WEBVTT

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Hello, everyone.
My name is Hiromu Yakura.

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I started programming
when I was in the seventh grade.

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I've worked as a programmer since then.

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I have some experience in attending
the defense readiness condition,

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which Mr. Shinoda talked about
in the second session.

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As a programmer, I am often asked,
"What is your favorite subject?"

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It is a very common question.

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They often say,
"You like math, don't you?"

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Actually, I like social studies
such as ethics, politics and economics.

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I think very few people
can't visualize clearly

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what these studies are, especially ethics.

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Put briefly, I like "history of ideas."

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What is "history of ideas"?

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It teaches us the history
of our thoughts

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such as "what makes us human?",

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or "what makes the world?"

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By learning what human beings
have thought in the past,

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we discover the rules
of the human beings and the world.

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We learn how to to relativize
the relation between humans and the world.

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That's what the history of ideas is about.

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Thales of Miletus said:

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"Water is the primary
principle of nature."

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What he means exactly is that
the world is made of water.

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According to Heraclitus of Ephesus,
"Everything is constantly changing."

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You see, many people have thought
many different things

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about the world and humanity.

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I've studied such history.

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I was especially attracted

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by the idea of Hegel,
a German philosopher.

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His thought covered various fields

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from human spirit to patriotism,
history or esthetics.

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I like his systematic modelization
of different things.

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To modelize is to organize various
things related by logical coherence,

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For instance, Newton elicited
the "law of gravitation"

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by the fact that when you release
something, it falls down on the earth,

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and that the earth goes around the sun.

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He made up a logical modeling.

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Actually the procedure of modelization
is quite similar to programming.

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Take a car navigation system
as an example.

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you car is most probably equipped
with a navigation system.

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it finds your easiest and best route

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What makes this possible

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is the modelization
of actual roads and traffic jams,

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in other word, a mathematical
mechanism makes this possible.

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Computers will find routes successfully.

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Hegel has developed
a modelization method called "dialectic".

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Let me explain very briefly.

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If there is a "thesis"
and its "antithesis",

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the model doesn't believe any,
nor criticize them.

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It reviews the contradiction
and makes adjustments.

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It extracts more essential metaphysics.

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That is the dialectic.

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One idea occurred to me
when I learn this Hegel way of thinking

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What happens if we apply the concept
of Hegel to this era?

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We live in the world, in which computers
will take the place of human.

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So I wonder what could happen.

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Let's take an example.

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This is a past problem
in the entrance exam of an university.

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If we solve it by ourselves,
we calculate on a paper like this

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and finally figure out the solution.

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But if you access to "wolframalpa.com"
and enter the formula,

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you will receive the solution instantly.
In addition, it provides a graph.

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No wonder you don't feel
motivated to study.

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Another example is Larry Page, Google CEO.

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He said, "Robots and computers
will replace our jobs

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due to rapid AI development."

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According to a thesis
by the University of Oxford,

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robots will replace
47% of American jobs in 20 years.

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In the case of data input,
the probability rises to 99%.

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For referee and
insurance certification: 98%.

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Robots will replace all these people.

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I get back on track.

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Owing to the AI, machine learning
or robot engineering,

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technology potential is
dramatically spreading.

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What should we do
under such circumstances?

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Should we be pessimistic
about no meaning of existence

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or shall we be free
from work alienation?

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None of them are correct according to me.

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I have a new way of thinking.

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So we need to compare the differences
between human beings and computers.

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This copy android of Dr. Hiroshi
Ishigiuro was made by him,

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the czar of humanoid robot research.

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He explained the significance
to make this type of android

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that he can review "what human are"
by spending time with close android.

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Another example is

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the theoretical experiment
of virtual musicians.

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The experiment has the objective
to test the assumption

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whether we can be moved by music
composed by computers.

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What do you think of that?

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We are moved by music that we acknowledge
has been composed by computers,

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it means that we are moved
by the content of the music itself.

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But our very knowledge that the music
was composed by a machine

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could prevent us from being moved by it.

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In this case, it could mean that
we are moved by the existence of a human

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whose feelings are translated
in the music itself.

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We are moved when Usain Bolt made
the world record in the Olympic Games.

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But we are not moved
when cars run at the same speed.

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We could say it's the same phenomena.

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However, we may be moved

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when we learn about the
tremendous efforts and difficulties

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overcome by the computers
to compose music.

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In this case, we could say
that we are moved

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by the story of the composing machine.

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What is the meaning of comparison
between human beings and computers?

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I think that we try to move
our hearts with computers.

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Now I want to introduce
one of my actual research.

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We have developed a program designed
to find the theme of any music.

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Do you know what theme of music is?

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Briefly speaking, it is melodic climax.

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Generally most musics are composed
by combination and repetition

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of "A melody", "B melody" and "theme".

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So how does the program find the theme?

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I first thought that finding
the repetition would make it.

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The program finds out the repetitions.

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Based on the aforementioned rules,

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it detects melody A and melody B
and infers that it could be the theme.

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That is how conventional
programs are working.

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But this method has reached its limit.

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A factor that made it reach
its limit is "Vocaloid",

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a software to compose music.

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It doesn't matter if you are
a professional composer or not,

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this software makes composition easy,
even for amateurs.

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The result is that much
unique music is created.

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So many musics don't follow the rules.

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And most of them are posted on "Niconico",

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video sharing website.

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It means that there is no limit
to the length of the music.

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We can compose various kinds of music

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from very short to over 10 minutes.

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As a result, I can't use
the method I had been using until now.

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So I created a new method
to detect themes more accurately

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by analyzing the comments posted

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with the musics on Niconico.

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Put simply, I extract the major elements
from the comments,

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and look for the theme parts
that are related to the comments.

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That's the idea.

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I attended a science and technology 
convention for high school students

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and received a "Minister award
for science and technology policy" for it.

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It is a mouthful award.

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I could also attend an Intel convention
as a representative of Japan,

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where I received the "award
of Fondazione Bruno Kessler."

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That was the technical part of my talk.

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I would like to talk about the emotions
I felt during the process.

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It's about the boundary
between what human beings can do

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and what machine can do.

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Combining the comments to the music

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is grounded in the idea
to link the music to a human being.

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Even when you combine it to the comments,

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it is not always possible
to detect the theme.

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But usually, we find it.

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So for me, the theme opacity
is filled with humanity.

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We are developing technologies
more and more in our time.

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It is my conviction that there are things
that only humans are able to realize

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under the well-developed
technology society.

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I think that we find the answer
to our survival

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in the very boundary
between humans and machines.

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A philosopher said:

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"Alienation of labor causes
the alienation of human by human,"

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He thought "working" is what makes
man worthy of the name.

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But I think

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"creativity" is what makes
man worthy of the name.

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Thank you very much.

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(Applause)