0:00:18.197,0:00:21.547 Hello, everyone.[br]My name is Hiromu Yakura. 0:00:21.547,0:00:24.707 I started programming[br]when I was in the seventh grade. 0:00:24.707,0:00:27.128 I've worked as a programmer since then. 0:00:27.128,0:00:30.317 I have some experience in attending[br]the defense readiness condition, 0:00:30.317,0:00:33.597 which Mr. Shinoda talked about[br]in the second session. 0:00:33.597,0:00:38.727 As a programmer, I am often asked,[br]"What is your favorite subject?" 0:00:38.727,0:00:41.327 It is a very common question. 0:00:41.327,0:00:44.687 They often say,[br]"You like math, don't you?" 0:00:44.687,0:00:49.687 Actually, I like social studies[br]such as ethics, politics and economics. 0:00:51.752,0:00:55.742 I think very few people[br]can't visualize clearly 0:00:55.742,0:00:58.742 what these studies are, especially ethics. 0:00:58.742,0:01:02.032 Put briefly, I like "history of ideas." 0:01:02.032,0:01:05.062 What is "history of ideas"? 0:01:05.062,0:01:08.712 It teaches us the history[br]of our thoughts 0:01:08.712,0:01:11.985 such as "what makes us human?", 0:01:11.985,0:01:16.102 or "what makes the world?" 0:01:16.102,0:01:20.292 By learning what human beings[br]have thought in the past, 0:01:20.292,0:01:23.627 we discover the rules[br]of the human beings and the world. 0:01:23.627,0:01:27.849 We learn how to to relativize[br]the relation between humans and the world. 0:01:30.458,0:01:34.458 That's what the history of ideas is about. 0:01:34.458,0:01:35.668 Thales of Miletus said: 0:01:35.668,0:01:37.866 "Water is the primary[br]principle of nature." 0:01:37.866,0:01:40.753 What he means exactly is that[br]the world is made of water. 0:01:40.753,0:01:44.219 According to Heraclitus of Ephesus,[br]"Everything is constantly changing." 0:01:44.219,0:01:46.836 You see, many people have thought[br]many different things 0:01:46.836,0:01:49.446 about the world and humanity. 0:01:50.110,0:01:52.871 I've studied such history. 0:01:52.871,0:01:57.118 I was especially attracted 0:01:57.118,0:02:01.998 by the idea of Hegel,[br]a German philosopher. 0:02:01.998,0:02:05.974 His thought covered various fields 0:02:05.974,0:02:12.166 from human spirit to patriotism,[br]history or esthetics. 0:02:12.194,0:02:17.619 I like his systematic modelization[br]of different things. 0:02:18.540,0:02:24.733 To modelize is to organize various[br]things related by logical coherence, 0:02:24.733,0:02:29.247 For instance, Newton elicited[br]the "law of gravitation" 0:02:29.247,0:02:34.497 by the fact that when you release[br]something, it falls down on the earth, 0:02:34.497,0:02:40.502 and that the earth goes around the sun. 0:02:40.547,0:02:44.442 He made up a logical modeling. 0:02:44.442,0:02:49.486 Actually the procedure of modelization[br]is quite similar to programming. 0:02:49.883,0:02:52.090 Take a car navigation system[br]as an example. 0:02:52.090,0:02:55.124 you car is most probably equipped[br]with a navigation system. 0:02:55.124,0:02:58.483 it finds your easiest and best route 0:02:58.483,0:03:00.687 What makes this possible 0:03:00.687,0:03:03.565 is the modelization[br]of actual roads and traffic jams, 0:03:03.565,0:03:06.849 in other word, a mathematical[br]mechanism makes this possible. 0:03:06.849,0:03:11.502 Computers will find routes successfully. 0:03:14.370,0:03:20.379 Hegel has developed[br]a modelization method called "dialectic". 0:03:20.379,0:03:22.953 Let me explain very briefly. 0:03:22.953,0:03:26.730 If there is a "thesis"[br]and its "antithesis", 0:03:26.730,0:03:30.309 the model doesn't believe any,[br]nor criticize them. 0:03:30.309,0:03:34.921 It reviews the contradiction[br]and makes adjustments. 0:03:34.921,0:03:39.830 It extracts more essential metaphysics. 0:03:39.830,0:03:42.130 That is the dialectic. 0:03:42.578,0:03:47.355 One idea occurred to me[br]when I learn this Hegel way of thinking 0:03:47.355,0:03:53.615 What happens if we apply the concept[br]of Hegel to this era? 0:03:54.758,0:03:58.247 We live in the world, in which computers[br]will take the place of human. 0:03:58.247,0:04:00.831 So I wonder what could happen. 0:04:01.514,0:04:03.185 Let's take an example. 0:04:03.185,0:04:06.741 This is a past problem[br]in the entrance exam of an university. 0:04:06.741,0:04:10.533 If we solve it by ourselves,[br]we calculate on a paper like this 0:04:10.533,0:04:13.823 and finally figure out the solution. 0:04:13.823,0:04:19.214 But if you access to "wolframalpa.com"[br]and enter the formula, 0:04:19.936,0:04:25.288 you will receive the solution instantly.[br]In addition, it provides a graph. 0:04:25.288,0:04:29.510 No wonder you don't feel[br]motivated to study. 0:04:29.510,0:04:34.425 Another example is Larry Page, Google CEO. 0:04:34.425,0:04:38.944 He said, "Robots and computers[br]will replace our jobs 0:04:38.944,0:04:42.213 due to rapid AI development." 0:04:42.213,0:04:46.580 According to a thesis[br]by the University of Oxford, 0:04:46.580,0:04:53.340 robots will replace[br]47% of American jobs in 20 years. 0:04:55.420,0:05:01.190 In the case of data input,[br]the probability rises to 99%. 0:05:01.190,0:05:06.446 For referee and[br]insurance certification: 98%. 0:05:06.457,0:05:10.547 Robots will replace all these people. 0:05:13.800,0:05:16.907 I get back on track. 0:05:17.716,0:05:22.355 Owing to the AI, machine learning[br]or robot engineering, 0:05:22.355,0:05:25.351 technology potential is[br]dramatically spreading. 0:05:25.351,0:05:29.277 What should we do[br]under such circumstances? 0:05:30.500,0:05:34.498 Should we be pessimistic[br]about no meaning of existence 0:05:34.498,0:05:40.107 or shall we be free[br]from work alienation? 0:05:41.608,0:05:45.720 None of them are correct according to me. 0:05:45.720,0:05:49.134 I have a new way of thinking. 0:05:50.299,0:05:55.453 So we need to compare the differences[br]between human beings and computers. 0:05:57.118,0:06:02.589 This copy android of Dr. Hiroshi[br]Ishigiuro was made by him, 0:06:02.589,0:06:05.812 the czar of humanoid robot research. 0:06:05.812,0:06:09.411 He explained the significance[br]to make this type of android 0:06:09.411,0:06:15.806 that he can review "what human are"[br]by spending time with close android. 0:06:16.270,0:06:18.980 Another example is 0:06:18.980,0:06:21.524 the theoretical experiment[br]of virtual musicians. 0:06:21.524,0:06:25.596 The experiment has the objective[br]to test the assumption 0:06:25.596,0:06:28.589 whether we can be moved by music[br]composed by computers. 0:06:28.589,0:06:31.136 What do you think of that? 0:06:32.109,0:06:36.305 We are moved by music that we acknowledge[br]has been composed by computers, 0:06:36.305,0:06:40.604 it means that we are moved[br]by the content of the music itself. 0:06:40.604,0:06:43.559 But our very knowledge that the music[br]was composed by a machine 0:06:43.559,0:06:46.154 could prevent us from being moved by it. 0:06:46.154,0:06:50.291 In this case, it could mean that[br]we are moved by the existence of a human 0:06:50.291,0:06:54.619 whose feelings are translated[br]in the music itself. 0:06:55.790,0:07:01.000 We are moved when Usain Bolt made[br]the world record in the Olympic Games. 0:07:01.000,0:07:04.956 But we are not moved[br]when cars run at the same speed. 0:07:04.956,0:07:08.643 We could say it's the same phenomena. 0:07:08.643,0:07:10.977 However, we may be moved 0:07:10.977,0:07:13.898 when we learn about the[br]tremendous efforts and difficulties 0:07:13.898,0:07:17.717 overcome by the computers[br]to compose music. 0:07:17.717,0:07:22.157 In this case, we could say[br]that we are moved 0:07:22.157,0:07:26.105 by the story of the composing machine. 0:07:28.390,0:07:32.918 What is the meaning of comparison[br]between human beings and computers? 0:07:32.918,0:07:37.710 I think that we try to move[br]our hearts with computers. 0:07:38.562,0:07:42.559 Now I want to introduce[br]one of my actual research. 0:07:42.559,0:07:47.690 We have developed a program designed[br]to find the theme of any music. 0:07:47.690,0:07:50.211 Do you know what theme of music is? 0:07:50.211,0:07:54.835 Briefly speaking, it is melodic climax. 0:07:54.835,0:08:00.621 Generally most musics are composed[br]by combination and repetition 0:08:00.621,0:08:05.288 of "A melody", "B melody" and "theme". 0:08:06.489,0:08:10.565 So how does the program find the theme? 0:08:12.113,0:08:15.269 I first thought that finding[br]the repetition would make it. 0:08:15.269,0:08:18.695 The program finds out the repetitions. 0:08:18.695,0:08:21.879 Based on the aforementioned rules, 0:08:21.879,0:08:25.658 it detects melody A and melody B[br]and infers that it could be the theme. 0:08:25.658,0:08:28.414 That is how conventional[br]programs are working. 0:08:28.414,0:08:31.889 But this method has reached its limit. 0:08:31.889,0:08:35.730 A factor that made it reach[br]its limit is "Vocaloid", 0:08:35.730,0:08:38.948 a software to compose music. 0:08:39.217,0:08:42.713 It doesn't matter if you are[br]a professional composer or not, 0:08:42.713,0:08:46.962 this software makes composition easy,[br]even for amateurs. 0:08:46.962,0:08:51.250 The result is that much[br]unique music is created. 0:08:51.250,0:08:55.685 So many musics don't follow the rules. 0:08:55.685,0:08:59.975 And most of them are posted on "Niconico", 0:08:59.975,0:09:02.758 video sharing website. 0:09:02.758,0:09:06.420 It means that there is no limit[br]to the length of the music. 0:09:06.420,0:09:09.636 We can compose various kinds of music 0:09:09.636,0:09:12.804 from very short to over 10 minutes. 0:09:13.300,0:09:16.724 As a result, I can't use[br]the method I had been using until now. 0:09:16.724,0:09:21.215 So I created a new method[br]to detect themes more accurately 0:09:21.215,0:09:25.360 by analyzing the comments posted 0:09:25.360,0:09:29.886 with the musics on Niconico. 0:09:30.646,0:09:35.416 Put simply, I extract the major elements[br]from the comments, 0:09:35.416,0:09:38.477 and look for the theme parts[br]that are related to the comments. 0:09:38.477,0:09:40.512 That's the idea. 0:09:40.512,0:09:44.425 I attended a science and technology [br]convention for high school students 0:09:44.425,0:09:49.374 and received a "Minister award[br]for science and technology policy" for it. 0:09:49.374,0:09:52.720 It is a mouthful award. 0:09:52.720,0:09:57.144 I could also attend an Intel convention[br]as a representative of Japan, 0:09:57.144,0:10:00.338 where I received the "award[br]of Fondazione Bruno Kessler." 0:10:00.338,0:10:03.851 That was the technical part of my talk. 0:10:03.851,0:10:07.522 I would like to talk about the emotions[br]I felt during the process. 0:10:07.522,0:10:10.248 It's about the boundary[br]between what human beings can do 0:10:10.248,0:10:13.492 and what machine can do. 0:10:14.696,0:10:17.846 Combining the comments to the music 0:10:17.846,0:10:21.329 is grounded in the idea[br]to link the music to a human being. 0:10:21.329,0:10:25.517 Even when you combine it to the comments, 0:10:25.517,0:10:28.840 it is not always possible[br]to detect the theme. 0:10:28.840,0:10:31.795 But usually, we find it. 0:10:31.795,0:10:37.340 So for me, the theme opacity[br]is filled with humanity. 0:10:38.963,0:10:43.843 We are developing technologies[br]more and more in our time. 0:10:43.843,0:10:48.684 It is my conviction that there are things[br]that only humans are able to realize 0:10:48.684,0:10:51.911 under the well-developed[br]technology society. 0:10:53.599,0:10:56.992 I think that we find the answer[br]to our survival 0:10:56.992,0:11:00.752 in the very boundary[br]between humans and machines. 0:11:00.752,0:11:03.496 A philosopher said: 0:11:03.496,0:11:08.609 "Alienation of labor causes[br]the alienation of human by human," 0:11:08.609,0:11:13.985 He thought "working" is what makes[br]man worthy of the name. 0:11:14.759,0:11:16.819 But I think 0:11:16.819,0:11:22.869 "creativity" is what makes[br]man worthy of the name. 0:11:23.982,0:11:25.742 Thank you very much. 0:11:25.742,0:11:28.592 (Applause)