[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.36,0:00:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you have used\Nan electronic spreadsheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.36,0:00:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Microsoft Excel?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.84,0:00:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very good.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.12,0:00:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how many of you have run a business\Nwith a spreadsheet by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.72,0:00:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like my dad did for his small\Nprinting business in Philadelphia?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.76,0:00:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot less.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.62,0:00:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that's the way it was done\Nfor hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.18,0:00:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In early 1978,\NI started working on an idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.22,0:00:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that eventually became VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.18,0:00:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the next year it shipped,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.86,0:00:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running on something new\Ncalled an Apple II personal computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.94,0:00:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could tell that things\Nhad really changed when, six years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.02,0:00:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.22,0:01:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was\Nand maybe even were using it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.46,0:01:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve Jobs back in 1990
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.86,0:01:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that "spreadsheets\Npropelled the industry forward."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.58,0:01:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple\Nmore than any other single event."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.14,0:01:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a more personal note,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.30,0:01:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steve said, "If VisiCalc had been written\Nfor some other computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.46,0:01:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be interviewing\Nsomebody else right now."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.06,0:01:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting\Npersonal computers on business desks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.96,0:01:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did it come about?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.88,0:01:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was it? What did I go through\Nto make it be what it was?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.12,0:01:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I first learned to program\Nback in 1966, when I was 15 --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.48,0:01:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a couple months\Nafter this photo was taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.40,0:01:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Few high schoolers had access\Nto computers in those days.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.76,0:01:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But through luck\Nand an awful lot of perseverance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.58,0:01:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was able to get\Ncomputer time around the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.70,0:01:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock,\NI went off to MIT to go to college,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.02,0:02:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where to make money,\NI worked on the Multics Project.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.82,0:02:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Multics was a trailblazing\Ninteractive time-sharing system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.86,0:02:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you heard of the Linux\Nand Unix operating systems?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.06,0:02:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came from Multics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.82,0:02:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I worked on the Multics versions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.14,0:02:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what are known\Nas interpreted computer languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.98,0:02:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are used by people\Nin noncomputer fields
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.46,0:02:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do their calculations\Nwhile seated at a computer terminal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.86,0:02:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I graduated from MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.14,0:02:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to work for\NDigital Equipment Corporation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.32,0:02:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At DEC, I worked on software
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.84,0:02:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the new area\Nof computerized typesetting.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.30,0:02:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I helped newspapers\Nreplace their reporters' typewriters
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.06,0:02:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with computer terminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.78,0:02:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd write software
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.02,0:02:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I'd go out in the field\Nto places like the Kansas City Star,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.74,0:02:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I would train users\Nand get feedback.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.18,0:02:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was real-world experience
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.06,0:02:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is quite different\Nthan what I saw in the lab at MIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.78,0:03:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, I was project leader
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.42,0:03:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the software for DEC's first\Nword processor, again a new field.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.62,0:03:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like with typesetting, the important thing\Nwas crafting a user interface
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.14,0:03:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was both natural and efficient\Nfor noncomputer people to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.26,0:03:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After I was at DEC, I went\Nto work for a small company
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.26,0:03:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made microprocessor-based electronic\Ncash registers for the fast-food industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.26,0:03:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had always wanted to start\Na company with my friend Bob Frankston
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.98,0:03:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I met on the Multics project at MIT.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.38,0:03:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to go back to school to learn\Nas much as I could about business.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.10,0:03:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the fall of 1977,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.90,0:03:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I entered the MBA program\Nat Harvard Business School.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.74,0:03:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of the few\Npercentage of students
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.26,0:03:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had a background\Nin computer programming.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.98,0:03:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a picture of me from the yearbook\Nsitting in the front row.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.18,0:03:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.22,0:03:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, at Harvard,\Nwe learned by the case method.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.86,0:04:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd do about three cases a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.82,0:04:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.84,0:04:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describing a particular\Nbusiness situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.14,0:04:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often have exhibits,\Nand exhibits often have words and numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.20,0:04:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid out in ways that make sense\Nfor the particular situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.86,0:04:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're usually all somewhat different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.82,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's my homework.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.06,0:04:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, numbers, words,\Nlaid out in ways that made sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.26,0:04:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of calculations --\Nwe got really close to our calculators.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.74,0:04:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, here's my calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.40,0:04:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Halloween, I went\Ndressed up as a calculator.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.98,0:04:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the beginning of each class,\Nthe professor would call on somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to present the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.28,0:04:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they would do is\Nthey would explain what was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.08,0:04:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then dictate information\Nthat the professor would transcribe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.84,0:04:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto the many motorized blackboards\Nin the front of the class,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.77,0:04:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'd have a discussion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.32,0:04:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the really frustrating things\Nis when you've done all your homework,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.80,0:05:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you come in the next day\Nonly to find out that you made an error
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.84,0:05:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of the other numbers\Nyou did were wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.40,0:05:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you couldn't participate as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.20,0:05:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were marked by class participation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.52,0:05:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, sitting there with 87 other people\Nin the class, I got to daydream a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.48,0:05:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most programmers in those days\Nworked on mainframes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.36,0:05:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building things like inventory systems,\Npayroll systems and bill-paying systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.72,0:05:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had worked\Non interactive word processing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.24,0:05:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on-demand personal computation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.36,0:05:34.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of thinking\Nabout paper printouts and punch cards,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.08,0:05:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined a magic blackboard
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.88,0:05:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you erased one number\Nand wrote a new thing in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.28,0:05:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the other numbers\Nwould automatically change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.16,0:05:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like word processing with numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.80,0:05:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagined that my calculator\Nhad mouse hardware on the bottom of it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.44,0:05:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a head-up display,\Nlike in a fighter plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.92,0:05:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I could type some numbers in,\Nand circle it, and press the sum button.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.08,0:06:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And right in the middle of a negotiation\NI'd be able to get the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.84,0:06:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I just had to take my fantasy\Nand turn it into reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.84,0:06:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father taught me about prototyping.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.76,0:06:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He showed me mock-ups
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.40,0:06:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he'd make to figure out\Nthe placement on the page
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.76,0:06:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the things for brochures\Nthat he was printing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.32,0:06:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'd use it\Nto get feedback from customers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.28,0:06:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and OKs before he sent the job\Noff to the presses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.64,0:06:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The act of making a simple, working\Nversion of what you're trying to build
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.76,0:06:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces you to uncover key problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.92,0:06:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it lets you find solutions\Nto those problems much less expensively.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.92,0:06:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to build a prototype.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.96,0:06:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to a video terminal\Nconnected to Harvard's time-sharing system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.56,0:06:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.08,0:06:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first problems\Nthat I ran into was:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.36,0:06:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you represent values in formulas?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.54,0:06:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.20,0:06:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought that you would point somewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.40,0:07:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,type in some words,\Nthen type in some somewhere else,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.52,0:07:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in some numbers and some more numbers,\Npoint where you want the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.43,0:07:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then point to the first, press minus,\Npoint to the second,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.68,0:07:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get the result.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.56,0:07:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem was:\NWhat should I put in the formula?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.00,0:07:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had to be something\Nthe computer knew what to put in.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.64,0:07:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you looked at the formula,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.36,0:07:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you needed to know\Nwhere on the screen it referred to.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.04,0:07:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first thing I thought\Nwas the programmer way of doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.16,0:07:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first time you pointed to somewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.09,0:07:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer would ask you\Nto type in a unique name.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.96,0:07:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became pretty clear pretty fast\Nthat that was going to be too tedious.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.76,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The computer had to automatically\Nmake up the name and put it inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.80,0:07:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I thought, why not make it be\Nthe order in which you create them?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.68,0:07:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried that. Value 1, value 2.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.20,0:07:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty quickly I saw\Nthat if you had more than a few values
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.99,0:07:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd never remember\Non the screen where things were.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.52,0:07:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then I said, why not instead\Nof allowing you to put values anywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.84,0:07:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll restrict you to a grid?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.92,0:08:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then when you pointed to a cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.34,0:08:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer could put\Nthe row and column in as a name.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.04,0:08:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, if I did it like a map and put ABC\Nacross the top and numbers along the side,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.24,0:08:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you saw B7 in a formula,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.16,0:08:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd know exactly\Nwhere it was on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.04,0:08:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you had to type the formula\Nin yourself, you'd know what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.11,0:08:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Restricting you to a grid\Nhelped solve my problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.87,0:08:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also opened up new capabilities,\Nlike the ability to have ranges of cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.03,0:08:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't too restrictive --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.63,0:08:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could still put any value,\Nany formula, in any cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.79,0:08:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the way we do it to this day,\Nalmost 40 years later.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.78,0:08:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend Bob and I decided that we were\Ngoing to build this product together.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.89,0:08:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did more work figuring out exactly\Nhow the program was supposed to behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.53,0:08:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wrote a reference card\Nto act as documentation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.81,0:08:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also helped me ensure\Nthat the user interface I was defining
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.61,0:09:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be explained concisely\Nand clearly to regular people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.81,0:09:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob worked in the attic of the apartment\Nhe rented in Arlington, Massachusetts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.25,0:09:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the inside of the attic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.53,0:09:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.33,0:09:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to write computer code\Non a terminal like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.69,0:09:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he would download test versions\Nto a borrowed Apple II
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.21,0:09:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a phone line\Nusing an acoustic coupler,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.49,0:09:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we would test.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.21,0:09:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one of these tests I prepared\Nfor this case about the Pepsi Challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.01,0:09:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Print wasn't working yet,\Nso I had to copy everything down.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.77,0:09:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Save wasn't working,\Nso every time it crashed,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.21,0:09:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had to type in all of the formulas\Nagain, over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.53,0:09:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next day in class, I raised my hand;\NI got called on, and I presented the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.53,0:09:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did five-year projections.\NI did all sorts of different scenarios.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.13,0:09:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I aced the case.\NVisiCalc was already useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.45,0:09:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The professor said, "How did you do it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.76,0:10:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I didn't want to tell him\Nabout our secret program.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.45,0:10:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.49,0:10:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I said, "I took this and added this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.37,0:10:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and multiplied by this\Nand subtracted that."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.49,0:10:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "Well,\Nwhy didn't you use a ratio?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.61,0:10:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Hah! A ratio --\Nthat wouldn't have been as exact!"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.65,0:10:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I didn't say was,\N"Divide isn't working yet."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.25,0:10:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.37,0:10:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, though,\Nwe did finish enough of VisiCalc
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.25,0:10:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to show it to the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.73,0:10:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My dad printed up a sample reference card
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.73,0:10:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could use as marketing material.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.57,0:10:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In June of 1979, our publisher\Nannounced VisiCalc to the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.37,0:10:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a small booth at the giant National\NComputer Conference in New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.09,0:10:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New York Times had\Na humorous article about the conference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.77,0:10:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The machines perform\Nwhat seem religious rites ...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.25,0:10:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even as the believers gather,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.84,0:10:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the painters in the Coliseum sign room\Nare adding to the pantheon,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.96,0:10:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carefully lettering 'VISICALC'\Nin giant black on yellow.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.15,0:10:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All hail VISICALC!"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.99,0:11:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Gasp) New York Times:\N"All hail VISICALC."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.59,0:11:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.11,0:11:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the last mention\Nof the electronic spreadsheet
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.23,0:11:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the popular business press\Nfor about two years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.15,0:11:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people didn't get it yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.37,0:11:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some did.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.18,0:11:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.25,0:11:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It came in packaging\Nthat looked like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.09,0:11:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it looked like this,\Nrunning on the Apple II.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.37,0:11:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rest, as they say, is history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.73,0:11:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's an awful lot\Nmore to this story,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.85,0:11:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that'll have to wait for another day.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.93,0:11:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing, though, Harvard remembers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.77,0:11:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's that classroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.61,0:11:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put up a plaque\Nto commemorate what happened there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.01,0:11:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.77,0:11:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also serves as a reminder
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.73,0:12:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you, too, should take\Nyour unique backgrounds, skills and needs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.45,0:12:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and build prototypes to discover\Nand work out the key problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.73,0:12:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and through that, change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.61,0:12:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.85,0:12:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)