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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.54,0:00:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a study in the 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.98,0:00:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participants recalled getting lost \Nin a shopping mall as children.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.89,0:00:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some shared these memories\Nin vivid detail—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.21,0:00:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one even remembered that the old man\Nwho rescued him
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.89,0:00:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was wearing a flannel shirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.86,0:00:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But none of these people \Nhad actually gotten lost in a mall.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.15,0:00:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They produced these false memories
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.38,0:00:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the psychologists conducting \Nthe study told them they’d gotten lost,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and although they might not remember\Nthe incident,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.70,0:00:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their parents had confirmed it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.46,0:00:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn’t just one or two people \Nwho thought they remembered getting lost—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.31,0:00:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a quarter of the participants did.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.16,0:00:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These findings may sound unbelievable,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.92,0:00:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they actually reflect \Na very common experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.57,0:00:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our memories are sometimes unreliable.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.82,0:01:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And though we still don’t know precisely\Nwhat causes this fallibility
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.82,0:01:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a neurological level,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.59,0:01:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research has highlighted some \Nof the most common ways our memories
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.59,0:01:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diverge from what actually happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.59,0:01:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mall study highlights how we can\Nincorporate information
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.43,0:01:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from outside sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.16,0:01:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like other people or the news,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.39,0:01:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into our personal recollections\Nwithout realizing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.57,0:01:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of suggestibility is just \None influence on our memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.13,0:01:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take another study,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.25,0:01:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which researchers briefly showed \Na random collection of photographs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.57,0:01:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a group of participants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.17,0:01:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including images of a university campus\Nnone of them had ever visited.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.82,0:01:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When shown the images three weeks later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.37,0:01:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a majority of participants said \Nthat they had probably or definitely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.25,0:01:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visited the campus in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.08,0:01:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The participants misattributed information\Nfrom one context— an image they’d seen—
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.67,0:02:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto another— a memory of something\Nthey believed they actually experienced.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.07,0:02:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In another experiment, people were shown\Nan image of a magnifying glass,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.54,0:02:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then told to imagine a lollipop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.06,0:02:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They frequently recalled that they saw \Nthe magnifying glass and the lollipop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.99,0:02:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They struggled to link the objects \Nto the correct context—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.46,0:02:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they actually saw them,\Nor simply imagined them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.46,0:02:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another study, where a psychologist \Nquestioned over 2,000 people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.46,0:02:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their views about the legalization \Nof marijuana,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.04,0:02:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highlights yet another kind \Nof influence on memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.49,0:02:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Participants answered questions \Nin 1973 and 1982.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.46,0:02:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who said they had supported\Nmarijuana legalization in 1973,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.36,0:02:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but reported they were against it in 1982,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.84,0:02:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were more likely to recall that they were \Nactually against legalization in 1973—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.40,0:02:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bringing their old views in line \Nwith their current ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.79,0:03:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our current opinions,\Nfeelings, and experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.92,0:03:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can bias our memories \Nof how we felt in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.92,0:03:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In another study,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.06,0:03:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers gave two groups\Nof participants background information
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.26,0:03:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a historical war and asked them to rate\Nthe likelihood that each side would win.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.67,0:03:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They gave each group the same information,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.23,0:03:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except that they only told one group\Nwho had actually won the war—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.54,0:03:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other group didn’t know \Nthe real world outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.14,0:03:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In theory, both groups’ answers \Nshould be similar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.55,0:03:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the likelihood\Nof each side winning
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.84,0:03:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn’t effected by who actually won—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.52,0:03:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there’s a 20% chance of thunderstorms,\Nand a thunderstorm happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.88,0:03:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chance of thunderstorms\Ndoesn’t retroactively go up to 100%.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.98,0:03:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, the group that knew \Nhow the war ended
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.37,0:03:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rated the winning side as more likely \Nto win than the group who did not.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.96,0:03:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these fallibilities of memory \Ncan have real-world impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.20,0:04:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If police interrogations use leading\Nquestions with eye witnesses or suspects,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.50,0:04:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggestibility could result in incorrect \Nidentifications or unreliable confessions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.81,0:04:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the absence of leading questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.39,0:04:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,misattribution can lead to inaccurate \Neyewitness testimony.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.78,0:04:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a courtroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.66,0:04:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a judge rules a piece of evidence \Ninadmissible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.68,0:04:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tells jurors to disregard it,\Nthey may not be able to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.26,0:04:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a medical setting, if a patient \Nseeks a second opinion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.77,0:04:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second physician is aware \Nof the first one’s diagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.77,0:04:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that knowledge may bias their conclusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.40,0:04:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our memories are not ironclad \Nrepresentations of reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.40,0:04:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but subjective perceptions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.75,0:04:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there’s not necessarily\Nanything wrong with that—
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.65,0:04:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the problems arise when we treat\Nmemory as fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.65,0:04:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than accepting\Nthis fundamental truth
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.02,0:04:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the nature of our recollections.