[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.79,0:00:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.07,0:00:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can a computer write poetry?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.39,0:00:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a provocative question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.33,0:00:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You think about it for a minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.97,0:00:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you suddenly have a bunch\Nof other questions like:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.98,0:00:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is a computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.08,0:00:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is poetry?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.01,0:00:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is creativity?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.37,0:00:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these are questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.85,0:00:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people spend their entire\Nlifetime trying to answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.78,0:00:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not in a single TED Talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.83,0:00:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going to have to try\Na different approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.32,0:00:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So up here, we have two poems.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.86,0:00:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them is written by a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.16,0:00:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other one's written by a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.74,0:00:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to ask you to tell me\Nwhich one's which.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.92,0:00:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not going to have long to read
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:00:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we haven't got long\Nto do this speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.86,0:01:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a go, start reading.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.66,0:01:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 1: Little Fly / Thy summer's play, /\NMy thoughtless hand / Has brush'd away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.52,0:01:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A I not / A fly like thee? /\NOr art not thou / A man like me?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.55,0:01:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 2: We can feel / Activist\Nthrough your life's / morning /
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.84,0:01:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pauses to see, pope I hate the / Non\Nall the night to start a great otherwise
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.56,0:01:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, time's up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.45,0:01:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hands up if you think Poem 1\Nwas written by a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.27,0:01:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, most of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.73,0:01:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hands up if you think Poem 2\Nwas written by a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.63,0:01:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very brave of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.18,0:01:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the first one was written\Nby the human poet William Blake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.26,0:01:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one was written by an algorithm
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.31,0:01:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that took all the language\Nfrom my Facebook feed on one day
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.68,0:01:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then regenerated it algorithmically,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.47,0:01:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to methods that I'll describe\Na little bit later on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.16,0:01:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most of you got that right,\Nit's probably a little bit easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.27,0:01:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's try another test.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.83,0:01:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, you haven't got ages to read this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.84,0:01:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so just trust your gut.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.51,0:02:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 1: A lion roars and a dog barks.\NIt is interesting / and fascinating
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.08,0:02:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a bird will fly and not / roar\Nor bark. Enthralling stories about animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.87,0:02:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in my dreams and I will sing them all\Nif I / am not exhausted or weary.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.63,0:02:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 2: Oh! kangaroos, sequins, chocolate\Nsodas! / You are really beautiful!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.21,0:02:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pearls, / harmonicas, jujubes, aspirins!\NAll / the stuff they've always talked about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.82,0:02:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, time's up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.58,0:02:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you think the first poem\Nwas written by a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.17,0:02:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put your hand up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.56,0:02:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.51,0:02:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think the second poem\Nwas written by a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.18,0:02:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put your hand up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.02,0:02:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have, more or less, a 50/50 split here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.60,0:02:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was much harder.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.09,0:02:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.37,0:02:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first poem was generated\Nby an algorithm called Racter,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.26,0:02:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was created back in the 1970s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.65,0:02:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second poem was written\Nby a guy called Frank O'Hara,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.12,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who happens to be one\Nof my favorite human poets.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.27,0:02:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.05,0:03:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we've just done now\Nis a Turing test for poetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.04,0:03:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Turing test was first proposed\Nby this guy, Alan Turing, in 1950,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.61,0:03:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to answer the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.29,0:03:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can computers think?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.61,0:03:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alan Turing believed that if\Na computer was able
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.06,0:03:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have a to have a text-based\Nconversation with a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.02,0:03:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with such proficiency\Nsuch that the human couldn't tell
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.81,0:03:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they are talking\Nto a computer or a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.54,0:03:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the computer can be said\Nto have intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.89,0:03:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 2013, my friend\NBenjamin Laird and I,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.72,0:03:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we created a Turing test\Nfor poetry online.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.100,0:03:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called bot or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.32,0:03:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can go and play it for yourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.46,0:03:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But basically, it's the game\Nwe just played.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.52,0:03:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're presented with a poem,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.04,0:03:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't know whether it was written\Nby a human or a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.96,0:03:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have to guess.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.40,0:03:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So thousands and thousands\Nof people have taken this test online,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.60,0:03:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have results.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.95,0:03:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what are the results?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.60,0:03:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Turing said that if a computer\Ncould fool a human
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.17,0:03:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 percent of the time\Nthat it was a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.97,0:03:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it passes the Turing test\Nfor intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.98,0:03:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have poems on the bot or not database
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.25,0:04:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fooled 65 percent\Nof human readers into thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.29,0:04:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was written by a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.69,0:04:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think we have an answer\Nto our question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.62,0:04:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to the logic of the Turing test,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.73,0:04:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can a computer write poetry?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.43,0:04:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yes, absolutely it can.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.05,0:04:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you're feeling\Na little bit uncomfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.44,0:04:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this answer, that's OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.58,0:04:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're having a bunch\Nof gut reactions to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.84,0:04:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's also okay because\Nthis isn't the end of the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.68,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's play our third and final test.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.74,0:04:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, you're going to have to read
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.70,0:04:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tell me which you think is human.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.58,0:04:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 1: Red flags the reason\Nfor pretty flags. / And ribbons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.62,0:04:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And wearing material / Reasons\Nfor wearing material. / Give pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.79,0:04:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 2: A wounded deer leaps\Nhighest, / I've heard the daffodil
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.74,0:04:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've heard the flag to-day /\NI've heard the hunter tell; /
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.21,0:04:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Tis but the ecstasy of death, /\NAnd then the brake is almost done
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.91,0:04:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sunrise grows so near /\Nsunrise grows so near
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.76,0:04:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we can touch the despair and /\Nfrenzied hope of all the ages
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.82,0:04:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, time is up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.81,0:05:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hands up if you think Poem 1\Nwas written by a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.32,0:05:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hands up if you think Poem 2\Nwas written by a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.46,0:05:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whoa, that's a lot more people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.26,0:05:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you'd be surprised to find that Poem 1
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.41,0:05:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was written by the very\Nhuman poet Gertrude Stein.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.14,0:05:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Poem 2 was generated\Nby an algorithm called RKCP.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.69,0:05:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now before we go on, let me describe\Nvery quickly and simply,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.82,0:05:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how RKCP works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.29,0:05:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So RKCP is an algorithm\Ndesigned by Ray Kurzweil,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.59,0:05:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's a director of engineering at Google
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.89,0:05:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a firm believer\Nin artificial intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.72,0:05:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you give RKCP a source text,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.20,0:05:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it analyzes the source text in order\Nto find out how it uses language,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.89,0:05:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it regenerates language
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.18,0:05:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that emulates that first text.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the poem we just saw before,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.54,0:05:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poem 2, the one that you all\Nthought was human,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.89,0:05:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was fed a bunch of poems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.38,0:05:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a poet called Emily Dickinson
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.21,0:05:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked at the way she used language,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.56,0:06:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learned the model,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.27,0:06:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it regenerated a model\Naccording to that same structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.64,0:06:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the important thing to know about RKCP
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.91,0:06:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it doesn't know the meaning\Nof the words it's using.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.50,0:06:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The language is just raw material,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.26,0:06:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be Chinese,\Nit could be in Swedish,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.47,0:06:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be the collected language\Nfrom your Facebook feed for one day.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.78,0:06:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just raw material.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.07,0:06:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nevertheless, it's able\Nto create a poem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.62,0:06:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems more human\Nthan Gertrude Stein's poem,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.84,0:06:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Gertrude Stein is a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.92,0:06:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we've done here is,\Nmore or less, a reverse Turing test.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.03,0:06:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Gertrude Stein, who's a human,\Nis able to write a poem
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.76,0:06:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fools a majority\Nof human judges into thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.44,0:06:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was written by a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.65,0:06:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore, according to the logic\Nof the reverse Turing test,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.29,0:06:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gertrude Stein is a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.28,0:06:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.57,0:06:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feeling confused?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.94,0:06:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that's fair enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.03,0:07:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far we've had humans\Nthat write like humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.93,0:07:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have computers that write\Nlike computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.44,0:07:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have computers that write like humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.18,0:07:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we also have,\Nperhaps most confusingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.71,0:07:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans that write like computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.99,0:07:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we take from all of this?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.52,0:07:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we take that William Blake\Nis somehow more of a human
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.26,0:07:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than Gertrude Stein?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.56,0:07:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or that Gertrude Stein is more\Nof a computer than William Blake?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.74,0:07:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.11,0:07:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are questions\NI've been asking myself
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.28,0:07:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for around two years now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.01,0:07:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I don't have any answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.14,0:07:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I do have are a bunch of insights
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.46,0:07:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about our relationship with technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.73,0:07:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my first insight is that,\Nfor some reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.52,0:07:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we associate poetry with being human.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.01,0:07:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that when we ask,\N"Can a computer write poetry?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.27,0:07:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're also asking,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.64,0:07:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What does it mean to be human
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.50,0:07:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how do we put boundaries\Naround this category?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.59,0:07:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we say who or what\Ncan be part of this category?"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.38,0:08:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an essentially\Nphilosophical question, I believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.75,0:08:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can't be answered\Nwith a yes or no test,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.00,0:08:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Turing test.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.80,0:08:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also believe that Alan Turing\Nunderstood this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.87,0:08:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that when he devised\Nhis test back in 1950,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.20,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was doing it\Nas a philosophical provocation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.12,0:08:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my second insight is that,\Nwhen we take the Turing test for poetry,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.60,0:08:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not really testing\Nthe capacity of the computers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.29,0:08:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because poetry-generating algorithms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.04,0:08:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're pretty simple and have existed,\Nmore or less, since the 1950s.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.74,0:08:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are doing with the Turing\Ntest for poetry, rather,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.72,0:08:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is collecting opinions about what\Nconstitutes humanness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.60,0:08:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I've figured out,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.22,0:08:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've seen this when earlier today,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.91,0:08:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw that William Blake\Nis more of a human
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.68,0:08:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than Gertrude Stein.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.26,0:08:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, this doesn't mean\Nthat William Blake
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.55,0:08:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually more human
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.42,0:09:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that Gertrude Stein\Nwas more of a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.15,0:09:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It simply means that the category\Nof the human is unstable.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.86,0:09:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has led me to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.73,0:09:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the human is not a cold, hard fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.92,0:09:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, it is something\Nthat's constructed with our opinions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.93,0:09:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and something that changes over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.25,0:09:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is to say, the category of the human\Nis unstable.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.68,0:09:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my final insight is that\Nthe computer, more or less,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.87,0:09:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,works like a mirror\Nthat reflects any idea of a human
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.92,0:09:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we show it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.61,0:09:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We show it Emily Dickinson,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.27,0:09:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gives Emily Dickinson back to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.00,0:09:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We show it William Blake,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.90,0:09:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what it reflects back to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.34,0:09:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We show it Gertrude Stein,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.02,0:09:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we get back is Gertrude Stein.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.08,0:09:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than any other bit of technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.48,0:09:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computer is a mirror that reflects\Nany idea of the human we teach it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.06,0:09:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm sure a lot of you have been hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.37,0:10:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot about artificial\Nintelligence recently.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.42,0:10:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And much of the conversation is kind of,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.55,0:10:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we build it?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.87,0:10:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we build an intelligent computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.60,0:10:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we build a creative computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.26,0:10:14.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we seem to be asking over and over
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.29,0:10:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is can we build a human-like computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.85,0:10:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we've seen just now
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.44,0:10:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the human\Nis not a scientific fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.10,0:10:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's an ever-shifting,\Nconcatenating idea
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.40,0:10:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one that changes over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.96,0:10:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that when we begin\Nto grapple with the ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.95,0:10:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of artificial intelligence in the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.41,0:10:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we shouldn't only be asking ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.46,0:10:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Can we build it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.92,0:10:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we should also be asking ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.93,0:10:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What idea of the human\Ndo we want to have reflected back to us?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.42,0:10:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an essentially philosophical idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.75,0:10:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's one that can't be answered\Nwith software alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.99,0:10:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think requires a moment\Nof species-wide, existential reflection.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.16,0:10:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.34,0:10:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)