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Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.59,0:00:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Instructor] Welcome\Nto the theory primer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.79,0:00:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theories give us perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.18,0:00:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theories are like windows in a house
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.06,0:00:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can look though multiple windows
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.10,0:00:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the same room
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.26,0:00:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get a different view\Npoint from each window.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.43,0:00:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk about learning instruction,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.09,0:00:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have three different perspectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.74,0:00:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is behaviorism.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.36,0:00:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behaviorism views the mind as black box.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.85,0:00:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to behaviorism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.13,0:00:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning is regular, expected responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.35,0:00:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know learning has occurred
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.26,0:00:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we receive regular,\Nexpected responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.48,0:00:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instruction, according to behaviorism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.63,0:00:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is repetition and reinforcement,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.52,0:00:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is how we help\Npeople learn and develop.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.93,0:00:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second perspective is cognitivism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.100,0:00:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it views the mind as a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.11,0:00:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to cognitivism,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.65,0:00:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning is recall of stored information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.46,0:01:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can recall stored information,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.28,0:01:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that learning has occurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.65,0:01:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instruction, according to\Ncognitivism, is helping
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.95,0:01:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grab someone's attention
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.10,0:01:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then help make sense of information
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.10,0:01:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and store it for later recall.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.56,0:01:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third perspective\Nis of constructivism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.09,0:01:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And constructivism views\Nthe mind as a rhizome.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.96,0:01:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, all the different\Nskills and knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.32,0:01:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are nodules that are interconnected
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.07,0:01:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be drawn off of as needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.24,0:01:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to constructivism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.37,0:01:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning is building knowledge by doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.05,0:01:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instruction, according to constructivism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.38,0:01:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is guiding problem solving.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.04,0:01:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're responsible for guiding our learners
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.57,0:01:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solving new and ill-defined problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.51,0:01:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now based on those perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.14,0:01:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we come up two different\Ntypes of theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.64,0:01:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have what is called descriptive theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.98,0:01:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and descriptive theory in education
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.00,0:02:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helps us to answer the\Nquestion, what is learning?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.60,0:02:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning theory, which\Nis the outcome of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.87,0:02:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempts to describe what learning is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.02,0:02:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second type of theory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.02,0:02:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have is prescriptive theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.70,0:02:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which answers the question,\Nhow do we help people learn?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.57,0:02:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The outcome of that is\Ninstructional theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.68,0:02:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which give us methods for\Nhow to foster learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.60,0:02:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In summary, we have three\Ndifferent perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.07,0:02:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behaviorism, cognitivism,\Nand constructivism.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.40,0:02:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From those perspective\Nwe have two theory types,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.54,0:02:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,descriptive theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.68,0:02:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are learning theories\Nwhich try to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.77,0:02:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what learning is and how it happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.50,0:02:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prescriptive theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.09,0:02:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instructional theories\Nwhich try to prescribe ways
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.28,0:02:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help people learn and develop.