put up with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.30,0:11:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would find it harder now to start working with people who did that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.80,0:11:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early on in a co-author relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.60,0:11:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also very hard because you need to have enough trust.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.30,0:11:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Josh, for being willing to be very critical,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.70,0:11:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was also willing to admit being wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.15,0:11:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.50,0:11:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) But you have to be on\Nthe lookout for good partners,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.80,0:11:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody who can help you answer\Nquestions that you can't answer yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.20,0:11:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's a natural\Ntendency for people to gravitate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.00,0:11:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people who are similar in outlook and skills
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.40,0:11:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's not as useful
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.00,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Josh is right, nowadays it's very tempting
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find people who think about the same problems
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.50,0:11:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're already thinking about,\Nwho think along the same lines
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.00,0:11:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that may not lead to very novel stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.50,0:12:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the same time finding people\Nwho actually have very different ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.80,0:12:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to take a lot of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.20,0:12:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guido, you mentioned in passing how working with Josh has influenced
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.39,0:12:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you do research,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.29,0:12:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could you say a little more about that?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.60,0:12:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd also be interested to hear from Josh,\Ndid working with Guido
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.10,0:12:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence the way that\Nyou do research?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.50,0:12:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) Nowadays, I'm much more conscious\Nof the fact that, for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.90,0:12:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good economic research comes out of\Ntalking to people doing empirical work,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.60,0:12:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's really not reading econometrica
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.80,0:12:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the reading the stats journals,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.50,0:12:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's actually talking to people\Ndoing empirical work,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.10,0:12:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to the empirical seminars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.10,0:12:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was at Berkeley,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.40,0:12:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David Carr and [inaudible] as colleagues there
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.50,0:12:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would talk to them and listen to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.90,0:12:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.90,0:12:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how are they solving their problems \Nand other things there
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.70,0:12:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I'm not really quite happy with the way they're doing\Nthings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.42,0:13:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to look for methodological problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.20,0:13:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there's some more general solutions possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.90,0:13:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried to tell it to my students\Nthat I encourage them to work
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.80,0:13:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as research assistants also,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.50,0:13:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the people doing empirical work at Stanford.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.70,0:13:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no [subbing] but that I\Nlearned while I was in graduate school,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.10,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it really came out of working with Josh.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.00,0:13:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as talking to Gary,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.00,0:13:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gary us was always encouraging of doing that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.00,0:13:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because he done that himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.60,0:13:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he'd worked with on empirical problems with\NZvi Griliches
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.90,0:13:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early in his career.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.50,0:13:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.50,0:13:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I became more more interested\Nin the econometric theory
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.40,0:13:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through our interaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.10,0:13:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think empiricists are often impatient\Nwith econometric theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.40,0:13:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because empirical work is\Nvery time-consuming,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.00,0:13:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you may have a sense that something is
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.30,0:14:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convincing and sensible
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.00,0:14:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you haven't really fully made the case for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.10,0:14:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you're convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.10,0:14:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that motivates you to pursue it,\Nlike the draft lottery story.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.70,0:14:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was pretty sure that was\Nworth doing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.30,0:14:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I came away from working with Guido
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.10,0:14:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeing that there was the potential to say something
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.80,0:14:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than just about that particular problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.80,0:14:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think over the those early\Nyears in the 90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.50,0:14:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our thinking evolved together \Nthat there's actually a framework,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.10,0:14:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a way to solve a lot of problems
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.20,0:14:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that that is the power of\Nthe late framework,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.70,0:14:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it answers a lot of questions in some sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.15,0:14:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.50,0:14:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some sense, did you find that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.30,0:14:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,email versus facts versus in -person,\Nthe medium mattered
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.70,0:14:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to how collaboration went
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.10,0:14:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they're ways that you felt like it\Nwas the most useful to collaborate?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.30,0:14:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, I think what matters most is,\Ninitially you have a period--
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.00,0:15:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We needed that initial period, \Nthat was very intense with almost
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.10,0:15:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,daily interaction and we also became friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.90,0:15:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't develop the kind of friendship,\Nelectronically usually
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.00,0:15:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once you have that foundation you can be pen pals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.30,0:15:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we did use e-mail, \Nthough it wasn't as useful then
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.50,0:15:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it worked, \Nbut we definitely had a lot of faxes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.40,0:15:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still have these faxes, long faxes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.00,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in the summer, I would come to Cambridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually to the NBR meetings \Nand hang around for a few weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.30,0:15:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you visited me in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.00,0:15:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I visited in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.00,0:15:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But yeah, there was good foundation from that that year
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.50,0:15:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in some sense that was enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.50,0:15:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nowadays,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.30,0:15:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have the co-authors\Nin lots of different places,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.60,0:15:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's always been important
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.20,0:16:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spend some time with\Npeople in the same place each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.50,0:16:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You understand how they work, how they think,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.00,0:16:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even to the point that,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.60,0:16:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know when they actually respond, \Nwhether they respond quickly or whether that means,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.40,0:16:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not actually doing anything
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.10,0:16:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that mean they're thinking hard about a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.10,0:16:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they just take take longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.30,0:16:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you do need to\Ndevelop some understanding there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.20,0:16:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.30,0:16:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've talked about \Nhow your collaboration started,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.90,0:16:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe just to step back slightly \Nwere they're sort of features about
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.00,0:16:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the environment at Harvard or in Cambridge,\Nat the time, which you felt like contributed to it?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.00,0:16:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming from Brown,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.00,0:16:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt it was very intimidating place\Nbecause it clearly was a very, very
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.50,0:16:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impressive set of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.20,0:16:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zvi Griliches was there, Dale Jorgensen--
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.20,0:16:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gary, Jerry Hausman, Whitney Newey, sometimes Jamie Robins.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.60,0:16:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, my view of that in retrospect,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.90,0:16:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say I loved every\Nminute of every talk
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.30,0:16:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ever gave in that Workshop,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.50,0:17:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that was the highest powered,\Nthat was the group you wanted to reach...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.40,0:17:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.40,0:17:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you would get
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.10,0:17:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraordinarily insightful feedback,\Neven if it wasn't always easy to swallow.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.30,0:17:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, and I have for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.94,0:17:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would basically give a talk every semester
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.20,0:17:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we didn't have any money\Nto be inviting people.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.50,0:17:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gary would say, "Well, why don't you give a talk?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.35,0:17:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.80,0:17:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the arena for young people\Nwith our interest.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.70,0:17:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Guido) Yeah, it was really very impressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.00,0:17:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was quite tough--
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.70,0:17:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was intimidating.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.80,0:17:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People there had very strong\Nviews on what they thought was
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.20,0:17:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way you should do econometrics,\Nthe way the direction things should go,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.60,0:17:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, I would think things were\Ngetting a little stale that in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.30,0:17:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were bringing in a lot\Nof the new ideas...
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.00,0:17:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.00,0:18:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...and that wasn't necessary\Nimmediately appreciated.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.80,0:18:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) But that's okay.\N- And that's fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.30,0:18:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were pushed and a lot of great discussions \Nin that workshop about
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.25,0:18:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what should we make of late?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.00,0:18:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there were other questions\Nthat were just as interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.80,0:18:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the role of the propensity score -
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.40,0:18:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was a big deal in the 90s
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.70,0:18:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and econometrics was moving towards that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.00,0:18:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were a lot of great questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.90,0:18:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.50,0:18:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I learned a huge amount\Nthere from the time I spent--
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.30,0:18:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Josh) I think the other thing that Guido and I
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.00,0:18:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both benefited from \Nis we both,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.40,0:18:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not at the same time, but in\Nearly in our careers, taught
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.80,0:18:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,econometrics with Gary Chamberlain,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.20,0:18:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was like an\Napprenticeship for us, I think.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.80,0:18:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I taught a mixed graduate undergrad 1126,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.50,0:18:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if they still have that number,...
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.50,0:18:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Isaiah) Ahuh, they do.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.90,0:18:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...very interesting course that it had both\Ngraduate and undergraduate enrollment
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.80,0:19:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was relatively applied for an\Neconometrics class,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.00,0:19:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I learned a lot by teaching that with Gary.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.50,0:19:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in that sense, Harvard was a great place, very flexible there.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.60,0:19:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing I remember about Harvard is,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.71,0:19:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well I had very good students,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.30,0:19:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I taught a lot of wonderful students\Nwho went on to have wonderful careers.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.30,0:19:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, Harvard as an institution,\Nyou're probably are aware of this, Isaiah,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.75,0:19:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a junior faculty member, they didn't then ask much of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.00,0:19:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than teaching our classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.80,0:19:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't have administrative concerns, to speak of.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.30,0:19:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I went to two faculty\Nmeetings in my two years at Harvard
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.60,0:19:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we're left--
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.92,0:19:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were given a lot of freedom and flexibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.40,0:19:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to the chair said, "Can I teach this course with Rubin?"
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.00,0:20:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it was Friedman\Nat the time. It was like, "Fine."
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.20,0:20:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't really any concern about what\Nwhat it was about
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.70,0:20:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, that was a very intimidating experience,\Nbut it was a great experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.35,0:20:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:20:14.70,0:20:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}(narrator) If you'd like to watch more\NNobel Conversations, click here.{\i0}